Introduction

The inefficiency of single-barrel hand coring in ice is demonstrated each time the barrel reaches the bottom of the borehole and encounters about 30 cm of chips from the previous drill run. All the chips on the augering flight – and often some from inside the barrel – fall back into the hole when the single barrel is lifted out of the borehole. This limits the length of recovered core per trip, thus requiring more trips into the hole in order to reach the desired depth. By contrast, a double-barreled corer collects the chips much more efficiently. In the course of normal drilling, the chips are forced into the coring barrel and do not fall back into the borehole from either the barrel or the flights between the inner and outer barrels. In addition, the added stiffness of the double-barrel corer results in fewer breaks in the cores and straighter boreholes, even with the additional weight of a long drill stem.

Description of the Prairiedog

The PrairieDog consists of an anti-torque section and a barrel section. The anti-torque section (Fig. 1) is about 30 cm in length and is constructed primarily of aluminum. It is comprised of non-rotating anti-torque blades, a rotating power shaft and the connecting adaptor for the inner barrel. The outer barrel bolts to it as well. A two-position power shaft disengages and engages the anti-torque blades with an up-and-down motion. This motion provides a slide-hammer effect when breaking free from the bottom by allowing the drill string above the PrairieDog to gain upward momentum. This reduces the amount of breaking force required from the surface. The anti-torque blades are pressed against the borehole wall by adjustable springs. All bearing surfaces within the anti-torque section are composed of Delrin® (DuPont). While a less expensive leaf-spring style anti-torque would be sufficient, the adjustable spring design used in the PrairieDog ensures that the blades do not slip in the hole. This provides better compaction of the chips and therefore more room for core in the barrel.

Fig. 1

A sectional view of the PrairieDog anti-torque section as it attaches to the barrels.

The outer barrel (Fig. 2) is constructed from a 1=8 in (3.2 mm) thick fiberglass/epoxy composite tube which is ground on the outside for a smooth finish and proper diameter. The inside surface is very smooth with a glass-like finish, having been formed over a polished mandrel, which is very good for chip transport. The fiberglass/epoxy barrel tube is both straighter and lighter than a comparable steel barrel. Three stainless-steel strips are glued longitudinally on the inside of the outer barrel with epoxy. These strips have remained tight after over 1000m of drilling. Although five strips would provide a more stable bearing surface for the inner barrel, three have worked very well thus far. The outer barrel does not have cut-outs for enhanced chip pick-up but performs well without them.

Fig. 2

Basic features of the PrairieDog drill design, showing a double-barreled torsion stem 4 in core drill with fiberglass inner and outer barrels.

The PrairieDog is interchangeable with the Polar Ice Coring Office (PICO) 4 in hand-auger (Reference Koci and KuivinenKoci and Kuivinen, 1984) core barrel since it uses the same coring head on the same size fiberglass/epoxy composite tubing for its inner barrel. The width of the augering flights of the original PICO 4 in hand-auger core barrel was reduced in the PrairieDog design to accommodate the stripped outer barrel while maintaining the same major diameter as the coring head. This greatly reduced the entire design scope since the same coring head is used. This also enables the two drills to be interchangeable, permitting one type to act as a back-up for the other in field operations.

The performance of the PrairieDog is limited in very soft snow and firn without the addition of ‘snow blades’, which have been designed but not yet tested. The addition of the snow blades will require future modification to the anti-torque section. At present, in order to overcome this limitation, the borehole is initiated with the 4 in PICO handauger core barrel and continues to the depth where the firn is dense enough for the PrairieDog anti-torque blades to grip the borehole sidewall.

Further Development

For applications where a smaller-diameter ice-core sample is desirable, a 3 in PrairieDog that could be used interchangeably with the 3 in PICO hand-coring auger would be beneficial, particularly if a significant number of cores are required to a depth of 10 m or greater.

Discussion and Conclusion

The PrairieDog significantly improves the efficiency of ‘hand’ augering to the practical limits of such a drilling system. It does not significantly increase the weight of the drill string, and saves trips into and out of the borehole if the depth of drilling is more than just a few meters. The ice cores produced are longer and have fewer breaks than those recovered with a single-barrel coring system, while the chips are more densely packed and are collected much more efficiently. The system has been used widely with good success, drilling for well over 1000 m to depths of up to 30 m.