Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in older adults and a common cause of ischemic stroke, representing upwards of 15% of all strokes.Reference Wolf, Abbott and Kannel 1 Anti-coagulation with warfarin and other newer agents effectively reduces stroke risk but also increases rates of both intra and extra cranial hemorrhage.Reference Hart, Pearce and Aguilar 2 , Reference Connolly, Ezekowitz and Yusaf 3 In the last several years, new oral anticoagulant medications have been introduced that are at least as effective if not better than warfarin for stroke prevention. None of these drugs has been assessed for secondary prevention of stroke in the acute stage. Patients with acute stroke due to atrial fibrillation present a management dilemma: when is it safe to start or restart anti-coagulation?
Past trials have not shown benefit to early anticoagulation with fixed dose, subcutaneous, unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin 4 - Reference Kay, Wong and Woo 8 and data on use of novel oral anticoagulants in the immediate post-stroke period is lacking.Reference Ganetsky, Babu and Salhanick 9 Nonetheless, recurrent stroke rates are highest in the 90 days following the initial event with 50% occurring within two weeks.Reference Johnston, Gress and Browner 10 Despite treatment with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), rates of recurrence in patients with atrial fibrillation have been reported as high as 7.5% within this two week period.Reference Berge, Abdelnoor and Nakstad 5
Current guidelines on the timing of anticoagulation in acute stroke due to atrial fibrillation are based upon expert opinion and suggest that patients with smaller infarct volumes and lack of hemorrhagic transformation may be safely anti-coagulated to prevent recurrent stroke without causing intracranial hemorrhage. We sought to assess this hypothesis by evaluating hemorrhage rates and re-infarction rates among patients with atrial fibrillation who were admitted to the stroke service at the Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta and treated with anti-coagulants.
Methods
This study was approved by the University of Calgary Conjoint Health Research Ethics Board. All patients consecutively entered into the Foothills Hospital Stroke Unit Database between January 1st, 2009 and December 31st, 2011 were reviewed for inclusion in this study.
All patients with a stroke or transient ischemic attack whose mechanism was determined by the attending stroke neurologist as ‘cardioembolic’ or ‘unknown/cryptogenic’ were screened for inclusion. All patients in the ‘unknown/cryptogenic’ category were cross referenced with the cardiac diagnostic database for a cardiologist verified diagnosis of atrial fibrillation on electrocardiogram or Holter monitor within one year of stroke.
Initial patient characteristics were collected from the regional electronic health record and via paper chart review. A diagnosis of stroke was defined as acute onset of persistent (lasting more than 24 hours) neurologic dysfunction with no other non-vascular cause or transient neurologic symptoms with imaging confirmation of new ischemic stroke. Imaging was reviewed and stroke volume was estimated using the ABC/2 methodReference Pedraza, Puig and Blasco 11 on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion weighted imaging within 72 hours of admission. Patients were excluded if they had no evidence of stroke on MR imaging, had a diagnosis of infective endocarditis, had evidence of greater than 50% carotid stenosis ipsilateral to their stroke or were transferred out of the province before follow-up was completed.
Primary outcomes were recurrent ischemic stroke and symptomatic intra-cranial hemorrhage within two weeks of initial stroke or death at three months. Recurrent stroke was defined as new neurological symptoms corresponding to a different territory than the initial infarction with no clear hemorrhagic, infectious or metabolic cause, or imaging evidence of new infarction of presumed embolic origin. Symptomatic hemorrhage was defined as a presence of new intracranial blood on imaging with a change in neurological examination corresponding to the area of hemorrhage. An unchanged neurological exam at follow-up or follow-up imaging study within three months with no new stroke was considered equivalent to absence of the primary outcomes. Follow-up examinations were abstracted from the inpatient chart as documented. Patients who were discharged from hospital before two weeks had follow-up examination obtained from Stroke Prevention Clinic charts at three month follow-up. For patients with no in-hospital or clinic follow up, a search of the Alberta Health Services administrative database was undertaken looking for admission diagnosis codes representing death, ischemic stroke and intra-cranial hemorrhage. Patients with no repeat admission in the two week period were assumed to have absence of recurrent stroke or symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage.
Therapeutic measures used for treatment of acute stroke and prevention of recurrent stroke and post stroke complications were recorded. This included administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, use of intra-arterial therapy, use of anti-platelet agents, administration of heparinoids for prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis, choice of anti-coagulation for atrial fibrillation and time to achievement of therapeutic anti-coagulation. A patient was considered therapeutic at the time of the first dose of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), when the international normalized ratio (INR) was greater than 2.0 for more than two days, when the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) was greater than 55.0 for two consecutive measurements or the time when Dabigatran was started. Data were reported using standard descriptive statistics.
Results
In the three year study period, 624 patients were admitted to the stroke unit with a history or cardiac diagnostic test demonstrating atrial fibrillation and a presumed cardio-embolic or unknown stroke mechanism. After chart review, 324 patients were included for analysis. The remainder were excluded on the basis of lack of ischemic stroke (291) or transfer out of province before the end of the follow-up period (9). One hundred and sixty one patients lacked follow-up in hospital or in the stroke prevention clinic and follow up was obtained from searches on the administrative database.
Two hundred and forty three patients (75%) received at least one dose of an anti-coagulant (heparin, warfarin, low molecular weight heparin or Dabigatran) within two weeks of stroke. Of those started on an anticoagulant, follow-up data regarding INR values were available in 241 patients (99%) with 203 (81.9 %) achieving therapeutic drug levels within two weeks. Four of those patients were started on anticoagulation after a recurrent stroke. Among the patients therapeutic within two weeks, 156 (77%) were therapeutic within one week and 77 patients (38%) within 48 hours. The mean time to therapeutic anti-coagulation was 4.0 days with 50% therapeutic by three days. Warfarin was the most common anti-coagulant used with 174 (85.7%) patients receiving at least one dose within the two week period. Unfractionated heparin was given to 77 patients, LMWH to 48 and only 19 received dabigatran. MR imaging was used for stroke volume measurement in 132 patients (41%) and CT in the remainder. Patients who were anti-coagulated had a smaller median stroke volume (3.2 ml vs 18.4 ml), were more commonly therapeutic on anticoagulation at presentation (10.3% vs 1.6%), more likely to have an echocardiogram showing echocardiographic predictors of cardioembolism 12 , Reference Zabalgoitia, Halperin and Pearce 13 (18.9% vs 7.3%) and had non-significantly lower median National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) at presentation (5 versus 7) (Table).
Eleven patients (3.4%) had a recurrent ischemic stroke within two weeks of the initial event. Two of the patients with recurrent ischemic stroke were therapeutic on anti-coagulants at time of stroke. Therapeutic anti-coagulation within two weeks of initial stroke was associated with decreased risk of recurrent stroke (RR 0.14, 95% CI 0.03-0.64). This remained significant after multivariable analysis adjusting for age and sex. Three patients (0.9%) had a clinically significant intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH); one patient was actively anti-coagulated at the time of ICH, one was taking ASA only and one was on ASA and low dose enoxaparin for prevention of deep vein thrombosis. The anti-coagulated patient became therapeutic 11 days after the index stroke, had an initial stroke volume of 189 ml and the ICH occurred on day 14. Use of anti-coagulation was not significantly associated with symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. Univariate predictors of ICH included higher NIHSS score (RR 1.2, 95% CI 1.09-1.3, per point increase in NIHSS) with younger age being protective against ICH (RR 0.9, 95% CI 0.87-0.97, per year).
Twenty-two patients (7%) were deceased at three months. In univariate analysis, use of anticoagulation was associated with a reduced risk of death at three months irrespective whether or not a therapeutic INR was achieved within two weeks (RR 0.1, p<0.01 95% CI 0.04-0.26). Other predictors of death included large stroke size, anterior cerebral artery strokes, use of aspirin alone, use of low dose heparin for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis, high systolic blood pressure in hospital and higher NIHSS scores. After multivariable analysis, use of anticoagulation (OR 0.15, p<0.01 95% CI 0.04-0.6) was protective against death and use of deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis (OR 6.0, p<0.01 95% CI 1.8-19.9) was associated with death.
Discussion
We suggest that early anti-coagulation among patients with smaller infarct sizes prevents recurrent stroke without significantly increasing the risk of intracranial hemorrhage. Only one patient who was anti-coagulated suffered an ICH despite 38% of anticoagulated patients becoming therapeutic within 48 hours of stroke symptom onset. This result lies in contrast to previous studies suggesting increased rates of ICH 4 , Reference Berge, Abdelnoor and Nakstad 5 , Reference Dahl, Friis and Abildgaard 7 , 14 with early anticoagulation. We believe that this observation is directly related to the difference in baseline infarct size between the two groups. Our population had less severe and smaller volume strokes, reflecting current clinical practice. A previous study looking specifically at use of heparin acutely in cardio-embolic stroke found that risk of hemorrhage was associated with higher mean PTT ratios but not stroke severity.Reference Chamorro, Vila, Ascasco and Blanc 15 We did not find this association but this may be a reflection of the relative infrequency of ICH in our group. Additionally because of the rarity of ICH the study was underpowered to establish a threshold infarct size above which the risk of ICH increases. Our calculation of infarct size is also limited by the use of both CT and MR imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging was used as the preferred measurement medium whenever possible but only available in 132 patients.
The decrease in recurrent stroke is in keeping with a sub-group analysis of International Stroke Trial (IST) showing significantly less recurrent stroke in patients allocated to heparin versus no heparinReference Saxena, Lewis and Berge 6 and meta-analysis of anticoagulation in acute stroke which showed a trend for benefit in recurrent stroke.Reference Paciaroni, Agnelli, Micheli and Caso 16 In contrast, Heparin in Acute Embolic Stroke Trial
(HAEST) showed no significant difference in stroke rates between patients given dalteparin compared to ASA alone. However HAEST excluded patients who clinicians felt ‘had a clear indication for anticoagulant therapy or a clear contraindication for antithrombic therapy’ and who were on oral anticoagulation at time of stroke.Reference Berge, Abdelnoor and Nakstad 5 Given that 24% of patients in our study were orally anticoagulated, the difference in results may be explained by the difference in baseline patient populations. Furthermore, our population of anti-coagulated patients had a significantly higher incidence of echocardiographic predictors of embolic stroke. This element of selection bias may also contribute to the benefit of anti-coagulation seen in our data.
Use of anticoagulation was also protective against death. This may be due to confounding by indication, rather than a true medical effect. Patients with larger strokes, who are most at risk of death due to stroke severity, tended not to be anti-coagulated acutely. The positive association with use of deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis and death may be similarly explained. Patients with more disabling strokes and worse mobility were likely to be started on deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis.
This study is limited by its small sample size and retrospective nature. There is potential for selection bias in our follow up procedures: 161 patients had no follow-up in hospital or in the stroke clinic and were assumed to be free of recurrent stroke or hemorrhage if they had no admission found in the administrative database. Admissions to community hospitals may have been missed if they were not correctly coded as a stroke or hemorrhage. We were also unable to address the impact of recurrent stroke on long-term functional outcome. Nonetheless, it provides evidence of safety and preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of early anticoagulation for acute stroke patients.
There is a need for large randomized trials to examine the early use of anticoagulants, particularly the novel oral anticoagulants because of their ease of use and potentially better stroke prevention efficacy. Using echocardiographic parameters to select patients at higher risk of recurrent embolism may be helpful in such a study. Safe in-hospital initiation of anticoagulation is likely to result in better long-term compliance with anticoagulant therapy and reduced stroke occurrence among patients with atrial fibrillation.
Baseline Patient Characteristics
* SD=Standard deviation; TIA=transient ischemic attack; ASA=acetylsalicylic acid; EtOH=ethanol; ICH=intracerebral hemorrhage; MRI=magnetic resonance imaging; INR=international normalized ratio; PTT=partial thromboplastin time; NIHSS=National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score.
† Echocardiogram showing atrial thrombus, low left ventricular ejection fraction, atrial septal aneurysm, grade IV aortic atheroma, low peak atrial appendage flow or dense spontaneous echo contrast.
Statement of Authorship
CH conducted the chart reviews, primary analysis and wrote the first draft. MDH provided overall supervision, review of analysis and revision of the paper.
Acknowledgements and Funding
MDH is funded by Alberta Innovates Health Solutions and by the Heart & Stroke Foundation of Alberta-Hotchkiss Brain Institute Professorship in Stroke Research.
Disclosures
Authors have nothing to disclose.
