Hostname: page-component-6766d58669-bp2c4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-05-19T08:19:36.987Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cross-cultural studies of visual illusions: The physiological confound

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Stantley Coren
Stantley Coren
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T 1W5
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'

Information

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 12 , Issue 1 , March 1989 , pp. 76 - 77
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

REFERENCES

Abbott, E. A. (1884/1950) Flatland. Seeley. Reprinted 6th edition. Blaekwell. [DP]Google Scholar
Agbasiere, J. A. & Chukwujekwu, S. E.(1972) Teaching mechanical engineering design in Africa. Chartered Mechanical Engineer 19:62–64. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Ahluwalia, A. (1978) An intra-cultural investigation of susceptibility to “perspective” and “non-perspective” spatial illusions. British Journal of Psychology 69:237–41. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, H. H. & Anderson, G. L. (1964) Projection techniques. Prentice-Hall. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Anderson, R. (1979) Art in primitive societies. Prentice-Hall. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Annis, H. C. (1980) Bantu and Pygmy perceptual patterns: An eco-cultural study. Ph.D. thesis, University of Strathclyde. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Annis, H. C. & Frost, B. (1973) Human visual ecology and orientation anisotropies in acuity. Science 182:729–31. [rJBD, DP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstrong, C. (1893) Cusack's model drawing. City of London School of Art. [NHF]Google Scholar
Arnhoff, F. N. & Damianopoulos, E. N. (1964) Self-body recognition and schizophrenia. Journal of Genetic Psychology 70:353–61. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ausburn, F. B. & Ausburn, L. J. (1983) Visual analysis skills among two populations in Papua New Guinea. Educational Communication and Technology Journal 31:112–22. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Barley, N. (1986) The innocent anthropologist. Penguin Books. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Bartel, K. (1958) Pers'pektywa nsalarska. Panstwowe Vydawnictwo Naukowe. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Bauer, H. M. (1986) The cognitive psychophysiology of prosopagnosia. In: Aspects of face processing, ed. Ellis, H. D., Jeeves, M. A., Newcombe, F. & Young, A.. Martinus Nijhoff. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Beveridge, W. M. (1935) Racial difference in phenomenal regression. British Journal of Psychology 26:59–62. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Beach, H. P. (1901) Geography and atlas of Protestant missions. Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions. ]arJBD]Google Scholar
Bentley, A. M. & Deregowski, J. B. (1987) Pictorial experience as a factor in the recognition of incomplete pictures. Applied Cognitive Psychology 1:209–16. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkeley, G. (1709) A new theory of vision, ed. Luce, A. A. & Jessop, T. E.. London. [JE]Google Scholar
Berlin, B. & Kay, P. (1969) Basic color terms. University of California Press. [Tl]Google Scholar
Bermingham, P. J. (1976) Racial variation in aptitudes. The Times Higher Education Supplement: Nov. 19, p. 10, col. D. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1966) Temne and Eskimo perceptual skills. International Journal of Psychology 1:207–29. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1968) Ecology, percepteual development and the Müller-Lyer illusion. British journal of Psychology 59:205–10. [arJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berry, J. W. (1971 a) Miiller–Lyer susceptibility: Culture, ecology, and race. International Journal of Psychology 6:193–97. [arJBD, SC, RHP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1971 b) Ecological and cultural factors in spatial perceptual development. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 3:324–36. [arJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biederman, I. (1987) Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding. Psychological Review 94:115–47. [rJBD, IB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biederman, I. (1989) Aspects and extensions of a theory of human image understanding. In: Computational processes in human and machine vision: An interdisciplinary perspective, ed. Pylyshyn, Z.. Ablex. [IB]Google Scholar
Biederman, I., Mezzanotte, H. J. & Rabinowitz, J. C. (1982) Scene perception: Detection and judging objects undergoing relational violations. Cognitive Psychology 14:143–77. [SCH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biesheuvel, S. (1952 a) The study of African ability, Part 1. The intellectual poteistialities of Africans. African Studies 11:45–48. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biesheuvel, S. (1952 b) The study of African ability. Part 2. A survey of some research problems. African Studies 11:105–17. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binet, A. (1980) Perception d'enfant. Revue Philosophique 30:512–14. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Binnie-Dawson, J. L. M. & Choi, P. P.-C. (1982) A study of perceptual and cultural cues in Chinese and Western paintings. Psychologia 25:18–31. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Blakemore, C. (1973) The baffled brain. In: Illusion in nature and art, ed. Gregory, B. L. & Gombrich, E. H.. Duckworth. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Boniuk, V. (1973) Refractive problems in native people. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology 8:229–33. [SC]Google Scholar
Bornstein, M. (1973) Color vision and color naming: A psychophysical hypothesis of cultural difference. Psychological Bulletin 80:257–85. [SC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boselie, F. & Leeuwenberg, E. (1986) A test of the minimum principle requires a perceptual coding system. Perception 15:331–54. [DR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brauisstein, M. L. (1976) Depth perception through motion. Academic Press. [RHD]Google Scholar
Brammnstein, M. L. & Anderson, C. J. (1984) Shape and depth perception from parallel projections of three dimensional notion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: human Perception and Performance 10:749–60. [RHD]Google Scholar
Brigham, J. C. (1986) Influence of race on face recognition. In: Aspects of face processing, ed. Ellis, H. D., Jeeves, M. A., Newcombe, F. & Young, A.. Martinus Nijhoff. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Brislin, B. (1974) The Ponzo illusion: Additional cues, age, orientation and culture, Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology 5:139–61. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brislin, R. W. & Keating, C. F. (1976) Cultural differences in perception of the three-dimensional Ponzon illusion, Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology 7:397–411. [aJBD, TLH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, L. B. (1969) The 3D reconstruction of a 2D visual display. Journal of Genetic Psychology 115:257–62. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruce, V. & Young, A. W. (1986) Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology 77:305–27. [HDE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bryant, P. E. (1985) The distinction between knowing when to do a sum and knowing how to do it. Educational Psychology 5:207–16. [NHF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryson, N. (1983) Vision and painting: The logic of the gaze. Macmillan. [rJBD, NHF]Google Scholar
Cabe, P. A. (1980) Picture perception in non-human subjects. In: The perception of pictures, vol. 2, ed. Hagen, M. A.. Academic Press. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Caldwell, E. C. & Hall, V. C. (1970) Concept learning in discrimination tasks. Developmental Psychology 2:41–48. [DWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caron-Pargue, J. (1985) Le dessin du cube chez l'enfant: Organisations et réorganizations de codes graphiques. Bern: P. Lang. [JC-P]Google Scholar
Caron-Pargue, J. (1987 a) Une approche de Ia genèese de Ia production graphique. La dessin du parallélépipède. In: Le dessin technique, ed. Rabardel, P. & WeillFassina, A.. Hermes. [rJBD, JC-P]Google Scholar
Caron-Pargue, J. (1987 b) Analyse d-instructions graphiques pour faire un nocud: La fIliation des significations dans des dessins d'enfants. Archives de Psychologie 55:153–73. [JC-P]Google Scholar
Carr, H. A. (1935) An introduction to space perception. Haflier. [JE]Google Scholar
Carraher, T. N., Carraher, D. W. & Schliemann, A. D. (1985) Mathematicsin the streets and in schools. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 3:21–30. [NHF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, Lewis (1893) Sylvie and Bruno concluded. macmillan. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Cheng, K. (1986) A purely geometric model in the rat's spatial representation. Cognition 23:149–78. [DMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, K. & Gallistel, C. H. (1984) Testing the geometric power of an animal's spatial representation. In: Animal cognition, ed. Roitblat, H. L., Bever, T. C. & Terrace, H. S.. Erlbaum, [DMW]Google Scholar
Chesterton, G. K. (1929) The scandal of Father Brown. The point of a pin. Cassell. [DP]Google Scholar
Chwistek, L. (1924/1960) Wielosc rzcczywistosci w sztucc. Czytelnik. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Chwistek, L. (1961) Pisma filozofimczne i logiczne. Pamsstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Clemmesen, V. & Luntz, M. H. (1976) Lens thickness and angle-closure glaucoma. Acta Ophtanwlogica 54:193–97. [rJBD]Google ScholarPubMed
Cole, M., Cay, J., Click, J. & Sharp, D. W. (1971) The cultural context of learning and thinking. Basic Books. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Cole, M. & Scribner, S. (1974) Culture and thought: A psychological introduction. John Wiley. [arJBD]Google Scholar
Colomb, E. H. A. & Dasen, P. R. (1986) La percepteion des relations spatiales de dessin et le development des operations concretes. International Journal of Psychology 21:71–90. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conan, Doyle A. C. (1890) The sign of four. Spencer Blackett. [DP]Google Scholar
Conkey, M. (1987) New approaches in the search for meaning? A review ofresearch in “Paleolithic art.” Journal of Field Archaeology 14:413–30. [CSP]Google Scholar
Conley, B. (1985) Theories of pictorial representation: Goodman's relativism and the similarity theory. Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Cook, B. L. (1980) Picture communication in Papua New Guinea. Educational Broadcasting International 13:78–83. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Coombs, C. H. (1983) Psychology and mathematics. University of Michigan Press. [SCH]Google Scholar
Coren, S. (1969) The influence of optical aberrations on the magnitude of the Poggendorif illusion. Perception and Psychophysics 6:185–86. [SC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coren, S. (1986) An efferent component in the visual perception of direction and extent. Psychological Review 93: 391–410. [SC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coren, S. & Girgus, J. S. (1978 a) Seeing is deceiving: The psychology of visual illusions. Erlbaum. [rJBD, SC, DFH]Google Scholar
Coren, S. (1978 b) Visual illusions. In: Handbook of sensory physiology, vol. 8, Perception, ed. Leibowitz, H. & Teuber, H.-L.. Springer-Verlag. [SC]Google Scholar
Coren, S. & Miller, J. (1974) Size contrasts as a function of figural similarity. Perception and Psychophysics 16:355–57. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coren, S. & Porac, C. (1978) Iris pigmeistation and visual-geometric illusions. Perception 7:473–78. [rJBD, SC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coren, S. (1979) Heritability in visual-geometric illusions: A family study. Perception 8:303–9. [SC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coren, S. (1983) The creation and reversal of the Mueller-Lyer illusion through attentional manipulation. Perception 12:49–54. [SC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coren, S.(1984) Structural and cognitive components in the Mueller-Lyer illusion assessed via Cyclopean presentation. Percepteion and Psychophysics 35:313–18. [SC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coren, S.Ward, L. M., Porac, C. & Fraser, R. (1978) The effect of optical blur on visual-geometric illusions. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 11:390–92. [SC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coss, R. G. (1968) The ethological command in art. Leonardo 1:273–87. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costall, A. (1985) How meaning covers the traces. In: Visual order: The nature and development of pictorial representation, ed. Freeman, N. H. & Cox., M. V.Cambridge University Press. [NHF]Google Scholar
Cox, M. V. (1985) One object behind another: Young children's use of array- specific or view-specific representations. In: Visual order: The nature and development of pictorial representation, ed. Freeman, N. H. & Cox, M. V.. Cambridge University Press. [NHF]Google Scholar
Creswell, M. J. (1983) Highly impossible scene. In: Meaning, use and interpretation of language, ed. Bauerle, R., Schwarze, C. & von Stechow, A.. Walter de Cruyter. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Cronbach, L. J (1957) The two disciplines of scientific psychology. American Psychologist 12: 671–84. [FJRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dana, R. H. & Voight, W. H. (1962) The Severt-Squares Test. Perceptual and Motor Skills 15:751–53. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dasen, P. B. (1974) The influence of ecology, culture and European contact on cognitive development of Austrailian Aborigines. In: Culture and cognition: Readings in cross-cultural psychology, ed. Berry, J. W. & Dasen., P. R.Methuen. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Davenport, R. K. & Rogers, C. M. (1971) Perception of photographs by apes. Behaviour 39:318–20. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, T. N. (1973) Visual perceptión of engineering drawings. Engineering Designer 4:22–31. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Davis, A. M. (1985) The canonical bias: Young children's drawings of familiar objects. In: Visual order: The nature and development of pictorial representation, ed. Freeman, N. H. & Cox, M. V.. Cambridge University Press. [rJBD, NHF]Google Scholar
Davis, C. M. (1970) Education and susceptibility to the Muller–Lyer illusion among the Banyakole. Journal of Social Psychology 82:25–34. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, C. M. & Carlson, J. A. (1970) A cross-cultural study of the strength of Müller–Lyer illusion as a function of attentional factors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16:403–10. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, W. (1986) The origins of image making. Current Anthropology 27: 193–215. [CSP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, W. (1987) Replication and depiction in Paleolithic art. Representations 19:111–47. [CSP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, J. L. M. (1967 a) Cultural and physiological influences upon spatial- perceptual processes in West Africa, Part 1. International Journal of Psychology 2:115–28. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, J. L. M. (1967 b) Cultural and physiological influences upon spatial perceptual processes in West Africa, Part 2. International Journal of Psychology 2:171–85. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeLoache, J. S. (1987) Rapid change in the symbolic functioning of very young children. Science 238:1556–57. [RMD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeLoache, J. S., Strauss, M. S. & Maynard, J. (1979) Picture perception in infancy. Infant Behavior and Development 2:79–89. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deregowski, J. B. (1968 a) Pictorial recognition in subjects from a relatively pictureless environment. African Social Research 5:356–64. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Deregowski, J. B. (1968 b) Difficulties in pictorial depth perception in Africa. British Journal of Psychology 59:195–204. [arJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deregowski, J. B. (1969) Perception of the two-pronged trident by two- and three-dimensional perceivers. Journal of Experimental Psychology 82:9–13. [aJBD, EBT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deregowski, J. B. (1971 a) Responses mediating pictorial recognition. journal of Social Psychology 84:27–33. [arJBD, FJRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deregowski, J. B. (1971 b) Orientation and perception of pictorial depth. International Journal of Psychology 6:111–14. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deregowski, J. B. (1971 c) Illusion and culture. In: Illusion in nature and art, ed. Gregory, B. L. & Gombrich, E. H.. Duckworth. [EBT]Google Scholar
Deregowski, J. B. (1974 a) Effect of symmetry upon reproduction of Kohs type figures: An African Study. British Journal of Psychology 65:93–102. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deregowski, J. B. (1974 b) Teaching African children pictorial depth perception: In search of a method. Perception 3:309–12. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deregowski, J. B. (1976 a) Implicit shape constancy as a factor in pictorial perception. British journal of Psychology 67:23–29. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deregowski, J. B. (1976 b) Coding and drawing of simple geometric stimuli by Bukusu school children in Kenya. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology 7:195–208. [arJBD;]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deregowski, J. B. (1976 c) ldquo;Principle of Economy” and perception of pictorial depth: A cross- cultural comparison. International Journal of Psychology 11: 15–22. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deregowski, J. B. (1977) A study of orientation errors in response to Kohs' type figures. International Journal of Psychology 12: 183–91. [aJ BD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deregowski, J. B. (1980 a) Illusions, patterns and pictures. Academic Press. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Deregowski, J. B. (1980 b) Some aspects of perceptual organisation in the light of cross-cultural evidence. In: Studies in cross-cultural psychology, ed. Warren, N.. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Deregowski, J. B. (1983) A nineteenth-century Scottish missionary in Africa, and some psychological speculations. In: An African miscellany for John Hargreaves, ed. Bridges, B. C.. Aberdeen University Press. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Deregowski, J. B. (1984) Distortion in art: The eye and the mind. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [arJBD]Google Scholar
Deregowski, J. B. (1986) Kazimierz Bartel's observations on drawings of children aisd illiterate adults. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 4:331–33. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deregowski, J. B. (1989) Oko i obraz – studium psychologicznc. Pańistwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. [arJBD]Google Scholar
Deregowski, J. B. & Bentley, A. M. (1986) Perception of pictorial space by Bushmen. International Journal of Psychology 21:743–52. [aJBD, DP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deregowski, J. B. (1987) Seeing the impossible and building the likely. British Journal of Psychology 78:91–97. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deregowski, J. B. & Byth, W. (1970) Hudson's pictures in Pandora's box. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology 1:315–23. [arJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deregowski, J. B. & Dziurawiec, S. (1986) Some aspects of comprehension of technical diagrams: An intercultural study. Le Travail flu main 49:43–60. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Deregowski, J. B. (1987) The effect of subject's sophistication on responses to spatial tasks. In: Le dessin technique, ed. Rabardel, P. & Weill-Fassina, A.. Hermes. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Deregowski, J. B. & Jahoda, C. (1975) Efficacy of objects, pictures and words in a simple learning task. International Journal of Psychology 12:19–25. [arJBD, FJRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deregowski, J. B., Muldrow, E. S. & Muldrow, W. F. (1972) Pictorial recognition in a remote Ethiopian population. Perception 1:417–25. [aJBD, lB. HDE, TLH, HM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deregowski, J. & Parker, D. (1989) On a changing perspective illusion within Vermeer's “The Music Lesson”. Perception 17:13–21. [arJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deregowski, J. B. & Serpell, B. (1971) Performaisce on a sorting task: A cross- cultural experiment. International Journal of Psychology 6:273–81. [arJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deregowski, J. B. & Strang, P. (1986) On the drawing of a cube ais its derivatives. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 4:323–30. [NHF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De, Benzi E. (1986) Current issues on prosopagnosia. In: Aspects of face processing, ed. Ellis, H. D., Jeeves, M. A., Newcombe, F. & Young, A.. Martinus Nijhoff. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Derrington, A. M. (1978) Development of selectivity in kitten striate cortex. Journal of Physiology (London) 276: 46–47 (Proceedings). [RAW]Google ScholarPubMed
Donaldson, M. (1978) Children's minds. Fontana. [NHF]Google Scholar
Doob, L. W. (1961) Communication in Africa: A search for boundaries. Yale University Press. [arJBD]Google Scholar
Downs, R. M. & Liben, L. S. (1989) Through a map darkly: Understanding maps as representations. Genetic Epistemnolo gist 16:11–18. [RMD]Google Scholar
Duncan, H. F., Gourlay, N. & Hudson, W. (1973) A study of pictorial perception among Bantu and white primary school children in South Africa. Witwatersrand University Press. [arJBD]Google Scholar
Duthie, B. K. (1985) The adolescent's point of view. Studies of forms in conflict. In: Visual order: The nature and development of pictorial representation, ed. Freeman, N. H. & dox., M. V.Cambridge University Press. [NHF]Google Scholar
Dziurawiec, S. & Deregowski, J. B. (1986 a) Construction errors as a key to perceptual difficulties encountered in reading technical drawings. Ergonomics 29:1203–12. [arJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dziurawiec, S. (1986 b) Time as a factor in a spatial task. lnternational Journal of Psychology 21: 177–87. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Dziurawiec, S. (1987) Investigation of perception of stationary and moving geometrical figures. In: Le dessin technique, ed. Rabardel, P. & Weill-Fassina, A.. Hermes. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Ebert, P. (1976) Effects of lightness contrast and fundus pigmentation on age-related decrement in magnitude of the Mueller–Lyer illusion. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 42:1276–78. [BHP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebert, P. C. & Pollack, R. H. (1972) Magnitude of the Mueller–Lyer illusion as a function of hue, saturation, and hindus pigmentation. Psychonomnic Science 26:225–26. [RHP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebert, P. C. (1973 a) The effect of lightness contrast, tachistoscopic duration and fundus pigmentation on the magnitude of the Mueller–Lyer illusion. American Journal of Optometry and Archives of American Academy of Optometry 50:872–79. [RHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebert, P. C. (1973 b) Some factors affecting magnitude of the Mueller–Lyer illusion. Perceptual and Motor Skills 37:433–340. [RHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eckhardt, R. A. (1966) Foveal luminosity functions of five Negroes in relation to macular and skin pigmentation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Fordham University. [RHP]Google Scholar
Eco, U. (1976) A theory of semiotics. Indiana University Press. [CSP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eliot, J. (1987) Models of psychological space. Springer-Verlag. [JE[CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eliot, J. & Smith, I. M. (1983) Spatial tests. National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER)-Nelson. [aJ BD]Google Scholar
Elkind, D. (1969) Development studies in figurative perception. In: Advances in child development and behavior, ed. Lipsitt, E. L. & Reese, H. W.. Academic Press. [arJBD, DWS]Google Scholar
Elkind, D., Koegler, B. & Go, E. (1964) Studies in perceptual development II: Part-whole perception. Child Development 35:81–90. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, H. D. (1981) Theoretical aspects of face recognition. In: Perceiving and remembering faces, ed. Davies, G., Ellis, H. D. & Shepherd, J.. Academic Press. [arJBD, PW]Google Scholar
Ellis, H. D., Jeeves, M., Newcombe, F. L. & Young, A. W. (1986) Aspects of face processing. Martinus Nijhoff. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, H. D. & Young, A. W. (1989) Human cognitive neuropsychology. Erlbaum. [HDE]Google Scholar
Ernst, B. (1986) Het begoochlede oog: Onmogelijke en meersinninge figuren. Meulenhoff. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Feldman, J. A. (1985) Four frames suffice: A provisional model of vision and space. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:265–89. [SCH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferenczi, V. (1966) La perception de l'espace projectif. Didier. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Fernau, J. (1958) Encyclopaedia of old masters. Thames & Hudson. [RAW]Google Scholar
Finke, B. A. (1980) Levels of equivalence in imagery and perception. Psychological Review 87:113–32. [TLH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finke, R. A. & Shepard, R. N. (1986) Visual functions of mental imagery. In: Handbook of perception and human performance. Vol. 2: Cognitive processes and performance, ed. Boff, K. R., Kaufman, L. & Thomas, J. P.. John Wiley. [TLH]Google Scholar
Fisher, C. H. (1968) The frameworks for perceptual localization. University of Newcastle UponTyne. [RHP]Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, G. E. (1964) An investigation of the rule of macular pigmentation in spectral sensitivity to the short wavelengths. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Fordham University. [BHP]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1975) The language of thought. Harvester. [DR]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1983) Modularity of mind. MIT Press. [JC-P]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. A. & Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1989) Connectionism and cognitive architecture: A critical synthesis. Cognition 28:s3–71. [DR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forge, A. (1970) Learning to see in New Guinea. In: Socialization, ed. Mayer, P.. Tavistock. [arJBD, IB, HM]Google Scholar
Fortes, M. (1940) Children's drawings among the Tallensi. Africa 13:293–95. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Fortes, M. (1981) Tallensi children's drawings. In: Universals of human thought, ed. Lloyd, B. & Gay, J.. Cambridge University Press. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Freedman, S. J. (1968) Neurophysiology of spatially-oriented behavior. Dorsey Press. [JE]Google Scholar
Freeman, N. H. (1980) Strategies of representation in young children: Analysis of spatial skills and drawing processes. Academic Press. [rJBD, DR]Google Scholar
Freeman, N. H. (1986) How should a cube be drawn? British journal of Developmental Psychology 4:317–2. [NHF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, N. H. (1987) Current problems in the development of representational picture- production. Archives de Psychologie 55:127–52. [NHF]Google Scholar
Freeman, N. H. & Cox, M. V. (1985) Visual order: The nature and development of pictorial perception. Academic Press. [JE]Google Scholar
Freeman, N. H., Evans, D. & Willats, J. (1989) Symposium overview: The computational approach to projective drawing-systems. Paper given at the Third European Conference on Developmental Psychology, Budapest, 06 15–19. [NHF]Google Scholar
Furth, H. C. (1968) Piaget's theory of knowledge: The nature of representation and interiorization. Psychological Review 75(2):143–54. [JE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fussell, D. & Haaland, A. (1978) Communicating with pictures in Nepal: Results of practical study in visual education. Educational Broadcasting International 11:25–31. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Ghent, L. (1956) Perception of overlapping embedded figures by children of different ages. American Journal of Psychology 69: 575–87. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, E. J. (1989) Levels of description and constraints on perceptual development. In: Perceptual development in infancy, ed. Yonas, A.. Erlbaum. [DWS]Google Scholar
Gibson, E. J., Gibson, J. J., Pick, A. D. & Osser, H. (1962) A developmental study of the discrimination of letter-like forms. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 55: 897–906. [DWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, J. J. (1950) The perception of the visual world. George Allen & Unwin. [RHD]Google Scholar
Gibson, J. J.(1971) The information available in pictures. Leonardo 4: 27–35. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, J. J.(1978) The ecological approach to the visual perception of pictures. Leonardo 11: 227–35. [aJBD, CJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, J. J.(1979) The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton Muffin. [aJBD, CI]Google Scholar
Cilhooly, K. J., Wood, M., Kinnear, P. R. & Green, C. (1989) Skill in lap reading and memory for maps. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 40A: 87–107. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Gladwin, T. (1970) East is a big bird. Harvard University Press. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldsmith, E. (1984) Research into illustration. Cambridge UniversityPress. [arJBD]Google Scholar
Goldstein, E. B. (1979) Rotation of objects in pictures viewed at an angle:Evidence for different properties of two types of pictorial space. Journal of Experimental Psychology– Human Perception 5: 78–87. [arJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gombrich, E. H. (1962) Art and illusion. Phaidon Press. [aJBD, RAW]Google Scholar
Gombrich, E. H. (1979) On J. J. Gibson's approach to the visual perception of pictures: Letters. Leonardo 12: 174–75. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gombrich, E. H. (1982) The image and the eye. Cornell University Press. [JMK]Google Scholar
Goodman, N. (1969) Languages of art. Oxford University Press. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Goodman, N. (1968) Languages of art. Bobbs-Merrill. [EBT]Google Scholar
Goodnow, J. J., Wilkins, P. & Dawes, L. (1986) Acquiring cultural forms: Cognitive aspects of socialisation illustrated by children's drawings and judgements of drawings. International Journal of Behavioral Development 9:1–21. [NHF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granrud, C. E., Yonas, A. & Opland, E. A. (1985) Infants' sensitivity to depth cue of shading. Perception of Psychophysics 37:415–19. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregor, A. J. & Mcpherson, D. A. (1965) A study of susceptibility to geometric illusion among cultural sub-groups of Australian Aborigines. Psychologia Africana 11:1–13. [arJBD]Google Scholar
Gregory, R. L. (1965) Seeing in depth. Proceedings of the Royal Institution 40:311. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Gregory, R. L. (1968) Eye and brain. World University Library. [arJBD]Google Scholar
Gregory, R. L. (1970) The intelligent eye. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. [aJBD, DP, DR, EBT, RAW]Google Scholar
Gregory, R. L. (1973) The confounded eye. In: Illusion in nature and art, ed. Gregory, H. L. & Gombrich, E. H.. Duckworth. [arJBD]Google Scholar
Gregory, R. L. (1981) Mind in Science. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. [DR]Google Scholar
Grigg, B. (1984) Relativism and pictorial realism. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 24:398–407. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Guthrie, G. M., Sinaiko, H. W. & Brislin, R. (1971) Non-verbal abilities of Americans & Vietnamese. Journal of Social Psychology 84:183–90. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagen, M. A. (1974) Picture perception: Toward a theoretical model. Psychological Bulletin 81:471–97. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hagen, M. A. (1976) Influence of picture surface and station point on the ability to compensate for oblique view in pictorial perception. Developmental Psychology 12:57–63. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagen, M. A. (1980) Generative theory: A perceptual theory of pictorial representation. In: The perception of pictures, vol. 2, ed. Hagen, M. A.. Academic Press. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Hagen, M. A. & Johnson, M. M. (1977) Hudson pictorial depth perception test: Cultural content and question with a Western sample. Journal of Social Psychology 101:3–11. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagino, G. (1976) The effect of slant on perceived distance. Hiroshima Forum for Psychology 3:3–22. [NHF]Google Scholar
Halpern, D. F. (1986) Sex differences in cognitive abilities. Erlbaum. [DFH]Google Scholar
Harnad, S. (1987) Categorical perception: The groundwork of cognition. Cambridge University Press. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Harris, D. H. & Chaney, F. B. (1969) Human factors in quality assurances. John Wiley. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Harrison, A. (1987) Dimensions of meaning. In: Philosophy and the visual arts, ed. Harrison, A.. Beidel. [NHF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hecaen, H. (1981) The neuropsychology of face recognition. In: Perceiving and remembering faces, ed. Davies, G., Ellis, H. D. & Shepherd, J.. Academic Press. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Herskovits, M. J. (1948) Man and his works. Knopf. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Herskovits, M. J., Campbell, D. T. & Segall, M. H. (1956) Materials for a cross-cultural study of perception. Bobbs-Merill. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Heusser, H. (1968) Ein frei galhaltener Krallenaffe (Callithrix jacchus) erkent Bilder. Zeitshrift für Tierpsychologie 25:710–18. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinton, H. E. (1973) Natural deception. In: Illusion in nature and art, ed. Gregory, R. L. & Gombrich, E. H.. Duckworth. [arJBD]Google Scholar
Hochberg, J. (1972) The representation of things and people. In: Art, perception and reality, ed. Gombrich, E. H., Hochberg, J. & Black, M.. The Johns Hopkins University Press. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Hochberg, J. (1978) Perception. Prentice-Hall. [a, JBD]Google Scholar
Hochberg, J. & Brooks, V. (1960) The psychophysics of form reversible perspective drawings of spatial objects. American Journal of Psychology 73:337–54. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hochberg, J. (1962) Pictorial recognition as an unlearned ability: A study of one child's performance. American Journal of Psychology 75:624–28. [aJBD, IB. HDE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard, I. P. & Templeton, W. R. (1966) Human spatial orientation. Wiley. [JE]Google Scholar
Hubbard, T. L. (1989) Temporal aspects of mental representation: A psychological approach. Doctoral dissertation, Dartmouth College. [TLH]Google Scholar
Hubbard, T. L. & Baird, J. C. (1989) Overflow, first-sight, and vanishing point distances in visual imagery. journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition 14:641–49. [TLH]Google Scholar
Hubbard, T. L., Kall, D. & Baird, J. C. (in press) Memory, imagery, and size-distance invariance. Memory & Cognition. [TLH]Google Scholar
Hudson, W. (1960) Pictorial depth perception in sub-cultural groups in Africa. journal of Social Psychology 52:183–208. [arJBD, JE, DFH, GJ, DWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson, W. (1962) Pictorial perception and educational adaptation in Africa. Psychologia Africana 9:226–39. [aJBD, DFH]Google Scholar
Hudson, W. (1967) The study of the problem of pictorial perception among unacculturated groups. International journal of Psychology 2:89–107. [arJBD, JE, DFH, DWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphrey, N. K. & Keeble, G. R. (1974) The reaction of monkeys to “fearsome’ pictures. Nature 251:500–502. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Humphreys, G. W. & Riddoch, M. J. (1984) Routes to object constancy: Implications from neurological impairments of object constancy. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 36A:385–415. [NHF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Humphreys, G. W. & Riddoch, M. J. (1987) To see but not to see: A case study of visual agnosia. Erlbaum. [HDE]Google Scholar
Hutchins, E. (1983) Understanding Micronesian navigation. In: Mental models, ed. Centner, D. & Stevens, A. L.. Erlbaum. [SCH]Google Scholar
Indow, T. (1979) Alleys in visual space. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 19:221–58. [TI]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Indow, T. (1982) An approach to geometry of visual space with no a priori mapping functions: Multidimensional mapping according to Riemannian metrics. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 26:204–36. [TI]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Indow, T. & Watanabe, T. (1984) Parallel- and distant-alleys on horopter plane in the dark. Perception 13:144–54. [TI]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ireson, J. & McGurk, H. (1985) Utilization of static and kinetic information for depth by young Malawians. journal of Experimental Child Psychology 40:233–43. [HM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ishak, I. G. H. (1952a) The spectral chromaticity coordinates for one British observer and eight Egyptian trichromats. Journal of the Optometric Society of America 42:529–54. [RHP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ishak, I. G. H. (1952b) The photopic luminosity curve for a group of fifteen Egyptian trichromats. Journal of the Optometric Society of America 42:534–39. [RHP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
lttelson, W. H. (1973) Environment and cognition. Seminar. [JE]Google Scholar
Jahoda, G. (1956) Assessment of abstract behaviour in a non-Western culture. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 53:237–43. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jahoda, G. (1966) Geometric illusions and environment: A study in Ghana. British Journal of Psychology 57:193–99. [aJBD, RHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jahoda, G. (1971) Retinal pigmentation, illusion susceptibility, and space perception. International Journal of Psychology 6:199–208. [rJBD, RHP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jahoda, G. (1975) Retinal pigmentation and space perception: A failure to replicate. Journal of Social Psychology 97:133–34. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jahoda, G. (1976) Reproduction of Kohs-type drawings by Ghanaian children: Orientation error revisited. British Journal of Psychology 67:203–11. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jahoda, G. (1978) Cross-cultural study of factors influencing orientation errors in reproduction of Kohs-type figures. British Journal of Psychology 69:45–57. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jahoda, G. (1982) Psychology and anthropology: A psychological perspective. Academic Press. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Jahoda, G. (1983) The cross-cultural emperor's conceptual clothes: The emic-etic issue revisited. In: Expiscations in cross-cultural psychology, ed. Deregowski, J. B., Dziurawiec, S. & Annis, R. C.. Swets & Zeitlinger. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Jahoda, G., Deregowski, J. B., Ampene, E. & Williams, N. (1977) Pictorial recognition as an unlearned ability: A replication with children from pictorially deprived environments. In: The child's representation of the world, ed. Butterworth, G.. Plenum Press. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Jahoda, G. & Mcgurk, H. (1974a) Pictorial depth perception in Scottish and Chanaian children: A critique of some findings with Hudson's test. International Journal of Psychology 9:255–67. [aJBD, HM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jahoda, G. & Mcgurk, H. (1974b) Development of pictorial depth perception in cross-cultural replications. Child Development 45:1042–47. [arJBD, HM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jahoda, G. & Mcgurk, H. (1974c) Pictorial depth perception: A developmental study. British Journal of Psychology 65:141–49. [arJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jahoda, G. & Mcgurk, H. (1982) The development of picture perception in children from different cultures. In: Cultural Perspectives on Child Development, ed. Wagner, D. A. & Stevenson, H. W.. Freeman. [HM]Google Scholar
Jahoda, G. & Stacey, B. (1970) Susceptibility to geometrical illusions according to culture and professional training. Percepison and Psychophysics 7:179–84. [arJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, J. (1978) Using pictures in non-formal education. Educational Broadcasting International 11:32–38. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Jerison, H. J. (1967) Apparent motion of a vista: An illusion of perspective. American journal of Psychology 80:448–53. [arJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johansson, G. (1975) Visual motion perception. Scientific American 232:76–88. [DR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, M. (1987) The body in the mind. University of Chicago Press. [CSP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, R. K. & Hagen, M. A. (1980) A perspective on cross-cultural picture perception. In: The perception of pictures, vol. 2, ed. Hagen, M. A.. Academic Press. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Julesz, B. (1971) Foundations of Cyclopean perception. University of Chicago Press. [rJBD, RHD]Google Scholar
Kagan, J. (1966) Reflection-impulsivity: The generality and dynamics of conceptual tempo. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 71:17–24. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kant, I. (1781) Critik der reinen Vernunft. Hartknoch. [DR]Google Scholar
Kearins, J. M. (1976) Skills of desert Aboriginal children. In: Aboriginal cognition, ed. Kearney, G. E. & Mcelwain, D. W.. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Kearins, J. M. (1981) Visual spatial memory in Australian Aboriginal children of desert regions. Cognitive Psychology 13:434–60. [rJBD, SCH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kellman, P. J. (1989) Theories of perception and research in perceptual development. In: Perceptual development in infancy, ed. Yonas, A.. Erlbaum. [DWS]Google Scholar
Kelton, J. J., Holmes, S. R. & Pollack, R. H. (1978) Visual acuity for single lines as a function of hue and age. Child Development 49:141–45. [RHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennedy, J. M. (1974) Psychology of picture perception. Jossey-Bass. [aJBD, EBT]Google Scholar
Kennedy, J. M. (1975) Drawings were discovered, not invented. New Scientist 67:523–27. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Kennedy, J. M. (1982) Metaphor in pictures. Perception 11:589–605. [rJBD, JC-P]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennedy, J. M. (1983) What can we learn about pictures from the blind? American Scientist 71:19–26. [JMK]Google ScholarPubMed
Kennedy, J. M. (1987) Lo, perception abhors not a contradiction. In: Illusory contours, ed. Petry, S. & Meyer, G. E.. Springer-Verlag. [JMK]Google Scholar
Kennedy, J. M. & Ross, A. S. (1975) Outline picture perception by the Songe of Papua. Perception 4:391–406. [arJBD, IB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kidd, D. (1905) The essential Kaffir. A. & C. Black. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Kinnear, R. P. & Wood, M. (1987) Memory for topographic contour maps. British Journal of Psychology 78:395–402. [JBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitcher, P. (1987) Discovering the forms of intuition. Philosophical Reviews 96:205–48. [DB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klapper, Z. S. & Birch, H. G. (1969) Perceptual and action equivalence of photographs in children. Perceptual and Motor Skills 29:763–71. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klich, L. Z. & Davidson, G. R. (1983) A cultural difference in visual memory: On le volt, on ne le voit plus. International Journal of Psychology 18:189–201. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (1980) Image and mind. Harvard University Press. [TLH]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (1981) The medium and the message in mental imagery: A theory. Psychological Review 88:46–66. [TLH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (1982) Ghosts in the mind's machine: Creating and using images in the brain. Norton. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Kruskal, J. B. & Wish, M. (1978) Multidimensional scaling. Sage. [DMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kulpa, Z. (1983) Are impossible figures possible? Signal Processing 5:201–20. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kulpa, Z. (1987) Putting order in the impossible. Perception 16:201–14. [arJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kus, S. (1979) Archaeology and ideology: The symbolic organization of space. Ph.D dissertation, University of Michigan. [CSP]Google Scholar
Landau, B. (1986) Early map use as an unlearned ability. Cognition 22:201–23. [RMD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landor, A. H. S. (1883) Alone with the hairy Ainu or 3800 miles on a pack saddle in Yezo and a cruise to the Kurile Islands. John Murray. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Laws, R. (1886) Women's work in heathen lands. Parlane. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Laws, R. (1901) In: Geography and atlas of Protestant missions, ed. Beach, H. P.. Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions. Quoted by Deregowski, Muldrow & Muldrow, 1972. [HM]Google Scholar
Leach, M. L. (1975) The effect of training in the pictorial depth perception of Shona children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 6:457–70. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leibowitz, H., Brislin, R., Perlmutter, L. & Hennessy, R. (1969) Ponzo perspective as a manifestation of space perception. Science 166:1174–76. [arJBD, RHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leibowitz, H. & Pick, H. A. (1972) Cross-cultural and educational aspects of the Ponzo perspective illusion. Perception and Psychophysics 12:430- 32. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leroi-Gourhan, A. (1965) Treasures of Prehistoric art. Abrams. [CSP]Google Scholar
Leroi-Gourhan, A. (1982) The dawn of European art. Cambridge University Press. [CSP]Google Scholar
Liben, L. S. & Downs, R. M. (1986) Children's production and comprehension of maps: Increasing graphic literacy. Final report to the National Institute of Education (G-83−0025). Pennsylvania State University. [NHF]Google Scholar
Liben, L. S. & Downs, R. M. (in press) Understanding maps as symbols: The development of map concepts in children. In: Adcances in child development and Behavior, vol. 21, ed. Reese, H. W.. Academic Press. [RMD]Google Scholar
Liddell, C. (1986) The pre-school environment of township and Bushman children in Southern Africa. Paper presented at International Conference on Montessori Principles, Johannesburg. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Light, P. (1985) The development of view-specific representation considered from a socio-cognitive viewpoint. In: Visual order: The nature and development of pictorial representation, ed. Freeman, N. H. & Cox, M. V.. Cambridge University Press. [NHF]Google Scholar
Lissauer, H. (1890) Ein Fall von Seelenblindheit nebst einem Beitrage zur Theorie derseiben. Archiv für Psychiatric und Nervenkrankheiten 27:222–70. [HDE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livingstone, D. (1857) Missionary travels and researches in South Africa. Murray. [arJBD]Google Scholar
Livingstone, M. S. & Hubel, D. H. (1987) Psychophysical evidence for separate channels for the perception of form, color, movement, and depth. Journal of Neuroscience 7:3416–68. [PW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lloyd, A. B. (1904) Acholi country, Part 2. Uganda Notes 5:18–22. [aJBD, ACD]Google Scholar
Luria, A. R. (1973) The working brain. Penguin. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Maffei, L. & Fiorentini, A. (1976) Monocular deprivation in kittens impairs the spatial resolution of geniculate neurones. Nature (London) 264:754–55. [RAW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Makanju, O. O. A. (1976) Comparative study of comprehension of pictures in two Nigerian schools. Magisterial thesis, University of Aberdeen. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Mandler, J. M. & Parker, R. E. (1976) Memory for descriptive and spatial information in complex pictures. journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 2:38–48. [SCH]Google ScholarPubMed
Mariott, B. M. (1976) Picture perception and recognition in squirrel monkeys (Samiri sciurens). Ph.D. thesis, University of Aberdeen. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Marks, S. K. (1976) Large mammals and a brave people. University of Washington Press. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Marr, D. (1982) Vision. W. H. Freeman. [HDE]Google Scholar
Marr, D. & Nishihara, H. K. (1978) Representation and recognition of the spatial organization of three-dimensional shapes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 200:269–94. [DR]Google ScholarPubMed
Marshak, A. (1985) Hierarchical evolution of the human capacity: The Paleolithic evidence. American Museum of Natural History. [CSP]Google Scholar
Masterton, B. & Kennedy, J. M. (1975) Building the devil's tuning fork. Perception 4:107–9. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maurer, D. & Salapatek, P. (1976) Developmental changes in the scanning of faces by young infants. Child Development 47:523–27. [rJBD, SCH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McFie, J. (1961) The effect of education of African performance on a group of intellectual tests. British Journal of Educational Psychology 31:232–40. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGurk, M. & Jahoda, G. (1975) Pictorial depth perception by children in Scotland and Ghana. journal of Cross-cultural Psychology 6:279–96. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meneghini, K. A. & Leibowitz, H. W. (1967) Effect of stimulus distance and shape or shape constancy. journal of Experimental Psychology 74:241- 48. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, R. J. (1973) Cross-cultural research in the perception of pictorial materials. Psychological Bulletin 80:135–50. [NHF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, D. E. (1979) Astigmatism and neural development. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 18:8–10. [RAW]Google ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, N. B. & Pollack, R. H. (1974) Block-design performance as a function of hue and race. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 17:377–82. [RHP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, N. B., Pollack, R. H. & McGrew, J. F. (1977) The relation of form perception to hue and fundus pigmentation. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 9:97–99. [RHP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchelmore, M. C. (1978) Developmental stages in children's representation of regular solid figures. journal of Genetic Psychology 133:229–40. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchelmore, M. C. (1980a) Predictions of developmental stages in representation of regular space figures. journal for Research in Mathematics Education 11:83–93. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchelmore, M. C. (1980b) Three-dimensional geometrical drawings in three cultures. Educational Studies in Mathematics 11:205–16. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchelmore, M. C. (1987) Why do children not use parallels in their drawings of cubes? Archives de Psychologie 55:179–94. [JC-P]Google Scholar
Mooney, C. M. (1954) Age in the development of closure ability in children. Canadian journal of Psychology 11:219–26. [JM K]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, R. G. M. (1981) Spatial localization does not require the presence of local cues. Learning and Motivation 12:239–60. [DMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyer, R. S., Bradley, D. R., Sorenson, M. H., Whiting, J. C. & Mansfield, D. P. (1978) Psychophysical functions for perceived and remembered size. Science 200:330–32. [TLH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mundy-Castle, A. C. & Nelson, G. K. (1962) A neuropsychological study of the Knysna forest workers. Psychologia Africana 9:240–72. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Munn, N. (1986) Walbiri iconography, 2nd ed.University of Chicago Press. [rJBD, CSP]Google Scholar
Murray, F. S. & Szymczyk, J. M. (1978) Effects of distinctive features on the recognition of incomplete pictures. Developmental Psychology 14:356–62. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myambo, K. (1972) Shape constancy as influenced by culture, Western education, and age. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology 3:221–31. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadel, S. F. (1937a) A field experiment in racial psychology. British Journal of Psychology 28:195–211. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Nadel, S. F. (1937b) Experiments of culture psychology. Africa 10:412–35. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadel, S. F. (1937c) The typological approach to culture. Character and Personality 5:267–83. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadel, S. F. (1939/1946) The application of intelligence tests in the anthropological field. In: The study of society: Methods and problems. ed. Bartlett, F. C., Ginsberg, M., Linkgren, E. J. & Thouless, R. H.. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubues. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Newman, C. V. (1969) Children's size judgements in a picture with suggested depth. Nature 223:418–20. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholson, J. R. & Seddon, G. M. (1977) Understanding of pictorial spatial relationships by Nigerian secondary school students. journal of Cross- cultural Psychology 8:381–400. [arJBD, DWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholson, J. R., Seddon, G. M. & Worsnop, J. G. (1977) Teaching understanding of pictorial spatial relationships to Nigerian secondary school students. journal of Cross-cultural Psychology 8:401–14. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nissen, H. W., Machover, S. & Kinder, E. F. (1935) A study of performance tests given to group of native African Negro children. British journal of Psychology 25:308–55. [sJBD]Google Scholar
Opolot, J. A. (1976) Differential cognitive cues in pictorial depth perception in Ugandan children. International Journal of Psychology 11:81–88. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Page, H. W. (1970) Pictorial depth perception: A note. South African journal of Psychology 1:45–48. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Pedersen, D. M. & Wheeler, J. (1983) The Müller-.Lyer illusion among Navajos. journal of Social Psychology 121:3–6. [DFH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perkins, D. N. (1972) Visual discrimination between rectangular and non- rectangular parallelepipeds. Perception and Psychophysics 12:396–400. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perkins, D. N. & Deregowski, J. B. (1982) A cross-cultural comparison of the use of a Gestalt perceptual strategy. Perception 11:279–86. [arJBD, IB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perrett, D. I., Smith, P. A. J., Potter, D. D., Mistlin, A. J., Head, A. S., Milner, A. D. & Jeeves, M. A. (1985) Visual cells in the temporal cortex sensitive to face view and gaze direction. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 223:293–317. [PW]Google ScholarPubMed
Perry, M. D. & Wolf, D. (1986) Mapping symbolic development. Paper presented at the Sixteenth Annual Symposium of the Jean Piaget Society, Philadelphia. [RMD]Google Scholar
Petermann, B. (1932) The Gestalt theory and the problem of configuration. Harcourt, Brace. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. & Inhelder, B. (1956) The child's conception of space. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [JBD]Google Scholar
Pickford, R. W. (1972) Psychology and visual aesthetics. Hutchinson. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Piotrowski, Z. (1935) Racial differences in linear perspective. Journal of Social Psychology 6:479–85. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pirenne, M. H. (1952) The scientific basis of Leonardo da Vinci's theory of perspective. British journal for the Philosophy of Science 3:169–85. [EBT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pirenne, M. H. (1970) Optics, painting and photography. Cambridge University Press. [arJBD, EBT]Google Scholar
Pirenne, M. H. (1975) Vision and art. In: Handbook of perception, vol. 5, ed. Carterette, E. C. & Friedman, M. P.. Academic Press. [EBT]Google Scholar
Polanyi, M. (1958) Personal knowledge: Towards a post-critical philosophy. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Polanyi, M. (1970) What is painting? British journal of Aesthetics 10;225–36. [arJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollack, R. H. (1963) Contour detectability thresholds as a function of chronological age. Perceptual and Motor Skills 17:411–17. [RHP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polanyi, M. (1965) Hue detectability thresholds as a function of chronological age. Psychonomic Science 3:351–52. [BHP]Google Scholar
Polanyi, M. (1969) Some applications of ontogenetic changes in perception. In: Studies in cognitive development: Essays in honor of Jean Piaget, ed. Elkind, B. & Flavell, J. H.. Oxford University Press. [RHP]Google Scholar
Polanyi, M. (1970a) Mueller–Lyer illusion: Effect of age, lightness contrast and hue. Science 170:93–95. [RHP]Google Scholar
Polanyi, M. (1970b) Magnitude of the Mueller–Lyer illusion as a function of hue in the absence of lightness contrast. Proceedings of the 78th Annual Meeting of the American Psychology Association. [RHP]Google Scholar
Polanyi, M. (1972) Perceptual development: A progress report. In: Information processing in children, ed. Farnham-Diggory, S.. Academic Press. [RHP]Google Scholar
Polanyi, M. (1976) Illusions and perceptual development: A tachistoscopic psychological approach. In: The developing individual in a changing world, ed. Rigel, K. F. & Mecham, J. A.. Mouton. [RHP]Google Scholar
Pollack, R. H. & Silvar, S. D. (1967a) Magnitude of the Mueller–Lyer illusion in children as a function of pigmentation of the fundus oculi. Psychonomic Science 8:83–84. [rJBD, SC, RHP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollack, R. H. & Silvar, S. D. (1967b) Racial differences in the pigmentation of the fundus oculi. Psychonomic Science 7:159–60. [rJBD, SC]Google Scholar
Preziosi, D. (1979) The semiotics of the built environment. Indiana University Press. [CSP]Google Scholar
Rabardel, P. & Weill-Fassina, N. (1987) Le dessin technique. Hermes. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Ramkissoon, R. D. & Bhana, K. (1982) Effects of stimulus variable on matrix classification responses of 12-year-old children. South African Journal of Psychology 12:101–5. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reuning, H. & Wortley, W. (1973) Psychological studies of the Bushmen. Psychologia Africana Monograph Supplement No. 7. [aJBD, FJRV]Google Scholar
Riddoch, M. J. & Humphreys, G. W. (1986) Neurological impairments of object constancy: The effects of orientation and size disparities. Cognitive Neuropsychology 3:207–24. [NHF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivers, W. H. R. (1901) Vision. In: Reports of the Cambridge anthropological expedition to Torres Straits, ed. Rivers, W. H. R.. Cambridge University Press. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Rivers, W. H. R. (1905) Observations on the senses of the Todas. British journal of Psychology 1:321–96. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Roberts, W. A. (1984) Some issues in animal spatial memory. In: Animal cognition, ed. Roitblat, H. L., Bever, T. G. & Terrace, H. S.. Erlbaum. [DMW]Google Scholar
Robinson, J. O. (1972) The psychology of visual illusions. Hutchinson. [arJBD, JMK]Google Scholar
Rock, I., Halper, F. & Clayton, C. (1972) The perception and recognition of complex figures. Cognitive Psychology 3:655–73. [IB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, E. (1915) Visuell wahregenommene Figuren. Gyldendal. [AJBD]Google Scholar
Schier, F. (1986) Deeper into pictures: An essay on pictorial representation. Cambridge University Press. [rJBD, HDE, NHF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiller, P. & Weiner, M. (1962) Binocular and streoscopic viewing of geometrical illusions. Perceptual and Motor Skills 15:739–47. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seddon, G. M. (1985) Developmental trends in the ability of primary school children to construct models from diagrams. Educational Psychology 5:55–64. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seddon, G. M., Einaiyeju, P. A. & Jusho, I. (1984) The visualisation of rotation in diagrams of three-dimensional structure. American Educational Research journal 21:25–38. [arJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seddon, G. M., Tariq, R. H. & Dos, Santos Veiga J. (1984) The transferability of two pictorial scientific tasks between different spatial dimensions. British journal of Educational Psychology 54:276–83. [arJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Segall, M. H. (1979) Cross-cultural psychology. Brooks/Cole. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Segall, M. H., Campbell, D. T. & Herskovits, J. M. (1963) Differences in perception of geometric illusions. Science 139;769–71. [aJBD, GJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Segall, M. H., Campbell, D. T. & Herskovits, J. M. (1966) Influence of culture on visual perception. Bobbs-Merill. [arJBD, JE, GJ, RHP, DWS, FJRV]Google Scholar
Senden, M.von (1960) Space and sight. Free Press. [TI]Google Scholar
Serpell, R. (1974) Can pictures teach? Science and Education in Zambia 5:11–18. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Serpell, R. (1979) How specific are perceptual skills? A cross-cultural study of pattern reproduction. British Journal of Psychology 70:365–80. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serpell, R. (1985) Hoe speciflek zijn de psychologische factoren die ten grondslag liggen aan inter-culturele verschillen in gedrag? In: Verkenningen in de cross-culturele psychologie, ed. Van de Koppel, J. M. H.. Swets & Zeitlinger. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Serpell, R. & Deregowski, J. B. (1972) Teaching pictorial depth perception – a classroom experience. University of Zambia HDRU Report. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Serpell, R. & Deregowski, J. B. (1980) The skill of pictorial perception: An interpretation of cross-cultural evidence. International journal of Psychology 15:145–80. [arJBD, FJRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, M. B. (1960) The rotation of drawings by illiterate Africans. Journal of Social Psychology 52:17–30. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, B. (1969) Visual symbols survey. Centre for Educational Development Overseas, London. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Shepherd, J. (1981) Social factors in face recognition. In: Perceicing and remembering faces, ed. Davies, G., Ellis, H. & Shepherd, J.. Academic Press. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Shepherd, J. (1983) Faces in cross-cultural perspective. In: Expiscations in cross-cultural psychology, ed. Deregowski, J. B., Dziurawiec, S. & Annis, R. C.. Swets & Zeitlinger. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. & Metzler, J. (1971) Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science 171:701–3. [rJBD, DP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shepard, R. N. & Podgorny, P. (1978) Cognitive processes that resemble perceptual processes. In: Handbook of learning and cognitive processes, vol. 5, ed. Estes, W. K.. Erlbaum. [TLH]Google Scholar
Sherry, D. F. (1984) What food-storing birds remember. Canadian Journal of Psychology 38:304–21. [DMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sidman, M. (1960) Tactics of scientfic research: Evaluating experimental data in psychology. Basic Books. [DMW]Google Scholar
Sigel, I. E. (1968) The distancing hypothesis: A causal hypothesis for the acquisition of representational thought. Paper delivered at University of Miami symposium on The Effects of Early Experience. [arJBD, TLH]Google Scholar
Sigel, I. E. (1978) The development of pictorial comprehension. In: Visual learning, thinking and communication, ed. Randhawa, B. S. & Coffman, W. E.. Academic Press. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Silvar, S. & Pollack, R. H. (1967) Racial differences in pigmentation of the fundus oculi. Psychonomic Science 7:159–60. [rJBD, RHP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sjostrom, K. P. & Pollack, R. H. (1971a) The effect of simulated receptor aging on two types of visual illusions. Psychonomic Science 23:147–48. [RHP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sjostrom, K. P. & Pollack, R. H. (1971b) Simulated receptor in the study of ontogenetic trends of visual illusions. Proceedings of the 79th Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association. [RHP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skoff, E. & Pollack, R. H. (1969) Visual acuity in children as a function of hue. Perception & Psychophysics 6:244–46. [RHP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, O. W. & Smith, P. C. (1962) An illusion of parallelism. Perceptual and Motor Skills 15:455–61. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spelke, E. S. (1989) Where perceiving ends and thinking begins: The apprehension of objects in infancy. In: Perceptual development in infancy, ed. Yonas, A.. Erlbaum. [DWS]Google Scholar
Spencer, J. (1965) Experiments in engineering drawing comprehension. Ergonomics 8:93–110. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1980) Sketch of a componential subtheory of human intelligence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:573–84. [FJRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, A. & Coupe, P. (1978) Distortions in judged spatial relations. Cognitive Psychology 10:422–37. [SCH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, M. V. (1973) Tests of the “carpentered world” hypothesis by race and environment in America and Zambia. International journal of Psychology 8:83–94. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Street, R. F. (1931) Gestalt completion test. Teachers' College contributions to education. [JMK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strzeminski, W. (1974) Teoria Widzenia. Wydawnictwo Literackie Krakow. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Sutherland, R. J. & Dyck, R. H. (1984) Place navigation by rats in a swimming pool. Canadian Journal of Psychology 38:322–47. [DMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, H. R. (1981) Racial variations in vision. American Journal of Epidemiology 113:62–80. [SC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, T. R. (1974) A factor-analysis of 21 illusions: The implications for theory. Psychologia Africans 15:137–47. [arJBD]Google Scholar
Taylor, T. R. (1976) The factor structure of geometric illusions: A second study. Psychologia Africans 16:177–200. [arJBD]Google Scholar
ten, Doesschate G. (1964) Perspective, fundamentals, controversials, history. De Graff, B., Nieuwkoop. [arJBD]Google Scholar
ten, Doesschate G. & Klystra, J. (1955) The perception of parallels. Aeromedica 4:115–19. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Thomas, L. F. (1962) Perceptual organisation of industrial inspectors. Ergonomica 5:429–34. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomson, J. (1885) Through Masailand: A Journey of exploration. Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Thorndyke, P. W. & Stasz, C. (1980) Individual differences in procedures for knowledge acquisition from maps. Cognitive Psychology 12:137–75. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thouless, R. H. (1933) A racial difference in perception. Journal of Social Psychology 4:330–39. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thro, E. B. (1983) Distinguishing two classes of impossible objects. Perception 12:722–51. [EBT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Timney, B. N. & Muir, D. K. (1976) Orientation anisotrophy: Incidence and magnitude in Caucasian and Chinese subjects. Science 193:699–701. [rJBD, RAW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Topper, D. R. (1979) Further reflections on J. J. Gibson's hypothesis of picture perception. Leonardo 12:135–36. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsafrir, J. S. (1974) Light eyed Negroes and the Klein-Waardenburg syndrome. Macmillan. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Turnbull, C. M. (1962) The forest people. Simon and Schuster. [TLH]Google Scholar
Turton, D. (1980) There's no such beast: Cattle and colour naming among the Mursi. Man 15:320–38. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van, Beusekom G. (1948) Some experiments on the optical orientation in Philanthus Triangulum Fabr. Behaviour 1:195–233. [DMW]Google Scholar
Van, de Koppel J. M. H. (1983) A developmental study of the Biaka Pygmies and the Baganda. Swets and Zeitlinger. [aJBD]Google Scholar
von, Fieandt K. & Moustgaard, I. K. (1977) The perceptual world. Academic Press. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Vurpillot, E. (1963) L'organisation perceptive. Librarie Philosophique J. Vrin. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Wald, G. (1945) Human vision and the spectrum. Science 101:653–58. [RHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallach, H. & O'Connell, D. N. (1953) The kinetic depth effect. Journal of Experieinental Psychology 45:205–17. [RHD]Google ScholarPubMed
Ward, L. M. & Coren, S. (1976) The effect of optically-induced blur on the magnitude of the Mueller–Lyer illusion. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 7:483–84. [SC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warrington, E. K. & James, M. (1986) Visual object recognition in patients with right-hemisphere lesions: Axes or features? Perception 15:355–66. [DR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weale, R. A. (1968) From sight to light. Oliver & Boyd. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Weale, R. A. (1978) Experiments on the Zollner and related optical illusions. Vision Research 18:203–8. [RAW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weale, R. A. (1979) Discoverers of Mach bands. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 18:652–54. [rJBD]Google ScholarPubMed
Weale, R. A. (1982a) A biography of the eye – development, growth, age. H. K. Lewis. [rJBD RAW]Google Scholar
Weale, R. A. (1982b) Focus on vision. Hodder & Stoughton. [RAW]Google Scholar
Welford, A. T. (1970) Fundamentals of skill. Methuen. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Werner, H., (1948) Comparative psychology of mental development. International Universities Press. [rJBD]Google Scholar
Wilkie, D. M. (1987) A multidimensional scaling analysis of pigeons' representation of two-dimensional space. Paper presented at the 2nd Spring Conference on Behaviour and Brain, Banff, Canada. [DMW]Google Scholar
Wilkie, D. M. (in press) Evidence that pigeons represent Euclidean properties of space. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. [DMW]Google Scholar
Wilkie, D. M. & Summers, R. J. (1982) Pigeons' spatial memory: Factors affecting delayed matching of key locations. journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior 37:45–56. [DMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willats, J. (1984) Getting the drawing to look right as well as to be right: The interaction between production and perception as a mechanism of development. In: Cognitive processes in the perception of art, ed. Crozier, W. R. & Chapman, A. J.. North-Holland. [JC-P]Google Scholar
Willats, J. (1987) Marr and pictures: An information-processing account of children's drawings. Archives de Psychologie 55:105–25. [NHF]Google Scholar
Wilson, B. G. & Wilson, M. (1984) Children's drawings in Egypt: Cultural style acquisition as graphic development. Visual Arts Research 10:14–21. [NHF]Google Scholar
Wilson, M. & Wilson, B. G. (1982) The case of the disappearing two-eyed profile: Or how little children influence the drawings of little children. Review of Research in Visual Arts Education 8:1–8. [NHF]Google Scholar
Winter, W. (1963) The perception of safety posters by Bantu industrial workers. Psychologia Africana 10:127–35. [arJBD]Google Scholar
Winter, W. (1967) Size constancy, relative size estimation and background: A cross-cultural study. Psychologia Africana 12:42–48. [aJBD]Google Scholar
Witkin, M. A. (1962) Psychological differentiation: Studies of development. Wiley. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witkin, M. A. & Berry, J. W. (1975) Psychological differentiation in cross- cultural perspective. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology 6:4–78. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witkin, M. A. & Goodenough, D. R. (1977) Field dependence and interpersonal behaviour. Psychological Bulletin 84:661–89. [aJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1958) Philosophical investigations, 3rd ed. Trans. Anscombe, G. E. M.. Macmillan. [EBT]Google Scholar
Wolf, D. & Gardner, H. (1985) Broadening literacy: A final report to the Carnegie Corporation. Harvard Graduate School of Education. [RMD]Google Scholar
Wood, D. (1977) Now and then: Comparisons of ordinary American's symbol conventions with those of past cartographers. Prologue 1977:151–61. [RMD]Google Scholar
Woodruff, M. E. & Samek, M. J. (1976) The refractive status of Belcher Island Eskimos. Canadian journal of Public Health 67:314–20. [SC]Google ScholarPubMed
Wyburn, G. M., Pickford, R. W. & Hirst, R. J. (1964) Human senses and perception. Oliver & Boyd. [arJBD]Google Scholar
Yonas, A., Arterberry, M. E. & Granrud, C. E. (1987) Space perception in infancy. In: Annals of Child Development 4:1–34. JAI Press. [PW]Google Scholar
Yonas, A., Cleaves, W. & Pettersen, L. (1978) Development of sensitivity to pictorial depth. Science 200:77–79. [rJBD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Youn, G., Lambert, A. M. & Pollack, R. H. (1987) The life-span trend in the magnitude of the Mueller–Lyer illusion as a function of hue and age. Experimental Aging Research 13:53–56. [BHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Youn, G. & Pollack, R. H. (submitted) The magnitude of the Mueller–Lyer illusion as a function of hue, saturation, fundus pigmentation, and simulated aging. [RHP]Google Scholar
Young, A. & Deregowski, J. B. (1981) Learning to see the impossible. Perception 10:91–105. [arJBD, EBT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zajac, J. L. (1961) Studies in perspective. British Journal of Psychology 59:333–40. [arJBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar