A 35-year-old female of European descent was referred for longstanding myalgias, symmetrical limb-girdle weakness, and chronic creatinine kinase (CK) elevation. She had a history of uncomplicated gestation with term birth and normal early gross motor development. At age 5 years, she was described as an “awkward runner” and she experienced increasing difficulty with sports. Family history was noncontributory and there was no known consanguinity.

At age 21 years she presented to rheumatology with severe myalgias and CK elevation (1000–3000 U/L, normal < 200 U/L). Needle electromyography (EMG) revealed an irritable myopathy affecting shoulder and hip girdle muscles. Fatigable weakness was not detected and electrodiagnostic testing to identify neuromuscular transmission deficits was not performed. She was treated with prednisone and azathioprine for 2-years without benefit. Progressive weakness and persistently elevated CK prompted a left vastus lateralis biopsy suggestive of chronic myopathy without inflammation (Fig. 1). Over 7 years, severe myalgias continued, leading to opioid dependence, and she was dependent for many activities of daily living. Myalgias spontaneously resolved in her early 30s, briefly recurring during pregnancy that was carried to term without complication.

Figure 1:

Left vastus lateralis biopsy (hematoxylin and eosin stain) demonstrated endomysial fibrous connective tissue, internalized nuclei, fiber size variability, degenerating and regenerating fibers, and hypercontracted and small rounded fibers. There was no necrosis or significant inflammation. Dystrophin and sarcoglycan staining were normal (not shown), and alpha-dystroglycan staining was not pursued. Photo courtesy of Dr. Jeoffrey Joseph, University of Calgary.

Examination at 35 years of age revealed generalized small muscle bulk, mild paraspinal and rhomboid atrophy with symmetrical lateral winging of the scapula, and no calf hypertrophy. She had a high-arched palate, joint laxity in the hands, and no contractures. There was no diplopia, ptosis, or facial weakness. She had a limb-girdle pattern of weakness (Table 1a). Reflexes were 2+ throughout. Clinical fatiguability was not noted but was not specifically assessed.

Table 1:

Motor examination (A) pre- and (B) post-treatment with pyridostigmine, and (C) after 7 years with ongoing treatment (Medical research council graded power out of 5)

Whole exome sequencing (WES) revealed compound heterozygous variants in GMPPB (GenBank: NM_021971.4; OMIM: 615320) encoding GDP-Mannose Pyrophosphorylase B, a c.79G > C; p. Asp27His, and a c.95C >T; p. Pro32Leu missense variant. Both variants are classified as pathogenic in ClinVar (accessed Oct 17, 2022). The c.79G > C variant has been associated with an limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) phenotype, often mild, in at least 38 individuals, and overlapping myasthenic syndrome phenotype with neuromuscular junction instability in at least 19 individuals. ^{Reference Chompoopong and Milone1–Reference Gonzalez-Perez, Smith, Sebetka, Gedlinske, Perlman and Mathews8} The c.95C > T variant has been associated with LGMD and congenital muscular dystrophy phenotypes in at least nine individuals, and overlapping myasthenic syndrome phenotype in at least three individuals (two of them also with concurrent trans c.79G > C variant). ^{Reference Chompoopong and Milone1,Reference Cabrera-Serrano, Ghaoui and Ravenscroft5} Segregation of variants in the parents was not performed, however, the variants did not appear on the same reads on binary alignment map files, indicating that the variants are in trans (biallelic inheritance). Other variants identified with WES, largely classified as of uncertain significance in ClinVar, did not explain the patient’s phenotype. She was diagnosed with genetically confirmed GMPPB-related LGMD.

Based on reports of neuromuscular transmission deficits in a subset of patients with GMPPB LGMD, 3 Hz repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) in the left accessory – trapezius nerve muscle pair was pursued, which revealed compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude decrement of 26.9% with post-exercise repair. There was no decrement in ulnar – adductor digiti minimi or facial – nasalis nerve muscle pairs. There was no post-exercise facilitation of CMAP amplitudes to indicate presynaptic dysfunction.

Pyridostigmine 60 mg four times daily resulted in dramatic improvement, with mild weakness only in hip abduction that was not functionally limiting at 6-month follow-up (Table 1b). After 7 years, her response to pyridostigmine remains robust. Creatinine kinase elevation is persistent (1000–3000 U/L). She has slowly progressive limb-girdle weakness with no distal weakness (Table 1c). There is clinically detectable fatigable weakness in shoulder abduction and hip flexion. There is mild subjective benefit from 3,4-diaminopyridine 15 mg three times daily. A trial of salbutamol was not tolerated due to symptomatic tachycardia.

LGMD is a heterogenous group of inherited muscle disorders, including the α-dystroglycanopathy subgroup characterized by abnormal α-dystroglycan glycosylation. ^{Reference Liewluck and Milone9} Pathogenic recessive GMPPB variation causes an α-dystroglycanopathy associated with a spectrum of disease ranging from an adult-onset LGMD to a severe congenital myopathy with structural brain and eye involvement. ^{Reference Carss, Stevens and Foley10} Based on the role of GMPPB in N-glycosylation of acetylcholine receptors, neuromuscular transmission deficits have been identified in a subset of patients resulting in a myasthenic syndrome phenotype. ^{Reference Belaya, Rodríguez Cruz and Liu2,Reference Bobadilla-Quesada, Natera-de Benito and Carrera-García11} This opens exciting avenues for symptomatic NMJ-targeted treatment. ^{Reference Belaya, Rodríguez Cruz and Liu2} Additionally, neuromuscular transmission defects may be seen in other inherited myopathies, such as those associated with pathogenic variants in BIN1, DES, DNM2, MTM1, PLEC, DMPK, CLCN1, or SCN4A, so recognition of decremental response to RNS can narrow and aid in molecular diagnosis. ^{Reference Nicolau, Kao and Liewluck12}

The patient we describe is typical of GMPPB myasthenic syndrome, characterized by lower extremity predominant limb-girdle weakness in early adulthood and mild gross motor impairment in the first decade of life. Ocular, bulbar, and distal extremity weakness are rare. Fatigable weakness is not prominent on examination ^{Reference Rodríguez Cruz, Belaya and Basiri3} but patients describe deterioration with activity and improvement with rest. ^{Reference Belaya, Rodríguez Cruz and Liu2} The severe pain experienced by our patient is atypical, but lower extremity myalgias and cramps are reported in about half of cases. Weakness is gradually progressive, often marked by deterioration during infection and other stressors, as seen during pregnancy in this case. ^{Reference Rodríguez Cruz, Belaya and Basiri3}

RNS and/or single fiber EMG demonstrate NMJ deficits in proximal muscles but not typically distal or cranial muscles. CMAP amplitude increment after exercise or high-frequency RNS is uncommon, reflecting post-synaptic pathology with minimal presynaptic involvement. Marked CK elevation, biopsy evidence of muscular dystrophy, and myopathic features on needle EMG reflect unanimous overlap with muscle disease. ^{Reference Rodríguez Cruz, Belaya and Basiri3} Sustained improvement in strength and function occurs in the majority of patients treated with pyridostigmine and can be profound. ^{Reference Belaya, Rodríguez Cruz and Liu2,Reference Rodríguez Cruz, Belaya and Basiri3,Reference Bobadilla-Quesada, Natera-de Benito and Carrera-García11} Additional benefit from 3,4-diaminopyridine and/or salbutamol is described in some patients. ^{Reference Belaya, Rodríguez Cruz and Liu2,Reference Rodríguez Cruz, Belaya and Basiri3,Reference Thompson, Bonne, Missier and Lochmüller13}

This case highlights the importance of objective assessment for neuromuscular transmission defects in all patients with an LGMD phenotype to avoid diagnostic and treatment delays. In particular, all patients with pathogenic GMPPB variants should be investigated for NMJ dysfunction if not previously performed. We advocate for an empiric trial of pyridostigmine in all patients with GMPPB LGMD given the low risk and significant potential benefit.