Policy for intellectual disability

Over the past 40 years, successive waves of health and social care policy, most aimed at promoting social inclusion and the use of mainstream health services, have changed the landscape of services for people with intellectual disability. Transforming Care is the current flagship UK government policy to improve care for people with intellectual disability and mental illness or challenging behaviour. ³ In a spirit of co-production, the priorities of Transforming Care have been shaped by people with intellectual disability and their supporters. A central aim of the programme is further substantial reduction of specialist intellectual disability assessment and treatment in-patient beds for people with challenging behaviour in the absence of mental illness, accompanied by increased investment to improve the capacity and quality of community services. Also prominent in Transforming Care is a commitment to reducing the over-reliance on psychotropic drugs in people with intellectual disability and, in particular, the use of antipsychotic drugs for challenging behaviour.Reference Sheehan, Hassiotis, Walters, Osborn, Strydom and Horsfall ⁴ Concern about the overuse of psychotropic medication in this group is not new, nor is it confined to the UK, and attempts to reduce prescribing are underway in several countries. Finally, there needs to be a programme of research to develop and test the clinical and cost-effectiveness of interventions for mental disorders in this population. This is singularly lacking at present, with evidence for many pharmacological and psychosocial interventions being supported only by feasibility studies.

People with intellectual disability present with multi-morbidity,Reference Cooper, McLean, Guthrie, McConnachie, Mercer and Sullivan ⁵ and general health, physical disability and mental ill health in this group are closely associated and must be considered alongside one another.Reference Cooper, Smiley, Morrison, Williamson and Allan ¹ Certain health problems that are common in people with intellectual disability, particularly overweight and obesity, can be exacerbated by long-term use of psychotropic medication, underlining the importance of close physical health monitoring and regular psychotropic medication review. However, people with intellectual disability frequently report difficulties accessing health services and, despite increases in life expectancy over the past several decades, experience high rates of premature death. ^{6 –} Reference Heslop, Blair, Fleming, Hoghton, Marriott and Russ ⁸ Health promotion activities and screening programmes can often fail to reach the most vulnerable, including those with intellectual disability.

The annual primary care health check for people with intellectual disabilities, introduced in England in 2008, is one means by which mental and physical health issues can be proactively identified and, if necessary, treated early. Evidence has accumulated from the UK and elsewhere that regular comprehensive health checks are of benefit in identifying unmet health needs and reducing barriers in access to health services.Reference Robertson, Roberts, Emerson, Turner and Greig ⁹ Although it seems reasonable to presume that a programme of health checks will yield longer-term health benefits, further research is needed to fully understand the effect of regular health checks on outcomes and resource use over time.

Policy evaluation

The full terms by which Transforming Care will be judged are still to be determined, but its effects should include longer, healthier and more fulfilling lives for people with intellectual disability. Evaluating the success or otherwise of health policy can be difficult, but it is vital if maximum benefit is to be achieved. Policy outcomes are often far-reaching, multidimensional and difficult to measure: effects may develop slowly and only become visible after a considerable time, and in an uncontrolled environment it can be difficult to determine a causal relationship between a policy intervention and subsequent events. Evaluation of the Transforming Care programme presents many of these challenges. Indicator measures include the number of people with intellectual disability admitted to mental health or assessment and treatment units, and the extent of potentially inappropriate psychotropic drug prescribing. In both cases, routinely collected data can be used to monitor progress, with linkage between data-sets providing an opportunity to assess broader impacts. Patient reported outcome measures that reflect the concerns and priorities of patients with intellectual disability and their families need to be incorporated into standard practice and reported nationally to drive service improvements.

Health policies may have unintentional consequences which might only be revealed through a comprehensive evaluation process; this risk is increased if they are developed without appropriate stakeholder consultation and application of available evidence. Reducing one drug class may merely increase prescribing of others; for example, there is some evidence that a drive to reduce the use of antipsychotic drugs in older adults with dementia has been associated with a corresponding increase in the use of antidepressants and other psychotropic drugs.Reference Martinez, Jones and Rietbrock ¹⁰ Some have expressed concern that hurried bed closures as part of Transforming Care may increase the number of people with intellectual disabilities and offending behaviours who go to prison owing to lack of alternative forensic psychiatric services, or result in greater and longer-lasting restrictions through use of Deprivation of Liberty orders if they remain in the community.Reference Taylor, McKinnon, Thorpe and Gillmer ¹¹

A ‘Health in All Policies’ approach

Poverty, unemployment, poor housing, social isolation, experience of abuse and discrimination are risk factors for ill health that are over-represented in people with intellectual disability and contribute to the health inequities they experience. Supporting health and achieving parity for people with intellectual disability therefore requires that these broader determinants of health and social disadvantages be addressed. A ‘Health in All Policies’ approach, as advocated by the World Health Organization, argues for health considerations to be incorporated into decision-making across sectors, for example, in transport or town planning policy. Such an approach recognises the influence of economic and social context on health, and the differential effects that a policy may have on diverse groups, which could be particularly beneficial for those in vulnerable groups.

Widespread austerity measures and welfare reform have been disproportionately disadvantageous to people with disabilities, including those with intellectual disabilities, and may mitigate the benefits of (or indeed conflict with) policies taking a longer-term population perspective. ¹² Clinicians can play an important part in advocacy and ensuring that decision makers are informed of the health and equity consequences of policy options.