Survey Responses and Demographics

Overall, 136 individuals responded to the crop survey and 113 responded to the forage survey, for a total of 249 respondents. Some respondents left some survey questions unanswered because responses to every question were not mandatory. Therefore, the sample size varies by question, and in some cases, response within a question. Sample size is reported in each table and figure.

The occupation of survey respondents was 52% farmers and 48% farmer advisors (Figure 1). Of the 126 farmers who listed the number of acres they farmed the median size was 400 acres. Crop farmers reported farming a median size of 450 acres, whereas forage farmers farmed 250 acres. The median farm size in Virginia was 66 acres in 2017, so the respondents’ farm sizes were generally larger than the reported median farm size (USDA-NASS 2017).

Figure 1.

Demographic information indicating the agricultural profession of survey respondents. Respondents were divided into farmers and farmer advisors from both crop survey (136 respondents) and forage survey (113 respondents).

Although differences in responses existed (see below), they largely could be pooled across occupation but not across crop and forage surveys. Other research has reported similar preferences for communication type across various audiences (i.e., crop and forage producers) but differences between audiences based on time spent farming. Survey data from North Carolina found that beef producers and government workers had similar preferences for some extension delivery methods such as newsletters, personal visits, and method demonstrations. In the North Carolina survey, government officials preferred newspapers and workshops more than beef producers did, and compared to their county government counterparts, beef producers were more likely to attend field days (Clement et al. Reference Clement, Richardson and Mustian1995). A similar survey conducted in Virginia noted differences in extension preferences between full-time and part-time beef cattle producers. Full-time producers preferred visits to experiment stations, phone calls, and bulletins, whereas part-time producers preferred on-farm demonstrations, workshops, and farm visits for receiving extension information (Obahayujie and Hillison Reference Obahayujie and Hillison1988). Our survey did not include questions about the amount of time spent farming and the audience was not as diverse as it was in the Clement et al. (Reference Clement, Richardson and Mustian1995) survey because both groups in our survey were producers.

Source of Information

When asked about the primary source of weed management information, responses varied depending on the respondent group. Despite the variance, co-ops, suppliers, and vendors and university extension or researcher ranked high as main sources of information with an average of 29% and 28% of the total responses, respectively (Table 1). Sales representatives and crop consultants or advisors followed as a source of information with an average of 13% and 13% of the total responses, respectively. When combining persons affiliated with an agribusiness (co-op, supplier, or vendor + crop consultant or advisor + sales representative), farmers identified this group as having the largest impact of those surveyed. Thus, agribusiness personnel should be a target of extension. Extension personnel and peers ranked highly as a source of weed management information, although self-biases may exist in these data.

Table 1.

Survey responses to the question about who or what serves as the primary source of information for making weed management decisions. ^a

^a Survey respondents were asked “What is the primary source of weed management information for farmers? Choose only one.”

Both crop and forage surveys asked who or what has the greatest impact on a farmer when making herbicide-purchasing decisions. Based on an average across both surveys, 32% said that co-ops, suppliers, and vendors have the most influence, and 20% said that university extension and researchers have the largest impact on their decision (Table 2). After that, sales representatives and myself (no outside impact) follow with 12% and 10% of responses, respectively. Again, these data indicate that agribusiness personnel are an important audience for extension. That is, extension can expand its audience indirectly to farmers via agribusiness personnel.

Table 2.

Survey responses to the question about who makes the largest impact when making herbicide-purchasing decisions. ^a

^a Survey respondents were asked “Who or what has the largest impact when making herbicide purchasing decision? Choose only one.”

^b Other responses included cost, availability, and herbicides are not used on my operation.

Previous research has shown that often the most influential source of weed management information is the agricultural input network of chemical, seed, and equipment manufacturing companies, distributors, and retail outlets (Coble and Schroeder Reference Coble and Schroeder2016; Givens et al. Reference Givens, Shaw, Neuman, Weller, Young, Wilson, Owen and Jordan2011; Johnson et al. Reference Johnson, Owen, Kruger, Young, Shaw, Wilson, Wilcut, Jordan and Weller2009), which was also evident in our surveys. Arbuckle (Reference Arbuckle and Rosman2014) reported that 78% of farmers in Iowa relied on their agricultural chemical retailer for advice on weed management decisions. Contrary to this hierarchy, a survey distributed in Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Nebraska asking where growers receive their information on glyphosate resistance indicated that more than 50% of respondents in each state received information from farm publications. Less than 25% of respondents per state said they received information from dealers/retailers or university/extension personnel (Johnson et al. Reference Johnson, Owen, Kruger, Young, Shaw, Wilson, Wilcut, Jordan and Weller2009).

While our findings are similar to those reported in previous surveys, responses for university extension or researchers as influences on weed management and herbicide-purchasing decisions are inflated compared to reports in other surveys. This could be because of the method of survey distribution. These surveys were distributed at extension meetings where university extension or researchers were giving presentations, which likely increased responses for this group.

Nonetheless, these findings echo calls to have more collaboration across groups of influencers to provide a clear and consistent message to farmers regarding herbicide resistance and weed management tactics (Asmus and Schroeder Reference Asmus and Schroeder2016; Barrett et al. Reference Barrett, Soteres and Shaw2016; Coble and Schroeder Reference Coble and Schroeder2016; Hurley and Frisvold Reference Hurley and Frisvold2016). In a recent report of listening sessions with various agricultural stakeholders across regions of the United States, participants from the Midwest, Northeast, and Southeast said they wanted more education and collaborative communication for managing herbicide resistance (Schroeder et al. Reference Schroeder, Barrett, Shaw, Asmus, Coble, Ervin, Jussaume, Owen, Burke, Creech and Culpepper2018).

Information Preferences

When asked to rank types of information that would directly influence a farmer to change their weed management strategies, responses could be pooled across farmer and farmer advisors for both crop and forage surveys, however, responses between the two surveys could not be pooled. Survey respondents from the crop survey ranked weed control efficacy data, economic assessment, and yield data as more likely to affect how their approach might change (Figure 2). Weed population shifts over time and on-farm demonstrations and at agricultural research and extension centers (ARECs) ranked as least likely to influence how they might change their weed management strategies. Respondents in the forage survey ranked economic assessment, weed control efficacy data, yield data, and weed population shifts over time as most likely things to affect a change in their herbicide practices (Figure 3). On-farm demonstrations and at ARECs followed in a lower statistical grouping.

Figure 2.

Information types ranked on a scale from 1 (most important) to 5 (least important) as to how likely these are to influence growers to change their weed management strategies, pooled across farmers and farmer advisors within the crop survey (n = 82). Abbreviation: ARECs, agricultural research and extension centers.

Figure 3.

Information types ranked on a scale from 1 (most important) to 5 (least important) as to how likely these are to influence growers to change their weed management strategies, pooled across farmers and farmer advisors within the forage survey (n = 79). Abbreviation: ARECs, agricultural research and extension centers.

Respondents were asked to rank their preferred extension delivery formats from worst (1) to best (10). Responses from farmers and farmer advisors could be pooled, and so could responses from both surveys. Traditional methods such as extension presentations, extension publications, and on-farm demonstrations or at ARECs ranked as the best places for receiving information (Figure 4). Websites were less favored as a way of obtaining information. Nontraditional methods such as YouTube videos, social media, and blog posts were ranked as the worst way to obtain information. Although these ranked below traditional methods, there was still some interest in these formats. Much like previous advances in technology, these web-based methods provide new tools for presenting and distributing information and can take time to be accepted (Eberle and Shroyer Reference Eberle and Shroyer2000; Lineberger Reference Lineberger1998). The nature of social media and blog posts could detract from sole reliance on these methods. These are meant for shorter communications and are more difficult to find as time passes. Instead, web communications could be used to support or draw attention to more favored traditional information formats.

Figure 4.

Information medium ranked on a scale of 1 (worst) to 10 (best) when asked what the best way is to present information, pooled across crop and forage surveys (n = 204). Abbreviation: ARECs, agricultural research and extension centers.

There is an unexpected discrepancy in the responses to these two questions. Demonstrations on-farm and at ARECs were ranked as least likely ways to influence change in weed management strategy, but these same demonstrations were ranked as one of the most preferred methods of receiving information. It might be that while respondents like to see research results in person, those demonstrations should include hard numbers such as economic assessments, weed control data, and yield data to affect changes in weed management strategies.

Focus for Future Research

Questions between the crop and forage surveys varied because the surveys were tailored to an audience. Responses to the crop survey between farmers and farmer advisors could be pooled, but they could not be pooled for the forage survey. Crop producers said that Virginia Cooperative Extension personnel should focus on managing herbicide-resistant weeds, evaluating new herbicides, evaluating new genetic technologies, and effectively diversifying modes of action (Figure 5). Although many of the topics received statistically similar responses, crop producers indicated that they valued learning about new herbicides more than learning about alternative weed control techniques or using tillage/cultivation. Forge survey farmers ranked many options similarly were asked what they would like Virginia Cooperative Extension to focus on (Figure 6). Numerically, weed control recommendations were preferred over assessing weed escapes. When farmer advisors were asked to rank what they would like Virginia Cooperative Extension to focus on, they ranked evaluating new herbicides, weed control recommendations, weed identification, and the development of a pest management guide app as most important (Figure 7). Effectively diversifying herbicide modes of action, understanding weed toxicity/palatability to livestock, assessing weed escapes, and evaluating alternative weed control techniques received fewer responses and were therefore considered less important.

Figure 5.

Topics ranked on a scale of 1 (least important) to 10 (most important) when crop producers/supporters were asked what research or educational topics Virginia Cooperative Extension efforts should focus on (n = 96). See Appendix 1 for full answer choices.

Figure 6.

Topics ranked on a scale of 1 (least important) to 10 (most important) when forage farmers were asked what research or educational topics Virginia Cooperative Extension efforts should focus on (n = 41). See Appendix 1 for full answer choices.

Figure 7.

Topics ranked on a scale of 1 (least important) to 10 (most important) when forage farmer advisors were asked what research or educational topics Virginia Cooperative Extension efforts should focus on (n = 70). See Appendix 1 for full answer choices.

Although the questions in each survey were different, five choices in this section overlapped between the two groups. In general, both groups of survey respondents ranked evaluating new herbicides for weed control and crop safety as one of the most important topics for future research. Understanding how to effectively diversify herbicide modes of action, assessing weed escapes for herbicide resistance, and evaluating alternative weed control techniques were ranked lower. Forage farmer advisors indicated that having a pest management guide available via a smartphone or web app was important and ranked it higher than crop producers or forage farmers did.

Herbicide resistance is a problem in both crop and forage production systems. Currently there are 512 unique cases of herbicide resistance worldwide and that number will continue to grow (Heap Reference Heap2022). Using IWM practices in combination with rotating or tank mixing herbicides with multiple effective modes of action has been shown to slow the development of herbicide resistance (Moss et al. Reference Moss, Ulber and den Hoed2019). Despite the data pointing to the need for research on nonchemical methods of weed control, crop and forage producers/supporters ranked evaluating alternative weed control techniques as least important areas for future research. This reveals that while farmers might understand the necessity of a proper IWM approach, they still prefer to use herbicides, likely due to the ease of application, and think that future research should focus on providing other herbicide options to help counteract herbicide resistance (Schroeder et al. Reference Schroeder, Barrett, Shaw, Asmus, Coble, Ervin, Jussaume, Owen, Burke, Creech and Culpepper2018). Therefore, extension is likely to be more successful by including herbicides in IWM rather than relying solely on nonchemical approaches.