1. Introduction
Since the 1979–80 season, when the German pre-site survey expedition was carried out (Reference ReinwarthReinwarth 1981), annual expeditions have taken place on the Ekström ice shelf (Atka Bay), where the permanent German Antarctic research station Georg-von-Neumayer was established in 1980, and to the Filchner-Ronne ice shelves (starting from the Filchner station, the German summer base camp). In Figure 1 these two locations are indicated, marking the area under investigation.
Fig. 1. Weddell Sea sector of Antarctica.
The glaciological part of the German Antarctic research programme comprises (a) the determination of the annual accumulation rates (which are indispensable for all investigations concerning the mass balance of the two ice shelves), (b) investigations concerning the functional relation between the isotope contents (18O/16O, 2H/1H, 3H/1H) in accumulated snow and ice and the climatic environment.
First evaluations of accumulation rates by means of 2H, 18O and 3H levels of snow and ice samples from both sites were published by Reference Reinwarth, Rauert, Stichler and MoserReinwarth and others (1982). The following contribution is a progress report on results of further isotope investigations within the framework of German Antarctic activities.
2. Sampling
In the years 1980–84 snow pits were dug between 2 Georg-von-Neumayer station. In 1984 the programme was extended by a traverse on the Filchner-Ronne ice shelves (Fig.2) leading from the Fifchner station (T140) 250 km to the southeast. Snow pits were dug every 50 km, and a bore hole to 100 m depth was carried out at traverse point T340, 200 km from Filchner station. Pits were also dug every 150 km along the ice edge, starting from the Filchner station and extending 450 km west.
Fig. 2. Filchner traverse of the 1983–84 expedition into the Filchner-Ronne ice shelves.
The snow pits were stratigraphically analyzed, the density and temperature of the different snow layers determined, and samples taken for isotope analysis. The snow pit samples were melted and poured into bottles. The cores were cut into 1 m lengths, wrapped and transported frozen to the laboratory, where they were cut into equal pieces and melted.
At the sampling locations the firn temperature at 10 m depth was also measured. This temperature is representative of the mean annual near-surface air temperature, since no melting usually occurs at the surface of all the sites mentioned.
3. Results and Discussion
The 18O content of the snow pits and ice cores show the well-known seasonal variation, characterized by high 18O content in summer snow layers and low l8O content in winter layers. This can be seen in Figure 3, where the results for traverse point T340 are plotted. Techniques for dating ice cores and snow pits by means of 18O content rely on this periodicity. The stratigraphical profile also shows a similar quasiperiodic layering with coarse, low-density, partly metamorphosed summer material, and fine-grained winter material. The beginning of the winter is marked by the boundary between the highly transparent summer accumulation and the overlaying opaque winter material.
Fig. 3. Analysis of the snow pit at the traverse point T340 (Fig.2), February 1984.
As seen in Figure 3 the determination of the annual layering by means of the isotope content can be much more accurate than that by stratigraphy, especially if the accumulation rate or the rate of metamorphism is low.
3.1 Accumulation rate
Mean annual accumulation rates were deduced from the isotopic results in combination with the stratigraphy of the snow pits. The results are given in Table I. The amount of precipitation is correlated with the water vapour pressure (Reference Robin and deRobin 1977, Reference Robin, de, Johnsen, Robin and deRobin and Johnsen 1983). In Figure 4, the measured accumulation rates and the calculated vapour pressure over the ice are plotted as functions of temperature. The accumulation rate and the vapour pressure display a similar decrease with decreasing temperature.
Table I. Snow Pit and Ice Core Investigations at Ekström Ice Shelf and Filciiner-Ronne Ice Shelves
Fig. 4. Correlation between vapour pressure over ice and near-surface air temperature after Reference Robin and deRobin (1977) (full line), and accumulation rates at Filchner station (Δ), traverse point T340 (+), and Georg-von-Neumayer station (□) (Figs.1 and 2) as a function of the 10 m-depth firn temperature, which corresponds to the mean annual near-surface air temperature. The dashed line represents the regression line.
3.2. Fluctuations of the isotope content
The snow pits, which were dug in successive years, partly overlap corresponding annual layers. It is thus possible to compare the isotopic contents of the same annual layer at adjacent sites.
It is assumed that firn layers matched between pits contain the same isotopic record, however they may be different in thickness. Thus, when comparing two isotope profiles of snow pits and ice cores, the depth axis of one of them may be deformed so that the extremities of the two curves coincide. The resulting profiles are then superimposed.
Figure 5 shows the 18O profiles of two snow pits dug in 1983 (right) and 1984 (left), near Filchner station. The deformed profile of 1983 is superimposed on the profile of 1984. The agreement between these profiles is apparent.
Fig. 5. Profiles of 18O content in snow pits located near Filchner station (T140) dug in 1983 and 1984. The depth axis of the 1983 curve (right) has been deformed and the 18O profile superimposed on the 1984 profile (left).
Figure 6 shows a similar example taken from Georg-von-Neumayer station. Here the 18O profile of a snow pit dug in 1980 is compared with the corresponding part of the ice core drilled in 1982. The agreement between the isotopic contents is also very good.
Fig. 6. Profiles of 18O content in a snow pit dug in 1980, and in the topmost part of an ice core drilled in 1982, both located near Georg-von-Neumayer station. The depth axis of the 1980 curve (right) has been deformed and the 18O profile superimposed on the 1982 profile (left).
In the last example (Fig.7), certain differences exist in the isotopic content of corresponding annual layers. Here the 18O profile of a snow pit dug in 1981 near Georg-von-Neumayer station is superimposed on the corresponding part of the same ice core in the last example.
Fig. 7. Fig.7. Profiles of 18O content in a snow pit dug in 1981, and of the topmost part of an ice core drilled in 1982, both located near Georg-von-Neumayer station. The depth axis of the 1981 curve (right) has been deformed and the 18O profile superimposed on the 1982 profile (left).
The following conclusions may be drawn from these comparisons of 18O profiles at different sites. The mean 18O contents in corresponding annual layers at two adjacent sites differ by amounts of up to 0.7‰ at Filchner station, and of up to 1.8‰ at Georg-von-Neumayer station. The resulting mean standard deviation (le) is 0.3‰ at Filchner station, and 0.8‰ at Georg-von-Neumayer station. These fluctuations in the isotopic record must be taken into account if temperature information is to be inferred from the mean annual 18O content in snow and ice horizons.
3.3. Mean annual isotopic content
In Table I the mean annual 18O contents during the observation period, and the variation ranges of this content, are compiled for different locations. As in the case of the accumulation rate there is a decrease of the 18O content with decreasing mean near-surface air temperature, as seen in Figure 8. In addition the graph of the empirically established relation (Equation (1)) between 18O content and the near-surface air temperature Θ at different locations over East Antarctica (Reference Lorius and MerlivatLorius and Merlivat 1977, Reference Lorius, Robin and deLorius 1983) is plotted in Figure 8.
Fig. 8. Mean annual oxygen-18 contents at Georg-von-Neumayer station (□), Filchner station (Δ), and traverse point T340 (+) plotted against the 10 m-depth firn temperature, which corresponds to the mean annual near-surface air temperature. For comparison the 18O content at Halley station (o) is also shown as a function of air temperature (IAEA 1981, 1983) (cf. Table I). The full line corresponds to Equation (1) (Reference Lorius and MerlivatLorius and Merlivat 1977).
The year-to-year differences of the annual mean 18O content (Table I) are generally greater than the local fluctuations in the same annual layer (cf. section 3.2).
Unfortunately no near-surface air temperatures are available at Filchner station or Georg-von-Neumayer station to confirm whether the changes in the 18O content of the annual layers may be correlated with annual temperature changes or not. For Halley station, where temperature and isotope data are available (IAEA 1981, 1983), no correlation between the weighted mean annual 18O content in the precipitation and the mean annual near-surface air temperature can be found. This supports the opinion that the observed scatter of annual 18O contents within the relatively short observation period of a few years is not due to temperature changes alone.
3.4 The decrease of the 18O content wiih distance from the ice edge
Along the traverse on the Filchner-Ronne ice shelves (Fig.2) there is a notable decrease in the mean annual 18O content from Filchner station (T140) to traverse point T340 (Fig.9). This trend is to be expected from the lower mean annual near-surface air temperature at traverse point T340, and from the greater distance from the ice edgc. The shift in the mean 18O value from −24.3‰ at Filchner station to −28.3‰ at traverse point T340 amounts to 4.0‰. Thus, according to the present results, a gradient in the 18O content of 1.0‰ per 50 km is observed on the Filchner-Ronne ice shelves. On Ross Ice Shelf a smaller gradient of 1‰ per 65 km was found (Reference Clausen, Dansgaard, Nielsen and CloughClausen and others 1979). Figure 9 also shows that the δ18O differences between the corresponding winter minima of the two snow pits are smaller (3.5*0.5‰) than those of the summer maxima (5.1±3.0‰). Possible explanations may be the lower accumulation rate at traverse point T340, and the seasonal fluctuation in the ice cover of the Weddell Sea.
Fig. 9. Profiles of 18O content in snow pits located near Filchner station (TI40), and at traverse point T340, both dug in 1984 (Fig.2). The depth axis of the T340 curve (right) has been deformed and the 18O profile superimposed on the T140 profile (left).
Using Equation (1) and the mean annual near-surface air temperature, represented by the firn temperature at 10 m depth, a mean 18O content may be calculated. There is a good agreement with the measured values (Table I) for traverse point T340, but not for Filchner station. However, the difference in mean 18O content between these two points on the Filchner-Ronne ice shelves is possibly explainable by applying the simple Rayleigh distillation model with all assumptions included.
Here α is the equilibrium isotopic fractionation factor for the phase transition from vapour to solid, and f is the fraction of vapour remaining in the cloud as condensation proceeds. It is assumed that the temperature of condensation is approximately equal to the mean near-surface air temperature. Finally, the remaining fraction may be given by the ratio of the vapour pressures corresponding to the near-surface air temperatures of the two sites (see e.g. Fig.4).
With α = 1.0197 (Reference MajoubeMajoube 1971) and f = 0.68, a decrease in the 18O content of 3.6‰ results from Equation (2), which is close to the measured value.
Acknowledgements
Gratitude must be expressed to the Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polarforschung, Bremerhaven for logistic support, and to the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for financial support.
