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Accepted manuscript

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides: Past, present, and future

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 December 2025

Amit J. Jhala Open the ORCID record for Amit J. Jhala [Opens in a new window] ,
Mandeep Singh ,
Debalin Sarangi Open the ORCID record for Debalin Sarangi [Opens in a new window] ,
Lovreet Shergill Open the ORCID record for Lovreet Shergill [Opens in a new window] ,
Aniruddha Maity ,
Zahoor A. Ganie Open the ORCID record for Zahoor A. Ganie [Opens in a new window] ,
Chandrima Shyam Open the ORCID record for Chandrima Shyam [Opens in a new window] ,
Mithila Jugulam  and
Jason K. Norsworthy
Amit J. Jhala*
Affiliation:
Professor & Associate Department Head, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska‒Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
Mandeep Singh
Affiliation:
Agronomy Advisor, University of California Cooperative System, Woodland, CA, USA
Debalin Sarangi
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
Lovreet Shergill
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, CO, USA
Aniruddha Maity
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor, Department of Crop Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, AL, USA
Zahoor A. Ganie
Affiliation:
Senior Global R & D Scientist, Stine Research Center, FMC, Newark , DE, USA
Chandrima Shyam
Affiliation:
Senior Scientist‒Weed Control Innovations, Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, MO, USA
Mithila Jugulam
Affiliation:
Professor & Center Director, Texas A & M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Beaumont, TX, USA
Jason K. Norsworthy
Affiliation:
Distinguished Professor and Elms Farming Chair of Weed Science, Department of Crop Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
*
Author for correspondence: Amit J. Jhala, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska‒Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583. Email: Amit.Jhala@unl.edu
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

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Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides are primarily applied for controlling grass weeds in broadleaf crops. These herbicides are foliar-active, providing minimal residual weed control. This review aims to summarize: (1) the history and use of ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in the United States, (2) ACCase-inhibitor-resistant weeds, their mechanisms of resistance, and management strategies, and (3) the future of ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. ACCase-inhibiting herbicides belong to three chemical families: aryloxyphenoxypropionates (FOPs), cyclohexanediones (DIMs), and phenylpyrazoles (DENs). They function by inhibiting the enzyme ACCase activity, blocking the first step in de novo fatty acid biosynthesis, thereby preventing the production of phospholipids and essential secondary metabolites in susceptible plants. Diclofop-methyl was the first ACCase-inhibitor discovered in 1975, commercialized in 1982 in the United States, and pinoxaden was the last herbicide commercialized in 2005. As of 2025, a total of 51 grass weed species have been documented resistant to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides worldwide, including 16 in the United States. The resistance in these weeds is attributed to both target-site and non-target-site mechanisms. Mixing ACCase-inhibiting herbicides with auxinic herbicides can reduce grass weed control due to antagonistic interactions. Therefore, selecting an appropriate tank-mix partner with an ACCase-inhibitor is crucial for achieving broad-spectrum weed control, or a dual-tank precision sprayer could be utilized. Clethodim is the most widely used ACCase-inhibiting herbicide, with 920,339 kg applied to approximately 16% of soybean planted in the United States in 2023, at an average application rate of 179 g ha‒¹. A recent discovery, metproxybicyclone, will be the first carbocyclic aryl-dione herbicide from a new ACCase-inhibitor family. This novel herbicide will be applied postemergence to control sensitive and ACCase-inhibitor-resistant grass weeds in broadleaf crops. Continued research efforts are focused on discovering new ACCase-inhibiting herbicides capable of controlling ACCase-inhibitor-resistant grass weeds.

Keywords

AryloxyphenoxypropionatescyclohexanedionesDENsDIMsFOPsgraminicidesgrass herbicidesgroup 1 herbicidesphenylpyrazole

Information

Type
Review
Information
Weed Technology , Accepted manuscript , pp. 1 - 45
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Weed Science Society of America