INTRODUCTION
Polyplacophora, commonly called chitons, are a group of exclusively marine benthic molluscs with a worldwide distribution from the intertidal zone down to hadal depths. Inhabiting all kind of hard substrata they can be found on practically every coast. Despite their simple accessibility, at least in shallow water, so far only about 950 (+) living species have been described (Schwabe, Reference Schwabe2010), make chitons a lesser diverse class of molluscs. It has been shown several times (e.g. Schwabe, Reference Schwabe2006; Schwabe et al., Reference Schwabe, Sirenko and Seeto2008; Dell'Angelo et al., Reference Dell'Angelo, Gori, Baschieri and Bonfitto2010; Sirenko, Reference Sirenko, Britayev and Pavlov2012) that with an enhanced sample effort regional species numbers can increase drastically, demonstrating that chitons are often under-represented during malaco-faunistic surveys. Thus, it is not too surprising that in the compiled molluscan list (89 species) of Ascension Island by Rosewater (Reference Rosewater1975) not a single chiton species was mentioned.
The isolated location of Ascension Island makes the region an attractive object for zoogeographical examinations. The island lies nearly axial on the southern equatorial part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and is thus flanked by two deep-sea basins: the Angola basin to the east; and the Brazilian basin to the west. The nearest land is the slightly larger St Helena island, which lies about 1130 km south-east. Nearly 1000 km closer to the West African coast than to the Brazilian coast, the island is located within the influence of the South Equatorial Current (Irving, Reference Irving1989). For detailed information about the geography and the geological age, we refer to Ashmole & Ashmole (Reference Ashmole and Ashmole1997) or a summary review in Irving (Reference Irving and Sheppard2013).
During a recent (2012) expedition to Ascension Island conducted by the Shallow Marine Surveys Group (SMSG) and the South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute (SAERI) several biotas were collected and photographed in the field, which are partly the subject of the present special volume.
Among them, a single species of polyplacophora was collected and is described morphologically here.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The specimens at hand were collected as a side effect during the investigation of shallow water phytobenthos. Samples were gained by SCUBA diving (K.T. and Peter Wirtz) down to 30 m depth, and photographed prior to fixation. Chitons, which were found attached on coralline algae, were sent to the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Munich (ZSM) for identification and final storage.
Terminology for species description as well as the preparation techniques for visualization follows Schwabe (Reference Schwabe2010), radula characters are combined from Saito (Reference Saito2004) and Schwabe (Reference Schwabe2010) while the systematic depends upon Sirenko (Reference Sirenko2006).
Taxonomy
SYSTEMATICS
Class POLYPLACOPHORA Gray, 1821
Subclass NEOLORICATA Bergenhayn, 1955
Order CHITONIDA Thiele, 1909
Suborder ACANTHOCHITONINA Bergenhayn, 1930
Superfamily CRYPTOPLACOIDEA H. & A. Adams, 1858
Family ACANTHOCHITONIDAE Pilsbry, 1893
Genus Acanthochitona Gray, 1821
TYPE SPECIES
Chiton fascicularis Linnaeus, 1767, by monotypy.
GENUS DISTRIBUTION
Worldwide except for Polar Regions. Oligocene–Recent.
Acanthochitona cf. subrubicunda Leloup, Reference Leloup1941
(Figures 1–4)
Acanthochitona cf. subrubicunda Leloup, Reference Leloup1941: (A) dorsal view of a preserved specimen; (B) dorso-lateral view of same specimen; (C) ventral view of same specimen; (D–F) in situ images on the coralline red algae Lithophyllum sp., prior to fixation. Scale bars: A–C, 1 mm; D–F, scale unknown.
Scanning electron microscopy images of Acanthochitona cf. subrubicunda Leloup, Reference Leloup1941: (A) dorsal view of head valve; (B) lateral view of head valve; (C) dorsal view of valve II; (D) frontal view of valve II; (E) dorsal view of tail valve; (F) lateral view of tail valve. All scale bars 200 µm.
Scanning electron microscopy images of Acanthochitona cf. subrubicunda Leloup, Reference Leloup1941: (A) granule arrangement at head valve; (B) lateral view of a single granule at head valve; (C) granule arrangement at pleurolateral area of valve II; (D) posterior-dorsal view on a single granule from same region as ‘C’; (E) anterior rows of radula; (F) central portion of a single teeth row to show the central tooth and first lateral teeth. Scale bars: A, C, E, 20 µm; B, D, F, 10 µm.
Scanning electron microscopy images of girdle of Acanthochitona cf. subrubicunda Leloup, Reference Leloup1941, (A–D) in situ, (E) isolated girdle elements: (A) dorsal spicules; (B) tufts; (C) marginal fringe; (D) ventral spicules; (E) a, tuft needles; b, tuft spines; c, marginal spicules; d, dorsal spicule near margin; e, dorsal spicules; f, ventral spicules. Scale bars: A, D, E(d–f), 10 µm; B–C, E(a–c), 100 µm.
Acanthochiton subrubicundus: Leloup, Reference Leloup1941, p. 13, text figure 5, pl. 1, figure 3; Leloup, Reference Leloup1968, p. 74, figure 14N (in synonymy of Acanthochitona gracilis (Jeffreys, 1859)); Kaas & Van Belle, Reference Kaas and Van Belle1980, p. 127.
Acanthochiton(a) subrubicunda(-us): Kaas, Reference Kaas1985, p. 601, figures 91–92 (emendation); Kaas, Reference Kaas1991, p. 95; Kaas & Van Belle, Reference Kaas and Van Belle1998, p. 181; Strack, Reference Strack and Rolán2005, p. 31.
TYPE MATERIAL
Originally described on three syntypes, which should be deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS) (but see Remarks).
MATERIAL EXAMINED
ZSM Mol 20130027: 10 specimens from Ascension Island, Horseshoe Reef (7°54′47.8″S 14°24′16.5″W), on the tower-forming coralline red algae Lithophyllum sp., down to 30 m.
DESCRIPTION
Animal of small size, largest animal examined (Figure 1A–C) slightly curled, measuring 5.3 × 3.3 mm. Specimen used for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) strongly curled about 4.8 × 3 mm (Figures 2–4). Coloration variable, generally comprising reddish tones, from bright pinkish to brown, often interspersed with white freckles. Body outline elongate oval (Figure 1A, C), dorsally subcarinated, high elevated, dorsal elevation quotient of valve II: 0.53 (Figure 2D).
Valves quite solid, with only a thin tegmental layer. Head valve (Figure 2A, B) semicircular, anterior slope convex, posterior margin straight. Intermediate valves (Figure 2C, D) rhomboid, with clearly protruding apical area, resulting in a plectrum-like shape. Tegmental layer of intermediate valves anteriorly less wide than posterior. Tail valve (Figure 2E, F) more or less circular, but tegmentum anteriorly clearly wider than posterior. Mucro situated at the posterior third, slightly forward directed, postmucronal slope steep and straight, antemucronal area straight.
Tegmentum (Figure 3A–D) comprises minute, round to slightly drop-shaped, slightly elevated granules, about 50 µm in diameter. Granules surface centrally depressed with a slightly elevated megalaesthete, posteriorly the granule slopes to the valve surface, forming a shallow furrow. Micraesthetes not discernible. Granules arranged in quincunx in head valve, pleurolateral areas of valves II–VIII and postmucronal area. Intermediate valves and tail valve with broad wedge-shaped, smooth jugal area, although light microscopic examination allows a look on underlying nerve channels, given the jugal area a striated appearance. Eaves with a single channel layer only.
Articulamentum solid, shining, central parts reddish to pinkish, fading towards the outsides. Jugal tract of intermediate valves porous, slit rays shining through, otherwise hardly visible, not perforated. Insertion plates (Figure 2A–C, E, F) large, with sharp edges, smooth, incisions deep. Slit formula: 5/1/2. Central callus deeply depressed. Ventral tegmental callus quite extended. Apophyses large, laterally extended, wing-shaped in intermediate valves and rectangular in tail valve.
Radula of a specimen measuring about 4.8 × 3 mm, about 2.5 mm in length, anteriormost 1.6 mm underlying by cartilages. Radula (Figure 3E, F) with 43 transversal teeth rows, with 36 rows already mineralized. Central tooth (Figure 3F) slender, tulip-shaped, slightly embayed at the middle, about 36 µm in length and 17 µm wide at the strongly keeled base. Blade simple with a posteriorly folded projecting process. First lateral tooth (Figure 3F) S-shaped, antero-dorsal corner slightly bent inwards, no accessory process detectable. Second lateral tooth with tricuspidate head, denticles sharp-pointed, but outer one distinctively wider than inner, central denticle longest. Major uncinal tooth spoon-shaped with slender, cylindrical shaft.
Girdle fleshy, slightly brighter coloured than valves (Figure 1D–F), dorsally with densely arranged bilaterally flattened, sharp to obtusely-pointed spicules (Figure 4Ee), up to 50 µm, that show a vague longitudinal striation. Spicules straight, but terminally slightly narrower (Figure 4A). Marginal fringe (Figure 4C), dense, with sharp-pointed, straight to slightly curved spicules (Figure 4Ec), measuring up to 350 × 30 µm, distinctively coarser longitudinal striated than dorsal spicules. 18 tufts (Figure 4B) arranged typical acanthochitonid over the whole girdle, one at each sutural region and four encircling the anterior valve. Single tuft comprises more than 200 straight, very slender, sharp-pointed needles (Figure 4Ea), which may attain a length of nearly half a millimetre (longest measured 417 µm). Among the needles occur very slender straight, sharp-pointed spines, which may attain a length of up to 180 µm (Figure 4Eb). Hyponotum (Figure 4D) with densely arranged, blunt-pointed, bilaterally flattened spicules (Figure 4Ef), up to 30 µm in length and 10 µm in width. They show a micro-perforation on the otherwise smooth surface; whether this is an artefact or belongs to a kind of sculpture remains unclear.
Ctenidia in the largest examined specimen arranged merobranchial, nine per side, with the group of longest being the posterior three (Figure 1C).
HABITAT
The chitons were only found on the surface of the coralline red algae Lithophyllum sp., on which they probably also graze on the biofilm covering the algae (Figure 1D–F). The alga is currently under study (K.T.) for a final identification. Remarkable is the tower-forming growth of this species. It was several times shown that chitons as erosive grazers can (but not exclusively, see Price & John, Reference Price and John1980) have a massive impact on algae mutualism (e.g. Littler et al., Reference Littler, Littler and Taylor1995; Littler & Littler, Reference Littler and Littler1999). Whether Acanthochitona cf. subrubicunda has such an impact to Lithophyllum sp. remains unclear at present. Surprisingly, Price & John (Reference Price and John1980) who characterized the algae composition of Ascension Island did not mention a single chiton.
The collecting locality corresponds to the intersection region of sectors 4–5 which were defined by Irving (Reference Irving1989) as belonging to the most sheltered sector of the open coast (sector 4) and as biological rich (sector 5), respectively. Both sections share coarse sand and maerl patches.
REMARKS
The species fits rather well the original description and also the illustration that Kaas (Reference Kaas1985) provided of one syntype of A. subrubicundus, except for slight differences in the present girdle elements compared to Leloup's original description. Some of his tuft needles are more curved. Also the ventral spicules are obviously more pointed compared to our material. As we present here data of a single examined specimen only and the original description shows slight variation between the elements of two illustrated specimens, the observed variation may fall in the range of variability of this species.
The syntype series consisting of three specimens should be deposited in the RBINS. However, according to Dr Yves Samyn, who checked the collection on our request, only spicule preparations are available under the name ‘A. subrubicundus’. Noteworthy, Kaas (Reference Kaas1985: figures 91–92) illustrated a syntype of A. subrubicunda, but nothing is known about the whereabouts of this specimen. As long as the type material is not traceable and a comparative study impossible, we refer only tentatively to Leloup's species.
DISCUSSION
The by far most isolated island in the Atlantic Ocean is surely Ascension Island. Its young age approximately 1.5 × 106 yr BP—together with its distances to the next land masses—make it a ‘natural laboratory’ for the study of small-scale evolution (Ávila, Reference Ávila, Fernánez-Palacios, Nascimento, Hernández, Clemente, González and Díaz-González2013). Regarding the rather long distances to the West African coast (about 1500 km), as well as to the South American coast (2400 km), the nearest land mass that could serve as a colonization source is the geologically older St Helena island. The latter dates back to 20 × 106 yr BP and lies about 1130 km south-east of Ascension Island (Irving, Reference Irving and Sheppard2013).
Evolutionary pathways might be best shown by direct comparisons between faunistic components of an island and its surrounding land masses. Rosewater (Reference Rosewater1975) made such an attempt for the malaco-fauna and several other authors for additional invertebrates and fish (see references in the present special volume). The author clearly demonstrated that the fauna of marine molluscs at Ascension Island is only 50% of what is known from St Helena. Ascension, with 89 mollusc species, shares 42% of its species with St Helena. That leaves the question of the origin of the remaining Ascension species unanswered.
A clear evolutionary pattern is not traceable, as only 9% of 89 species could be considered endemic, while all other species have a wider distributional range, ranging to both sides of the Atlantic or even the East Pacific and Indian Ocean.
From its geographical position in the upper slope of the north-westward flowing South Equatorial Current (Irving, Reference Irving1989), one would expect a colonization from the Indo-Pacific, but Ascension shares only seven species with this region. Also the West African fauna, with 22% overlapping species, falls behind the western Atlantic, where a slightly higher percentage (27%) of Ascension marine molluscs is shared. According to Rosewater (Reference Rosewater1975) 21% of the marine molluscs at Ascension occur on both sides of the Atlantic. They should be of special interest as gene flow might show the evolutionary relationship of the involved species. Unfortunately such studies are missing for molluscs and we have to refer to Padula et al. (Reference Padula, Wirtz and Schrödl2017) to substantiate this. Here we present the first chiton ever mentioned from Ascension Island. Making the picture sketched above more intricate, the chiton species mentioned herein is potentially identical to A. subrubicunda, a species previously known from the Cape Verde Archipelago only (Leloup, Reference Leloup1941; Kaas, Reference Kaas1985). Ávila (Reference Ávila, Fernánez-Palacios, Nascimento, Hernández, Clemente, González and Díaz-González2013) shows in an exemplary manner the restricted overlapping of some molluscs from Cape Verde Island and Ascension Island, interestingly with representatives of all dispersal types: brooders and species with non-planktotrophic and planktotrophic larvae. The long distance between island groups and the in-between South Equatorial Current make a direct north–south connection unlikely. The Cape Verde chitons, however, show a considerable high overlapping of 21.4% with the chiton fauna of the São Tomé and Principe Islands (Dell'Angelo et al., Reference Dell'Angelo, Schwabe, Gori, Sosso and Bonfitto2014). Hence, one colonization direction of A. subrubicunda could be via the São Tomé and Principe Islands, but so far the species has not been confirmed from this region (Dell'Angelo et al., Reference Dell'Angelo, Schwabe, Gori, Sosso and Bonfitto2014).
In how far rafting is a hypothetical explanation for the occurrence of A. subrubicunda remains unclear until data about the species' reproductive mode are studied or a direct proof for this scenario appears. The possibility, however, was suggested for intertidal invertebrates by Hoeksema et al. (Reference Hoeksema, Roos and Cadée2012).
With the recent single record of a chiton from Ascension Island over a long period of investigation (summary in Irving, Reference Irving and Sheppard2013, p. 213 ff.) the question arises whether chitons were overlooked in the past or if they have newly invaded Ascension Island. To our best knowledge there is no fossil malaco-faunistic record from Ascension Island. If colonization occurred earlier it might be tested by the examination of lava fields to find tempestites—which may show shallow water habitat conditions during the geological past of the coastline (e.g. Meireles et al., Reference Meireles, Quartau, Ramalho, Rebelo, Madeira, Zanon and Ávila2013). Noteworthy also is that the geologically older St Helena island also lacks published chiton records. According to Bruno Anseeuw (personal communication) he recently received isolated valves (no live material) of two chiton species, an ischnochitonid species and an acanthochitonid species. Whether the latter belongs to the same species presented in the present study requires further investigations and preferably live collected material.
From the above-mentioned considerations we assume that the chitons could be a result of a recent introduction to Ascension Island, especially as Price & John (Reference Price and John1980) during their phytobenthic examination also did not mention the occurrence of associated chiton species. Such an invasion event could be well explained by ship transport, a scenario which has also been suggested for other chiton species (e.g. Arias & Anadón, Reference Arias and Anadón2013). Adding the new chiton record and seven further new gastropods (Padula et al., Reference Padula, Wirtz and Schrödl2017) to the previously known species number (Rosewater, Reference Rosewater1975) the molluscan fauna of Ascension Island now comprises 97 marine species.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Konstantinos Tsiamis is grateful to Paul Brickle and the Shallow Marine Surveys Group for the invitation to take part in the August–September 2012 expedition to Ascension Island. Thanks to Professor Frithjof C. Kuepper for sampling assistance, as well as to Stedson Stroud and Jolene Sim of the Ascension Conservation Department for their help during the expedition. We are grateful to the Shallow Marine Surveys Group and the South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute for organizing the expedition. We are also very grateful to Ascension Island Government, the members of staff at the Conservation Centre and Ascension Island Dive Club for their cooperation, accommodation and hospitality. Finally we are grateful to British Forces South Atlantic Islands for their logistic support. We are grateful to Laura Schwabe (University of Hamburg) and two anonymous referees for critical comments to an earlier version of the manuscript. Peter Wirtz (Portugal) kindly made the present material for a study available.
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
The funding for this work came from a grant to the Shallow Marine Surveys Group from the Darwin Initiative (EIDCF012).
