Introduction
The 71–76 and 81–86 GHz bands (called E-bands, covering 60–90 GHz) are allowed for global wireless communications. These 10 GHz bands provide opportunities for achieving higher data rates that are not feasible in lower microwave bands. For E-band receivers, a wideband low-noise amplifier (LNA) with high gain and low noise figure (NF) is required to minimize the NF across the Rx chain and to compensate for conversion losses and the following down-converted high-noise mixer.
In general, III–V compound semiconductor technology is preferred to be used for E-band LNAs, which has better noise performance and efficiency than CMOS. Nevertheless, there are still many attempts to adopt CMOS technology to the E-band range due to its low cost and high integration advantages, and there are already plenty of successful researches in CMOS E-band LNAs [Reference Yu, Liu, Wu and Kang1–Reference Karaca, Varonen, Parveg, Vahdati and Halonen8].
Circuit design
There are three key points that should be considered for conventional LNA design. The first point is gain performance, the second is noise performance, and the third is stability. Additionally, the gain flatness of the LNA used for astronomical reception is also important as it affects the sensitivity and the channel capacity when integrating the LNA into a receiver system.
From Table 1 [Reference Gao, Ma and Rebeiz6], it is observed that the two-stage common-source (CS) followed by one-stage cascode topology provides excellent minimum noise performance and wide bandwidth. Reference [Reference Gao, Wagner and Rebeiz3] uses three cascode stages, which offers high gain performance while maintaining good noise performance, but it has a narrower bandwidth and insufficient linearity. On the other hand, reference [Reference Yu, Liu, Wu and Kang1] employs four CS stages, resulting in the widest bandwidth and good linearity. However, it has slightly higher noise performance and may occupy a larger chip area. Considering the trade-off between CS and cascode topologies mentioned above, the proposed amplifier adopts a one-stage CS followed by a two-stage cascode configuration to achieve low noise and high gain performance. Figure 1 shows the circuit schematic of the proposed E-band three-stage LNA. The design details of this E-band LNA are further explained in the following subsections.
Circuit schematic of the proposed E-band LNA.
Comparison of the published E-band LNAs and Variable Gain (VG)-LNAs
a Estimated from the figure
Circuit architecture
From Friis formula for noise, it is known that front stages of the design will dominate the overall noise performance. Thus, in the first stage, CS topology is selected to improve the noise performance. In the second and third stages, a cascode topology with gm-boosting transmission line [Reference Vigilante and Reynaert9, Reference Bu, Li, Okada and Matsuzawa10] and noise reduction transmission line (TL12) [Reference Wang, Chen, Wu and Wang2, Reference Huang, Lin and Wang11] techniques is selected to achieve high gain while not sacrificing too much noise performance, as shown in Fig. 2.
Comparison of the MSG/MAG and NFmin of a cascode stage with both noise reduction and gm-boosting techniques.
Traditionally, the use of a differential pair with a neutralized capacitor topology is preferred over a single-ended topology. A differential pair offers excellent common-mode noise rejection of the supply voltage. Additionally, for high-frequency circuits, the grounding issue poses a significant challenge, which can be easily addressed by employing the virtual ground of a differential circuit. Several studies have demonstrated excellent performance of differential pairs in the E-band. However, a major concern arises from the large loss introduced by the input balun, which may be a challenge for achieving low NF performance. In reference [Reference Liang, Chiang, Zhou, Huang, Wen, Frank Chang and Kuan7], an input transformer causes a loss of 1.5–2.1 dB across the designed frequency range, making it difficult to achieve low NF performance. In reference [Reference Aksoyak, Möck and Ulusoy12], the NF performance with a balun is approximately 1.5 dB higher compared to without a balun.
In reference [Reference Bu, Li, Okada and Matsuzawa10], a comparison of single-ended configurations between CS and cascode topologies reveals that the CS topology is known for its superior noise performance but compromises gain and isolation, whereas the cascode topology offers higher gain and isolation but typically exhibits worse noise performance. Therefore, in this work, a single-ended topology with a cascode configuration following the CS topology is adopted. This approach helps mitigate the significant loss introduced by the input balun and also leads to a better NF. Figure 3 demonstrates the input matching S-parameter of the proposed LNA, where a loss of 1.1 dB is achieved at the center frequency.
The input matching S-parameter of the proposed LNA.
Device and bias selection
The bias conditions and device sizes should be determined first to optimize the performance of the LNA. For the selection of bias, V D is chosen at 0.9 V/1.8 V for CS/cascode stage of the LNA to obtain maximum gain for 28-nm CMOS HPC-plus process.
On the other hand, the transconductance of the device reaches its maximum value at V G of 0.8 V, which is the class-A operation. However, LNAs are often operated at small-signal region. Thus, the bias voltage of the LNA can be operated at lower voltage (about 0.6–0.7 V). Under these bias ranges, the gain performance does not degrade tremendously, while the dc power consumption can be lowered. Nevertheless, in the proposed circuit, noise performance is more important than gain performance. Therefore, a small amount of gain is traded off and the V G bias is chosen at 0.58 V for better noise performance. Figure 4 shows the simulation results of NFmin and MSG of a CS topology.
The simulation results of NFmin and MSG of a common-source topology.
For the device size selection, it can be divided into two main parts. The first is the selection of transistor size of CS topology, and the second is the selection of transistor sizes of cascode topology. For the first stage, MSG/MAG, NFmin, and stability factor are simulated for different device sizes under the same bias conditions. Figure 5 shows the MSG/MAG and stability factor of CS in different width and Fig. 6 shows NFmin of CS in different width. At last, the transistor size chosen for the first stage is 1.5 μm × 16 fingers. At this device size, the impedance is easier to match to 50 Ω and the NFmin value is kept at a good level.
MSG/MAG and stability factor of common-source in different width.
NFmin of common-source in different width.
Next, for the transistor sizes of cascode topology, transistors with the above selected size (1.5 μm × 16 fingers) are initially selected for both transistors. Then the size of each transistor is iterated by sweeping the width and fingers. Since CS topology is used in the first stage to reduce the noise as much as possible, if the later stages also prioritize noise before gain, the overall gain of the circuit may be insufficient. Therefore, gain is the priority in the cascode topology. In the end, the transistor sizes of the cascode topology were selected as 2 μm × 26 fingers and 2 μm × 20 fingers respectively by the process in Fig. 7. The V G biases of cascode topology are fine-tuned to 0.58 V/1.48 V.
The design flow diagram of the cascode topology for cascode stages of LNA.
Matching network
While LC matching networks are effective in minimizing circuit size, it is important to note that the use of low-Q capacitors and inductors can result in higher loss and reduced efficiency compared to TL networks [Reference Noghabaei, Radin and Sawan13]. Hence, the decision between LC matching and TL matching necessitates striking a balance between efficiency and chip area. Figure 1 shows the overall architecture of the matching network using thin-film microstrip lines for three-stage design. Figure 1 also shows the replacement of the two TLs with inductors (L1, L2). To achieve a reduction in chip area without compromising efficiency significantly, it is deemed acceptable to utilize inductors in these specific sections instead of TLs. In the 28-nm CMOS HPC-plus process, the metal layers are in close proximity to the ground, leading to a strong parasitic effect. To mitigate this, the ground will be selectively removed from sensitive areas to enhance matching. Additionally, the top metal layer (M9) will be employed to implement the TL, as depicted in Fig. 8. It is worth noting that due to process limitations, we do not have access to a momcap cell. Consequently, we need to design the bypass capacitors ourselves. This is necessary in order to comply with the design rules and achieve the required capacitance. As a result, a significant amount of space is occupied to ensure sufficient capacitance. Figure 9 shows the simulation result of the designed bypass. A −20 dB insertion loss is achieved to ensure an ideal ground across the designed bandwidth. The input and interstage matching use the L-type networks, while the output matching adopts the T-type network to provide a wideband output matching. The gm-boosting and the noise reduction techniques (mentioned in the “Circuit design” section) are utilized to enhance the gain performance.
Matching networks of the proposed E-band LNA.
Insertion loss of the designed bypass.
Chip photo of the proposed E-band LNA.
Measurement results
The proposed three-stage E-band LNA is implemented in a 28-nm CMOS HPC-plus process, utilizing Sonnet for electromagnetic (EM) simulation to calculate parasitic loss. The overall size (see Fig. 10), including all pads, is 0.695 × 0.715 mm2.
The small-signal S-parameters of this LNA were measured by Keysight N5225B Performance Network Analyzer (PNA) network analyzer and Keysight N5295AX03 frequency extender with an input power of −30 dBm via on-wafer probing (see Fig. 11). Figure 12 shows the measured and simulated S-parameters. It achieves a peak gain of 16.8 dB with a gain variation of less than ±0.5 dB from 67.8 to 90.4 GHz. The 3-dB bandwidth is about 30 GHz (64–93.8 GHz). The NF of this LNA was measured using the Y-factor method with a Keysight E4440A spectrum analyzer, a Quinstar QNS noise source, a mixer to lower the frequency, and a preamplifier to improve the system noise floor. Due to the limitation of instruments, NF was measured only up to 74 GHz. The measurement setup is shown in Fig. 13. To verify the repeatability of the chips, two samples were measured and they showed similar results. The measurement results are also in agreement with simulation results, as shown in Fig. 14. The measured NF is below 5 dB from 66 to 74 GHz, and the measured minimum NF is around 3.8 dB at 73 GHz. The measured noise performance exceeds the simulation, mainly due to the overestimation of parasitic losses in the EM simulation. The large signal performance of this LNA was measured by Keysight E4440A spectrum analyzer with down-conversion mixer, while the signal was generated by Keysight E8267D signal generator. The LNA achieves an IP1dB of −14 dBm and an OP1dB of 1 dBm at 80 GHz (near center frequency) as shown in Fig. 15. The IIP3 is −4 dBm for the LNA, as measured by two-tone measurements and shown in Fig. 16. Table 1 summarizes the performance of published E-band LNAs in recent years. The proposed three-stage E-band LNA demonstrates excellent performance in terms of gain flatness and NF. Its NF surpasses that of III–V compound semiconductors in references [Reference Vardarli, Sakalas and Schröter14, Reference Tong, Zheng and Zhang15], highlighting the cost-effectiveness and superior performance of the CMOS process.
Small signal measurement setup.
Measured and simulated S-parameters of the proposed E-band LNA.
Noise figure measurement setup for the proposed E-band LNA.
Measured and simulated noise figure of proposed E-band LNA.
Measured and simulated power performance of the proposed E-band LNA at 80 GHz.
Two-tone measurement of the proposed E-band LNA at 80 GHz.
Conclusion
In this paper, an E-band three-stage LNA with high gain flatness and low NF fabricated in 28-nm CMOS HPC-plus process is presented. It achieves a peak gain of 16.8 dB with a gain variation of less than ±0.5 dB from 67.8 to 90.4 GHz. The 3-dB bandwidth is about 30 GHz (64–93.8 GHz). The measured NF is below 5 dB from 66 to 74 GHz, and the measured minimum NF is around 3.8 dB at 73 GHz. By utilizing one-stage common-source with two-stage cascade topology, the proposed E-band three-stage LNA achieves extremely high gain flatness and low NF compared with recently published E-band CMOS LNAs.
Acknowledgements
The chips were fabricated by Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) and measured by Taiwan Semiconductor Research Institute (TSRI), Hsinchu, Taiwan.
Competiting interest
The authors report no conflict of interest.
Tian-Wei Huang (Fellow, IEEE) received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, in 1993. He joined TRW Inc. (Northrop Grumman), Redondo Beach, CA, USA, where he designed millimeter-wave (MMW)/sub-THz radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC). From 1998 to 2002, he was with Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, NJ, USA, and Cisco Systems, San Jose, CA, USA, where he developed high-speed wireless systems. In 2002, he joined National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, as a Faculty Member. His current research interests include millimeter-wave RF-CMOS design and gigabit wireless systems. Dr. Huang was a recipient of the IEEE Transactions on Advanced Packaging Best Paper Award in 2009. He was the Distinguished Microwave Lecturer of the IEEE MTT-S from 2015 to 2017. He was an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques from 2015 to 2016.
Chuan-Li Chung received the M.S. degree in Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Since 2022, he has been working at MediaTek in Hsinchu, Taiwan, engaged in RF front-end architecture design. His research interests include radio frequency integrated circuit design such as power amplifier, low noise amplifiers, and radio frequency filters.
You-Jen Liang received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, in 2021. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree of the Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. His research interests include RF and millimeter-wave (MMW) integrated circuits for wireless communications.
Wei-Ting Bai received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, in 2021. He also received the M.S. degree from the Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, in 2023. He is currently with Realtek Inc., Taiwan. His research interests include RF receivers, millimeter-wave (MMW) power amplifiers.
Yung-Pei Li was born in Taichung, Taiwan, in 2000. She received the B.S. degree in communication engineering from National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, in 2022. She also received the M.S. degree from the Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, in 2024. Her research interests include CMOS integrated circuits and millimeter-wave low noise amplifiers.
Jeng-Han Tsai (Member, IEEE) was born in Tainan, Taiwan, in 1980. He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, in 2002, and the Ph.D. degree from the Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, in January 2007. From February 2007 to January 2008, he was a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow with the Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University, where his research concerned advanced millimeter-wave integrated circuits. From February 2008 to July 2009, he was an Assistant Professor with the Department of Communication Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan. In August 2009, he joined the Faculty of the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, where he is currently a Professor. His research interests include the design and analysis of RF, microwave, and millimeter-wave integrated circuits and systems. Dr. Tsai was a recipient of the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (MTT-S) MWCL “Tatsuo Itoh” Award in 2021.
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