Hostname: page-component-6766d58669-7cz98 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-05-20T21:07:40.877Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Neurosurgery at the Toronto General Hospital, 1924 - 1990: Part 1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2015

J. Max Findlay
J. Max Findlay*
Affiliation:
Divisions of Neurosurgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the 'Save PDF' action button.

The specialty of neurological surgery in this country began when Kenneth G. McKenzie was appointed to the Toronto General Hospital surgical staff in 1924, Canada's first dedicated neurosurgeon. In the years and decades that followed McKenzie and his successors established the Toronto General Hospital as one of the leading clinical and teaching neurosurgical units in the world. It was not without some sadness, therefore, that in 1990 neurosurgery left the walls of the Toronto General Hospital, the service transferred to join with the neurosurgical division of a sister hospital, the Toronto Western, during a merger which created the new, two-site, Toronto Hospital. The following story is of the men and women at the Toronto General Hospital who provided, advanced, and taught neurosurgical care. Many persons, among them orderlies, nurses and physicians, will not receive the mention they deserve in the pages that follow, but are no less remembered.

Information

Type
Historical Neurology and Neurosurgery
Information
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , Volume 21 , Issue 2 , May 1994 , pp. 146 - 158
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Neurological Sciences Federation 1994

References

REFERENCES

1. Botterell, EH. Kenneth George McKenzie, M.D., F.R.C.S. 1892–1963. Surg Neurol 1982; 17: 81–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Alexander, E Jr. Kenneth George McKenzie, Canada’s first neurosurgeon. J Neurosurg 1974; 4142: 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3. Morley, TP. (ed.) The Opening of the Neurosurgical Unit Toronto General Hospital November 8, 1958. University of Toronto Press 1960; page 25, Toronto.Google Scholar
4. McKenzie, KG. In Memoriam: Harvey Cushing, 1869–1939. Am J Psychiatry 1940; 96: 1001–1007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Morley, TP. (ed.) The Opening of the Neurosurgical Unit Toronto General Hospital November 8, 1958. University of Toronto Press 1960; pages 28–29, Toronto.Google Scholar
6. Richardson, JCR. Herbert Hylton Hyland. Can J Neurol Sci 1978; 5: 51.Google Scholar
7. Morley, TP. Kenneth George McKenzie. History of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS publication) 1978; 11–12.Google Scholar
8. McKenzie, KG. The surgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Can Med Assoc J 1925; 15: 1119–1124.Google ScholarPubMed
9. McKenzie, KG. The treatment of abscess of the brain. Arch Surg 1929; 18: 1594–1620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. McKenzie, KG. Some minor modifications of Harvey Cushing–s silver clip outfit. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1927; 45: 549–550.Google Scholar
11. McKenzie, KG. A perforator and ball burr. J Neurosurg 1944; 1: 58–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. McKenzie, KG. Glioblastoma – a point of view concerning treatment. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1936; 36: 542–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13. McKenzie, KG. Intrameningeal division of the spinal accessory and roots of the upper cervical nerves for the treatment of spasmodic torticollis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1924; 39: 8–10.Google Scholar
14. McKenzie, KG. The surgical treatment of spasmodic torticollis. Clin Neurosurg 1955; 2: 37–43.Google Scholar
15. Drake, CG, McKenzie, KG. Mesencephalic tractotomy for pain. J Neurosurg 1953; 10: 457–462.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16. McKenzie, KG. Trigeminal tractotomy. Clin Neurosurg 1955; 2: 50–69.Google Scholar
17. McKenzie, KG. Acoustic neuroma. Clin Neurosurg 1955; 2: 21–36.Google Scholar
18. Fleming, R. In Memorium: William Strathearn Keith (1902-1987). Can J Neurol Sci 1988; 15: 165–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19. Turnbull, F. Neurosurgery is what you make it. J Neurosurg 1950; 7: 289–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20. Peerless, SJ. Charles George Drake. History of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS publication) 1978; 129–131.Google Scholar
21. Drake, CG. Bleeding aneurysms of the basilar artery. J Neurosurg 1961; 18: 230–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22. Tasker, R.E. Harry Botterell. Surg Neurol 1984; 21: 215–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23. Botterell, EH, King, EJ. Phosphatase in fractures. Lancet 1935; 1: 1267–1270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24. Botterell, EH, Fulton, JF. Relations of cerebrum to cerebellum: function of paleo and neo-cerebellum in chimpanzees and monkeys. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1936; 62: 172.Google Scholar
25. Walker, AE, Botterell, EH. Syndrome of superior cerebellar peduncle in monkey. Brain 1937; 60: 329–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26. Botterell, EH, Fulton, JF. Functional localization in cerebellum of primates: unilateral section of peduncles. J Comp Neurol 1938; 69:31–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27. Botterell, EH, Fulton, JF. Functional localization in cerebellum of primates: lesions of midline structures (vermis) and deep nuclei. J Comp Neurol 1938; 69: 47–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28. Botterell, EH, Fulton, JF. Functional localization in cerebellum of primates: lesions of hemispheres neocerebellum. J Comp Neurol 1938; 69: 63–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29. Botterell, EH. Obituary: Sir Geoffrey Jefferson. J Neurosurg 18: 407–409, 1961.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30. Botterell, EH. Albin T. Jousse, medallist of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia – a profile. Paraplegia 1988; 26: 369–370.Google Scholar
31. Findlay, JM, Tucker, WS. William John Horsey, M.D., F.R.C.S.(C): neurosurgeon to St. Michael–s Hospital. Can J Neurol Sci, 1993; 20: 254–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32. Richardson, JC, Hyland, HH. Intracranial aneurysms – a clinical and pathological study of subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by berry aneurysms. Medicine 1941; 20: 1–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33. Lougheed, WM, Khan, DS. Circumvention of anoxia during arrest of cerebral circulation for intracranial surgery. J Neurosurg 1955; 12: 226–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34. Lougheed, WM Sweet, WH, White, JC, Brewster, WB. The use of hypothermia in surgical treatment of cerebral vascular lesions. A preliminary report. J Neurosurg 1955; 12: 240–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35. Botterell, EH, Lougheed, WM, Scott, JW, Vandewater, SL. Hypothermia and interruption of carotid and vertebral circulation in the surgical management of intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg 1956; 13: 1–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36. Morley, TP. (ed.) The Opening of the Neurosurgical Unit Toronto General Hospital November 8, 1958. University of Toronto Press 1960; 2–3. Toronto.Google Scholar
37. Hyland, HH, Botterell, EH. Frontal lobe tumors: clinical and physiological study. Can Med Assoc J 1937; 37: 530–540.Google ScholarPubMed
38. Botterell, EH, Carmichael, EA, Cone, WV. Sulphanilamide and sulphapyridine in experimental cerebral wounds. J Neurol Psychiatry 1941; 4: 163–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39. McKenzie, KG, Botterell, EH. Common neurological syndromes produced by pressure from extrusion of intervertebral disc. Can Med Assoc J 1942; 46: 424–435.Google Scholar
40. Botterell, EH, Jefferson, G. Treatment of scalp wounds in air-raid and other casualties. Br Med J 1942; 1:781–783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41. Botterell, EH, Jefferson, G. Tratamiento de las heridas del cuero cabelludo otras, ocasionadas en las incursiones arelas. Rev San Mil Buenos Ares 1943; 42: 223–232.Google Scholar
42. Botterell, EH, Wilson, KE. Active management (non-operative) of cranio-cerebral injuries (disposition of 180 Canadians and follow-up of 132 patients returned to active service in Canadian Army [overseas]). Can Med Assoc J 1944; 51: 498–509.Google Scholar
43. Botterell, EH, Keith, WS, Stewart, OW. Results of surgical treatment of sciatica due to herniation of intervertebral disc in Canadian soldiers overseas. Can Med Assoc J 1944; 51: 210–214.Google ScholarPubMed
44. Botterell, EH, Magner, D. Meningitis due to Ps.pyocyanea: penetrating wounds to head. Lancet 1945; 1: 112–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45. Botterell, EH, Jousse, AT, Aberhart, C, Cluff, JW. Paraplegia following war. Can Med Assoc J 1946; 27: 595–623.Google ScholarPubMed
46. MacDonald, IB, McKenzie, KG, Botterell, EH. Anterior rhizotomy: accurate identification of motor roots at lower end of spinal cord. J Neurosurg 1946; 3: 421–425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47. Stewart, OW, Botterell, EH. Cranio-facial orbital wounds involving paranasal sinuses: primary definitive surgical treatment. Br J Surg 1947; 1: 112–118.Google Scholar
48. Denny-Brown, D, Botterell, EH. Motor functions of agranular frontal cortex. Res Nerv Ment Dis Proc 1947–48; 27: 235–345.Google Scholar
49. Alexander, E Jr., Botterell, EH. Unilateral hydrocephalus resulting from occlusion of foramen of Monro: complication of radical removal of brain abscess. J Neurosurg 1949; 6: 197–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50. Botterell, EH, Callaghan, JC, Jousse, AT. Pain in paraplegia: clinical management and surgical treatment. Proc Roy Soc Med 1954; 47: 281–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51. Botterell, EH, Horsey, WJ. Neurosurgical experiences with diabetes insipidus. Neurology 1955; 5:449–460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52. Cameron, GS, Scott, JW, Jousse, AT, Botterell, EH. Diaphramatic respiration in a quadriplegic patient and effect of position on his vital capacity. Ann Surg 1955; 141: 451–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
53. Botterell, EH. Fracture-dislocations of thoracolumbar spine with spinal cord injury. Postgrad Med 1956; 20: 177–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54. Cannell, DE, Botterell, EH. Subarachnoid hemorrhage and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1956; 72: 844–855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55. Gunton, RW, Scott, JW, Lougheed, WM, Botterell, EH. Changes in cardiac rhythm and in form of electrocardiogram resulting from induced hypothermia in man. Am Heart J 1956; 52: 419–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
56. Zollinger, RW, Curry, GJ, Botterell, EH. Symposium: trauma. Postgrad Med 1956; 20: 423–435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57. Botterell, EH, Fitzgerald, GW. Spinal cord compression produced by extradural malignant tumors: early recognition, treatment and results. Can Med Assoc J 1959; 80: 791–796.Google ScholarPubMed
58. Botterell, EH. Strokes as a neurosurgeon sees them. Postgrad Med 1959; 26:413–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
59. Fleming, JFR, Botterell, EH. Cranial dermoid and epidermoid tumors. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1959; 109:403–411.Google ScholarPubMed
60. Horsey, WJ. Botterell EH: Coma: a neurosurgical emergency. Surg Clin North Am 1960; 40: 1311–1330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61. Botterell, EH, Lougheed, WM, Morley, TP, Tasker, RR. Use of radioactive arsenic (As74) in the diagnosis of supratentorial brain tumors. Can Med Assoc J 1961; 85: 1321–1328.Google Scholar
62. Botterell, EH. Head injuries. Postgrad Med 1963; 33: 207–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63. Botterell, EH, Lloyd, LA, Hoffman, HJ. Oculomotor palsy due to supraclinoid internal carotid artery berry aneurysm. A long-term study of the results of surgical treatments on the recovery of the third-nerve function. Am J Ophthal 1962; 54:609–616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64. Botterell, EH. Early recognition of brain tumors. Postgrad Med 1964; 36: 297–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65. Wortzman, G, Botterell, EH. A mobile ependymoma of the filum terminale. J Neurosurg 1963; 20: 164–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66. Barnett, HJ Botterell, EH, Jousse, AT, Wynn-Jones, M. Progressive myelopathy as a sequel to traumatic paraplegia. Brain 1966; 89: 159–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67. Lougheed, WM, Botterell, EH, Morley, TP. Results of the direct attack in the surgical management of internal carotid and middle cerebral aneurysms. Clin Neurosurg 1963; 9: 193–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68. Botterell, EH, Jousse, AT, Kraus, SA, et al. A model for the future care of acute spinai cord injuries. Can J Neurol Sci 1975; 2: 361–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
69. Botterell, EH. Acute cord injury. Part I: milestones in the evolution of management. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1978; 23: 57–64.Google ScholarPubMed
70. Botterell, . Acute cord injury. Part II: A study of 224 cases. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1978; 23: 107–116.Google ScholarPubMed
71. Hoffman, HJ. Reflections on pediatric neurosurgery in America. Concepts in Pediatric Neurosurgery 1983; 3: 12–19.Google Scholar
72. Hoffman, HJ. E. Bruce Hendrick. Surg Neurol 1990; 33: 171–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar