Eligibility criteria

The methodology of this review adhered to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis statement (PRISMA) guidelines and checklist. ^{Reference Page, McKenzie and Bossuyt14} To be included in this systematic review, studies are needed to describe a case of minimally invasive resection of cervical meningioma. Only intradural meningiomas located between the C1 and T2 vertebral levels were included. We included case reports, case series and observational cohort studies that met these criteria. For the purposes of this study, we considered procedures to be MIS if they were performed using open keyhole techniques, fixed tubular retractors, expandable tubular systems or endoscopic approaches, these being widely recognized as standard techniques in MISS. ^{Reference Sharif, Shaikh and Peev1} No time restrictions were applied to the search. Grey literature was also reviewed. Specifically, the Grey literature search involved identifying relevant preprinted articles, even those not yet peer-reviewed, and exploring potential industry-sponsored research. However, we limited our screening to articles written in either English or French. We excluded from the full-text review meningiomas located outside of the cervical spine, conference abstracts, studies with brain tumours other than meningiomas, those that focused on pediatric populations (patients under 18 years old) and studies that did not present a case report or patient-level data (level of surgery, surgical operation, post-op complications, etc.). Patient-level data are further described in depth in the data management and risk of bias assessment of the current methods section. This review was not registered in PROSPERO.

Search strategy

We conducted a literature search across Medline Ovid, PubMed and Embase. This search was executed on June 24, 2024. Our strategy combined keywords and MESH terms pertinent to cervical vertebrae [MESH], nervous system neoplasms [MESH] and minimally invasive surgical procedures [MESH]. We linked these concepts using the Boolean operator AND. We also searched titles, abstracts and keyword sections for terms synonymous with the MESH keywords. Some of the terms we looked for include cervical spine, MIS, brain tumours and meningiomas. It is worth noting that we utilized two different search strategies for each database: one to include all tumours in the cervical region and another specifically targeting cervical meningioma. This approach allowed us to conduct a thorough search, ensuring that no relevant data was missed. Our search strategies were verified by a reference medical librarian. Details of the search strategies and outcomes from Medline, PubMed and Embase are provided in Appendices A, B and C respectively.

Data extraction and risk of bias assessment

All articles exported from each database were processed through the Covidence systematic review software (Veritas Health Innovation, Melbourne, Australia). ¹⁵ Two independent reviewers reviewed the results according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Articles that passed this preliminary screening were subjected to a full-text review to confirm their relevance. In cases of disagreement between the primary reviewers, a third independent reviewer was consulted to resolve the discrepancies.

For data extraction, we provided a codification guide, with two reviewers independently carrying out the extraction. For every qualifying article, we extracted the following details: primary author, year of study, number of patients with meningioma included in the study, age, sex, clinical presentation, duration of symptoms, tumour location, site of dural attachment, tumour occupation ratio (defined as the percentage of the spinal canal occupied by the tumour on axial MRI at the level of maximal compression), surgical approach, extent of tumour resection, Simpson grade of resection, meningioma pathology/World Health Organization (WHO) grade, post-operative complications, symptoms improvement, length of stay (LOS) and tumour recurrence. The main goal was to understand the chosen surgical approach by the original authors and to highlight the primary challenges and limitations they encountered during their case management.

We evaluated the risk of bias in individual studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal tools for case series ^{Reference Munn, Barker and Moola16} and case reports. ^{Reference Moola, Tufanaru and Aromataris17} These checklists can be found in Appendices D and E respectively. As our primary outcome was qualitative in nature, we carried out a narrative synthesis of our findings.

Patient population

A retrospective case series was conducted at our centre. Adult patients with cervical IDEM meningiomas who underwent treatment using MIS techniques between July 2020 and July 2024 were included. Patients with recurrent tumours or IDEM lesions other than meningiomas were excluded from this study. As the focus was on cervical and cervicothoracic tumours, those below T2 were excluded. We examined the safety and surgical profile of our MIS approach for cervical meningiomas in comparison to the existing literature. We identified key patient characteristics that made these patients suitable candidates for surgical resection using MIS. Additionally, the illustrative surgical management of one patient was presented. This project was a part of an internal quality assessment initiative.

Surgical technique

All patients were managed by the same microsurgical technique using a fixed tubular retractor as described below. After the patient was brought into the operative room (OR), a WHO timeout was performed. The patient received general anaesthesia via endotracheal intubation, and the patient’s positioning on the operating table was the standard prone positioning used for cervical laminectomy. An intravenous access used for fluid and medication administration, a urinary catheter, and intermittent compression leg sleeves were placed. The patient received cefazolin preoperatively and 10 mg dexamethasone. The patient’s head was secured with a Mayfield clamp, and all sensitive areas were well protected. Fluoroscopy was brought into the OR and used to identify the midline and target cervical level. The skin was cleaned with chlorhexidine, and sterile drapes were installed in a standard fashion. Skin incision was performed 2.5 cm lateral to the midline on the appropriate side. The fascia was identified and incised, and sequential tubular dilators were used to split the muscle fibres. A fixed 21 mm spotlight tubular retractor was then positioned for operative access. Final positioning was confirmed with fluoroscopy. The surgical microscope (Zeiss Pentero) was brought in for the remainder of the procedure for standard microsurgical technique. The remaining soft tissue was cauterized and removed to expose the ipsilateral lamina. Laminotomy or hemilaminectomy was performed as required, taking great care to avoid disruption of the facet joints laterally. Identification and resection of ligamentum flavum exposed the dura mater, which was incised with a beaver blade and microsurgical hook. The dural borders were suspended with 4-0 Nurolon sutures. The tumour was identified and dissected away from surrounding cord, rootlets, and its arachnoid covering, with debulking performed as necessary with the ultrasonic aspirator. Once the tumour could be mobilized and its cranial and caudal edges were clearly delineated, final dissection from its dural attachment was performed and the tumour was removed. The underlying dura was coagulated. Spinal cord pulsation and expansion after tumour removal were sought. The dura was closed in a watertight fashion using either 4-0 Nurolon sutures or vascular clips. The fascia was closed with an absorbable 0 Vicryl suture, and the subcutaneous layer closed with 2-0 Vicryl sutures. The skin was closed using various techniques ranging from a subcuticular 4-0 monocryl suture to staples or steristrips, and a Medpore dressing was placed.

An exemplary case describing the aforementioned surgical technique will be submitted as a surgical video article.

Study selection

The search strategy yielded a total of 3187 articles from all databases. This number reflects the combined results of two distinct search strategies: one broad strategy including all intradural spinal tumours and another specifically targeting meningioma. From those, 1259 duplicates were removed (Figure 1). The search in Grey literature yielded no articles. During the title and abstract screening process, 1880 records were excluded and 48 were retained for full-text assessment. Of those, 39 were disqualified as they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Therefore, a total of 9 studies were included in this review.

Figure 1.

PRISMA flow chart of article selection process from the Medline, PubMed and Embase databases.

Figure 1 Long description

The flowchart depicts the selection process of articles from Medline, PubMed, and Embase databases for a review on minimally invasive spine surgery techniques. The process begins with the identification of 3187 records, with 1460 from Medline, 1277 from PubMed, and 450 from Embase. After removing 1259 duplicates, 1928 records undergo title and abstract review. Following this, 1880 records are excluded, leaving 48 full texts assessed for eligibility. Of these, 39 reports are excluded for various reasons: 14 for wrong tumor type, 10 for being conference abstracts, 10 for absent patient-level data, 3 for wrong spinal level, and 2 for wrong outcome. Ultimately, 9 studies are included in the review.

Patient characteristics

The patient’s demographic data gathered from the articles included in this review are described in detail in Table 1. A total of 15 patients were identified across the 9 included articles. ^{Reference Balasubramanian, Nair, Saphiya, Madan and Mathews19–Reference Parihar, Yadav, Yadav, Ratre, Bajaj and Kher27} Most patients presented with symptoms related to the spinal cord or nerve root involvement. ^{Reference Balasubramanian, Nair, Saphiya, Madan and Mathews19–Reference Kaya24,Reference Mannion, Nowitzke, Efendy and Wood26,Reference Parihar, Yadav, Yadav, Ratre, Bajaj and Kher27} However, two of the four patients from the study by Kaya et al. had a Nurick score of 0, indicating they exhibited no spinal root or cord symptoms. ^{Reference Kaya24} In the latter, no details are provided on how these two patients – patient 2, a 59-year-old female, and patient 3, a 30-year-old male – were identified as potentially having a cervical tumour. ^{Reference Kaya24} That said, Kaya et al. was the only study among the nine to report a tumour occupation ratio. ^{Reference Kaya24} This ratio was determined by measuring the greatest tumour size relative to spinal canal size (cm ^{Reference Hussain, Schmidt, Kirnaz, Wipplinger, Schwartz and Härtl2} ) on axial cross-sections using a gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MRI. ^{Reference Kaya24} Notably, the tumour occupation ratios of aforementioned patients 2 and 3, were 24.5 and 13.8, respectively, significantly lower than those of patients 1 and 4 from the same study, which were 80.4 and 76.4 respectively. ^{Reference Kaya24} Among the nine studies, the duration of symptoms before surgery ranged from 2 to 19 months. ^{Reference Kaya24,Reference Parihar, Yadav, Yadav, Ratre, Bajaj and Kher27} Most of the tumours were located at the craniospinal junction/foramen magnum–C1 region, ^{Reference Balasubramanian, Nair, Saphiya, Madan and Mathews19–Reference Gandhi and German21,Reference Kaya24} with the next most common location being the C6 vertebra. ^{Reference Haji, Cenic, Crevier, Murty and Reddy22,Reference Jho and Ha23,Reference Mannion, Nowitzke, Efendy and Wood26} Interestingly, among the four studies that reported the site of dural attachment, all the tumours were found to have a ventrolateral dural attachment. ^{Reference Gandhi and German21,Reference Jho and Ha23–Reference Landriel, Hem, Vecchi and Yampolsky25}

Table 1.

patient’s demographic data gathered from the articles included in the review process

Table 1 Long description

The table presents demographic data of patients with cervical tumors from various studies. It includes columns for reference, year, patient number, age, sex, clinical presentation, duration of symptoms, tumor location, site of dural attachment, and occupation ratio. The table has 15 rows, each representing a different patient. Notable trends include the majority of patients presenting with spinal cord or nerve root symptoms, with tumor locations primarily at the craniospinal junction or C6 vertebra. The duration of symptoms before surgery ranges from 2 to 19 months. The occupation ratio is reported in one study, with varying percentages indicating tumor size relative to the spinal canal.

(-) describes data not available ; F = Female ; LE = Lower Extremities ; M = Male ; MMC = Modified McCormick scale ; UE = Upper Extremities ; UMN = Upper Motor Neurone ; VAS = Visual Analogue Scale.

A : Percentage of the spinal canal occupied by the tumour on axial MRI at the level of maximal compression.

Surgical and operative data

Surgical and operative data gathered from the articles included in this review are thoroughly described in Table 2. Among the nine studies, five favoured an MIS approach with tubular retractors (expandable + non-expandable), ^{Reference Balasubramanian, Nair, Saphiya, Madan and Mathews19,Reference Gandhi and German21,Reference Haji, Cenic, Crevier, Murty and Reddy22,Reference Landriel, Hem, Vecchi and Yampolsky25,Reference Mannion, Nowitzke, Efendy and Wood26} while two studies opted for endoscopic method ^{Reference Caballero-Garcia, Linares-Benavides, Leitao, Aparicio-Garcia and Lopez-Sanchez20,Reference Parihar, Yadav, Yadav, Ratre, Bajaj and Kher27} and another two opted for mini-open/keyhole techniques. ^{Reference Jho and Ha23,Reference Kaya24} Among the 15 patients, gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in 14 of them, ^{Reference Balasubramanian, Nair, Saphiya, Madan and Mathews19–Reference Parihar, Yadav, Yadav, Ratre, Bajaj and Kher27} while one patient underwent a subtotal resection (STR). ^{Reference Haji, Cenic, Crevier, Murty and Reddy22} We carefully reviewed the extent of resection reported by the authors in each of the included articles and determined that a Simpson grade 2 resection was achieved in 14 out of 15 patients. ^{Reference Balasubramanian, Nair, Saphiya, Madan and Mathews19–Reference Parihar, Yadav, Yadav, Ratre, Bajaj and Kher27} Of the nine studies included, five reported the WHO grade of their meningiomas. Among these, three identified grade 1 meningiomas, ^{Reference Balasubramanian, Nair, Saphiya, Madan and Mathews19,Reference Caballero-Garcia, Linares-Benavides, Leitao, Aparicio-Garcia and Lopez-Sanchez20,Reference Kaya24} one reported a grade 2, ^{Reference Haji, Cenic, Crevier, Murty and Reddy22} and one described a benign meningioma. ^{Reference Jho and Ha23} None of the 15 patients across the nine studies experienced post-operative complications, and most patients either fully recovered or had only minor residual symptoms following surgery. Among the five studies that reported LOS after surgery, the duration ranged from two to six days. ^{Reference Balasubramanian, Nair, Saphiya, Madan and Mathews19,Reference Gandhi and German21,Reference Haji, Cenic, Crevier, Murty and Reddy22,Reference Landriel, Hem, Vecchi and Yampolsky25,Reference Mannion, Nowitzke, Efendy and Wood26} Three studies ^{Reference Caballero-Garcia, Linares-Benavides, Leitao, Aparicio-Garcia and Lopez-Sanchez20,Reference Gandhi and German21,Reference Kaya24} reported no tumour recurrence at follow-up visits ranging from 6 to 22 months, while the others did not provide information on this matter.

Table 2.

Operative data gathered from the articles included in the review process

Table 2 Long description

The table presents a comparison of surgical and operative data from nine studies on meningioma resections. It includes details such as the surgical approach, extent of resection, Simpson grade of resection, meningioma pathology and WHO grade, post-operative complications, symptom improvement, length of stay, and tumor recurrence. The table has 15 rows and 10 columns, with headers including Reference, Patient, Surgical approach, Extent of resection, Simpson grade of resection, Meningioma Pathology/WHO grade, Post-op complications, Symptom improvement, Length of stay (Days), and Tumor Recurrence. Notable trends include the use of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) with tubular retractors in five studies, endoscopic methods in two studies, and mini-open/keyhole techniques in two studies. Gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in 14 out of 15 patients, with one patient undergoing subtotal resection (STR). Simpson grade 2 resection was achieved in 14 out of 15 patients. Five studies reported the WHO grade of meningiomas, with three identifying grade 1 meningiomas, one reporting a grade 2, and one describing a benign meningioma. No post-operative complications were reported, and most patients either fully recovered or had minor residual symptoms. The length of stay ranged from two to six days in five studies. Three studies reported no tumor recurrence at follow-up visits ranging from 6 to 22 months.

(-) describes data not available ; ACDF = Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion ; GTR = Gross Total Resection ; LE = Lower Extremities ; MMC = Modified McCormick scale ; STR = Sub Total Resection ; UE = Upper Extremities ; VAS = Visual Analogue Scale ; WHO = World Health Organization.

^A All posterior lateral approach, to preserve midline structures, unless specified otherwise. ^B Simpson grade correlates degree of meningioma resection with symptomatic recurrence. Since authors performed a GTR, a Simpson grade 2 was presumed unless otherwise specified.

Risk of bias assessment

All of the nine studies were evaluated as having a low risk of bias. ^{Reference Balasubramanian, Nair, Saphiya, Madan and Mathews19–Reference Haji, Cenic, Crevier, Murty and Reddy22,Reference Kaya24–Reference Parihar, Yadav, Yadav, Ratre, Bajaj and Kher27} As such, the narrative synthesis and conclusions of this review remained unaffected. The risk of bias in each study is described in Appendices F and G.

Patient characteristics

Between July 2020 and July 2024, eight patients with cervical meningiomas were managed by MIS. The demographic details of the patients included in this case series are presented in Table 3. They were mostly female (6 females and 2 males), with a mean and median age of 64 years old. The average BMI in our patient population was 31. Tumour location primarily involved the T1 vertebrae with an average craniocaudal diameter of 2.1 cm. Tumour occupation ratio in our patient population ranged from 73 to 83% with a mean and median value of 77%.

Table 3.

demographic data of the patients included in our series

Table 3 Long description

A table presenting demographic details of eight patients with cervical meningiomas managed by MIS between July 2020 and July 2024. The table includes eight rows and five columns. The columns are labeled Patient, Age, Sex, BMI, Clinical presentation, Tumour location, Craniocaudal diameter (centimeters), and Tumour occupational ratio (percentage). The table lists the age, sex, body mass index, clinical presentation, tumor location, craniocaudal diameter, and tumor occupational ratio for each patient. Notable details include the predominance of female patients (6 females and 2 males), with a mean and median age of 64 years. The average BMI is 31. The tumor location primarily involves the T1 vertebrae, with an average craniocaudal diameter of 2.1 centimeters. The tumor occupation ratio ranges from 73 to 83%, with a mean and median value of 77%.

(-) describes data not available ; ASIA = American Spinal Injury Association ; BMI = Body Mass Index ; F = Female ; LE = Lower Extremities ; M = Male ; MIS = Minimally Invasive Surgery ; UE = Upper Extremities.

^A : Percentage of the spinal canal occupied by the tumour on axial MRI at the level of maximal compression.

Surgical and operative data

The surgical and operative data of the patients included in this case series are presented in Table 4. All our patients were treated using fixed tubular retractors and achieved GTR. There were no instances of post-operative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, and fusion was not required in any of our patients. Mean operative time was 3.5 hours with minimal blood loss. All our patients had a grade 1 meningioma. There were no intraoperative or post-operative complications. Neurological function improved in all our patients. There was no tumour recurrence during a mean follow-up of 12.875 months. The mean LOS was 3.9 days when excluding patient two, as he was deemed suitable for post-operative in-house rehabilitation after full evaluation by our multidisciplinary team. When patient two is included in the analysis, the mean LOS was 7.6 days and the median 4.0 days. We observed no major neurological complications nor neurological deterioration.

Table 4.

Operative data of the patients included in our series

Table 4 Long description

The table presents surgical and operative data of patients in a case series. It includes columns for patient number, surgical approach, extent of resection, Simpson grade of resection, CSF leak, need for fusion, operative time in hours, blood loss in milliliters, meningioma pathology WHO grade, post-op complications, symptom improvement, tumor recurrence, length of stay in days, and length of follow-up in months. All patients achieved gross total resection (GTR) with no post-operative cerebrospinal fluid leaks or need for fusion. The mean operative time was 3.5 hours with minimal blood loss. All patients had grade 1 meningioma with no intraoperative or post-operative complications. Neurological function improved in all patients, and there was no tumor recurrence during a mean follow-up of 12.875 months. The mean length of stay was 3.9 days, excluding one patient who required post-operative rehabilitation, increasing the mean to 7.6 days and the median to 4.0 days. No major neurological complications or deterioration were observed.

(-) describes data not available ; ASIA = American Spinal Injury Association ; CSF = Cerebrospinal Fluid ; GTR = Gross Total Resection ; MIS = Minimally Invasive Surgery ; WHO = World Health Organization.

^A All posterior lateral approach, to preserve midline structures, unless specified otherwise. All procedures were performed under neuromonitoring. ^BSimpson grade correlates degree of meningioma resection with symptomatic recurrence

Illustrative surgical case: patient 1

A 56-year-old female presented to our department with left upper extremity neuropathic pain accompanied by left-sided weakness (Table 3). Imaging revealed C2 – C3 lesion with a craniocaudal diameter of 2.9 cm (Figure 2). Intraoperative bony resection, dural opening and tumour exposure are illustrated in Figure 3. Surgery was performed as described in the Methods section. Intraoperative neuromonitoring confirmed proper neurological function. Post-operative imaging confirmed GTR, adequate spinal cord decompression with preserved joint integrity and spinal stability (Figure 4). The patient experienced no surgical complications and was discharged home on post-operative day 2. At 12-month follow-up, no tumour recurrence was reported (Table 4).

Figure 2.

Patient 1 preoperative imaging. (A) Axial T2 MRI showing left meningioma (arrow). (B) Sagittal T2 MRI showing spinal cord compression by tumour (arrow). Image obtained with permission from the patient.

Figure 2 Long description

An axial T2 MRI scan of the spine highlights a left meningioma, indicated by an arrow. The meningioma measures approximately 5.7 millimeters. A sagittal T2 MRI scan of the spine reveals spinal cord compression caused by a tumor, also marked by an arrow. The images are obtained with the patient's permission.

Figure 3.

Patient 1 intraoperative imaging. (A) Lamina exposure. (B) Dural opening (C) Tumour exposure and debulking. Image obtained with permission from the patient.

Figure 3 Long description

The first image shows the exposure of the lamina, with labels indicating the C2 and C3 lamina regions. The second image displays the dura after it has been opened. The third image highlights the exposure of a meningioma near the C3 dorsal roots and the spinal cord.

Figure 4.

Patient 1 post-operative imaging. (A) Sagittal T2 MRI and (B) Axial T2 MRI showing complete spinal cord decompression. (C) Post-op X-ray showing preserved spinal alignment. (D) Post-operative surgical corridor measuring 2.6 cm. Image obtained with permission from the patient.

Figure 4 Long description

The collage consists of four distinct images. The first image (A) is a sagittal T2 MRI scan showing complete spinal cord decompression. The second image (B) is an axial T2 MRI scan also showing complete spinal cord decompression. The third image (C) is a post-operative X-ray displaying preserved spinal alignment. The fourth image (D) shows a post-operative surgical corridor measuring 2.6 centimeters. These images collectively illustrate the outcomes of minimally invasive spine surgery, highlighting the benefits of reduced soft tissue manipulation and improved patient recovery.