The article by Huline-Dickens on coaching and mentoring in psychiatry (Huline-Dickens Reference Huline-Dickens2020, this issue) provides a useful oversight of the applications, roles and benefits of a mentor and a coach, noting initiatives in psychiatry mostly in the USA and Australia. We would like to offer some complementary considerations from the mentees’ perspective and highlight recent mentoring opportunities in psychiatry that have been established in the UK.
Mentoring and well-being
Huline-Dickens discusses the positive effects of mentoring in improving well-being, which is particularly important given the high rates of stress and burnout in the medical profession (Wilson Reference Wilson, Larkin and Redfern2017). Wilson et al identified several mechanisms by which such improvements may take place, such as through the mentor providing social capital, promoting personal development and facilitating improved working relationships, work–life balance and teamwork (Wilson Reference Wilson, Larkin and Redfern2017). Career transition points, such as from medical student to doctor, are times of enhanced stress, and mentoring may be particularly useful for preparing and supporting doctors through these transitions. It may also help trainees to adapt to different workplace environments and responsibilities as they progress through their training. Mentoring has been widely suggested as a crucial element to facilitate transition for international medical graduates (IMGs) moving to the UK, as this can improve both their confidence as clinicians and their adaptation to a new country (Hashim Reference Hashim2017). Well-being is linked with greater job satisfaction, employee retention and quality of patient care, so mentoring may help organisations to create and maintain a stable workforce while also indirectly improving patient safety (Wallace Reference Wallace, Lemaire and Ghali2009; West Reference West and Coia2019).
Reverse mentoring
Mentoring is good for the development of the mentor, and we would here like to highlight the burgeoning literature on ‘reverse mentoring’, whereby a more junior individual may also mentor their more senior colleague (Clarke Reference Clarke, Burgess and Van Diggele2019). This supports the development of both parties, since both the mentor and mentee acquire knowledge and skills from observing and listening to each other. It has been particularly useful for promoting understanding of, and confidence in using, digital technologies and online platforms among senior clinicians and may improve workplace culture (Clarke Reference Clarke, Burgess and Van Diggele2019). Identifying these benefits for mentors may help with recruitment into mentoring programmes.
Barriers to mentorship
Huline-Dickens identifies professional and organisational barriers to mentoring, such as busy consultant job plans, and limited financial and physical resources. From a mentee perspective, junior colleagues may lack confidence in approaching senior clinicians and initiating mentoring interactions (Ramanan Reference Ramanan, Taylor and Davis2006), especially if they are unfamiliar with the work environment and have not experienced mentorship previously. They may also struggle to find a suitable mentor with whom they feel they can relate (Ramanan Reference Ramanan, Taylor and Davis2006). The specific challenges of role delineation and geography warrant further discussion here.
Role delineation
The fact that failure to distinguish between the roles of line manager and mentor can lead to confusion and even conflict (Huline-Dickens Reference Huline-Dickens2020) is equally true for mentees. Clinical supervisors are focused on short-term goals and achievement of clinical competencies, whereas mentors are more concerned with long-term goals set by the mentee. Although educational supervisors provide longitudinal support akin to mentors, and may be better placed to adopt such positions, their involvement in appraisal processes could hinder their effectiveness as mentors. For example, trainees may find it difficult to honestly reflect their difficulties and weaknesses to somebody who is involved in their assessment. Furthermore, the term ‘educational’ in itself implies a specific focus on attainment of curriculum objectives, whereas the focus of mentoring should be directed by the mentee's individual ambitions. Locally employed (LE) and specialty and associate specialist (SAS) doctors may face unique challenges if a mentor is also a line manager, and any such occurrences will need very careful discussions on role separation.
Geography
Huline-Dickens notes how mentors are often part of the same organisation as the mentee (Huline-Dickens Reference Huline-Dickens2020), aiding the ability to provide localised, more specific guidance and support, as well as practical conveniences such as arranging face-to-face meetings. However, the development of the mentee is not limited to their current workplace, with trainees often changing their work environments as they rotate through various subspecialties. Mentoring relationships can and should be longitudinal over a sustained period, transcending traditional boundaries, something facilitated by contemporary communications options. Furthermore, limiting mentors to people employed by the same hospital trust as the mentee unintentionally risks particularly disadvantaging LE and SAS doctors, whose development can sometimes feel less supported organisationally; these doctors move locations more frequently than their colleagues and may therefore find it difficult to initiate mentorship. We see novel opportunities facilitated by the recent growth in videoconferencing.
Mentoring initiatives in the UK
Positively, the Royal College of Psychiatrists offers several awards for medical students and foundation doctors, including Foundation Fellowships and the Psych Star scheme (not to be confused with PsychStart); both of these provide mentoring by a senior colleague, in addition to various other benefits, to promote enhanced exposure to, and career selection of, psychiatry (Royal College of Psychiatrists 2020). Similarly, the PsychStart programme, established at the University of Nottingham, provides medical students with mentoring by local registrar and consultant psychiatrists and has since been implemented in other regions. It offers a bespoke matching process whereby mentees are allocated to mentors according to factors such as their subspecialty preferences, geographical location and interests in research, education and leadership (PsychStart 2020). However, there appears to be a relative lack of mentoring schemes for trainees in psychiatry in the UK.
The future
Huline-Dickens rightly discusses the need for further research to critically evaluate the role of mentoring in healthcare. The current mentoring literature mostly comprises case studies and non-validated surveys, which predominantly focus on the experiences of the mentee. Evaluating the experiences of the mentor is equally important and may help us to further understand the benefits and challenges of adopting this role. There is a lack of studies specifically focusing on the experiences of SAS, LE and IMG doctors, despite perceptions that minority workforce groups may particularly benefit from the mentoring process. We recommend that future mentoring evaluations include achievement of mentee goals as a separate outcome measure in their design, since each mentoring relationship is unique and should be tailored according to the individual mentee's needs and ambitions. Clearly, flexible mentoring frameworks require flexible evaluation processes.
Author contributions
All authors were involved in the writing of this commentary and proofreading of the final submission.
Declaration of interest
None.
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