When the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020, the U.S. federal government did little to stymie the virus's spread. Several subnational governments, however, responded quickly. Among those leading the way in response efforts are women mayors (Dittmar Reference Dittmar2020). Several Black women mayors in particular, including San Francisco mayor London Breed, Chicago mayor Lori Lightfoot, and Atlanta mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms, have demonstrated remarkable leadership and ingenuity. These women mayors and others have not only provided leadership for their cities but also serve as role models for other leaders.
This article uses hypothesis-generating case studies (Levy Reference Levy2008) of Democratic women mayors of large U.S. cities to theorize about potential systematic gendered responses to the pandemic. While these women may represent “extreme” cases (Seawright and Gerring Reference Seawright and Gerring2008) given the underrepresentation of women, especially women of color, among U.S. mayors, the final section offers theoretical reasons why other women mayors may produce similar responses to the women featured here.
A focus on local governments is prudent as governors continue to reopen states and public health experts warn that local hotspots will emerge. Elected mayors and other local officials can implement policies to prevent local outbreaks and soften the pandemic's social and economic fallout. Examining mayors’ early responses to COVID-19 can provide an indication of how local leaders might—or should—respond in the future and whether mayors’ gender might affect their responses.
Four major features stand out among these women mayors’ responses. First, they demonstrated proactive leadership by quickly implementing preventive measures even as they received pushback from various stakeholders. Second, their decisions were transparent, evidence-based, and effectively communicated to the public. Third, they sought to not only prevent outbreaks but also protect vulnerable communities and reduce disparities. Fourth, they were generous in sharing best practices and lessons learned, providing models for others to emulate.
PROACTIVE LEADERSHIP
In an interview with Glamour, San Francisco mayor Breed said that she realized the seriousness of COVID-19 in January (Kahn Reference Kahn2020). Following her realization, Breed acted quickly. She declared a state of emergency before a single case had been confirmed in San Francisco. She banned large gatherings in early March, effectively ending major sporting events. Shortly thereafter, she issued a citywide shelter-in-place order. Breed's early actions were criticized as overreaching and alarmist (Kahn Reference Kahn2020), but her swift actions undoubtedly prevented many deaths (Berman Reference Berman2020).
Chicago mayor Lightfoot and Atlanta mayor Bottoms echoed Breed's impulse for action. In the same interview with Glamour, Lightfoot admonished, “I'm a Black woman in America. Nobody's coming to rescue me. I've got to get it for myself, and I feel the same way with what we need to do here in our city.” Bottoms urged, “We've got to be prepared for this regardless of what the federal preparations and the state preparations will be” (Kahn Reference Kahn2020).
These women mayors are not the only ones who responded proactively when federal and state responses seemed inadequate. Women mayors in Arizona, including Tucson's Regina Romero, Phoenix's Kate Gallego, and Flagstaff's Coral Evans, implemented preventive measures weeks before Arizona's governor issued a statewide stay-at-home order. These mayors then pushed back against Governor Doug Ducey's order for being too lax (Hassan Reference Hassan2020); Ducey responded with an executive order prohibiting local governments from closing businesses he deemed essential.
TRANSPARENT AND EVIDENCE-BASED DECISIONS
Women mayors have also advocated for transparent, evidence-based decision-making. When Seattle became an early epicenter in the United States, Mayor Jenny Durkan was transparent with her constituents. She reasoned, “People are scared, confused, and getting mixed messages from the national and local level. I think people will trust their local leaders. You have to be transparent about the seriousness of the situation” (Bloomberg Harvard 2020). While the majority of the country was proceeding with business as usual, Durkan restricted large gatherings and engaged Seattle's research community to ramp up testing and epidemiological modeling (Durkan Reference Durkan2020).
In Arizona, when the statewide stay-at-home order was set to expire, Mayors Romero, Gallego, and Evans issued a statement urging the governor to follow all Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines and to present clear data showing a decline in cases before reopening the state. Even more recently, Mayor LaToya Cantrell stated that New Orleans would not enter Phase 2 of reopening along with the rest of Louisiana. Cantrell explained her decision, stating, “We are watching the data, not the date. We don't yet have sufficient data to authorize opening up further at this point. All of our decisions must be grounded in science” (City of New Orleans Mayor's Office 2020).
VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES
Women mayors have also expressed concerns over how the pandemic will affect vulnerable communities and exacerbate existing inequalities. Atlanta mayor Bottoms asked herself, “Who is going to be the most vulnerable? What will their needs be?” (Kahn Reference Kahn2020). These are questions that other women mayors seem to be asking—and answering—as well.
In a letter to congressional leaders, the African American Mayors Association warned that the pandemic will produce racial disparities (Owens Reference Owens2020). This warning became a reality in Chicago, where Black residents make up a disproportionate share of COVID-19 cases and deaths (Wetli Reference Wetli2020). Mayor Lightfoot deemed these disparities “unacceptable” (Wetli Reference Wetli2020) and responded by adapting public transit, requiring health care providers to report demographic data with COVID-19 testing, and deploying a Racial Equity Rapid Response Team. In similar fashion, Tucson mayor Romero established the Somos Uno Resilience Fund to provide resources to members of the Latinx community regardless of their immigration status (Arce Reference Arce2020).
Securing food and shelter for vulnerable communities and child care for essential workers was also integrated into their response plans. Breed and Durkan quickly issued moratoriums on evictions (Berman Reference Berman2020; Durkan Reference Durkan2020). Breed increased shelter capacity to facilitate social distancing among San Francisco's homeless population (Berman Reference Berman2020). Durkan, along with Bottoms and Cantrell, initiated programs to address food insecurity (Dittmar Reference Dittmar2020; Kahn Reference Kahn2020). Durkan, Breed, and Lightfoot also launched child care programs for essential workers (Dittmar Reference Dittmar2020; Kahn Reference Kahn2020).
SHARING BEST PRACTICES
Early innovators, notably Durkan and Breed, have been generous in sharing their best practices and lessons learned. After managing Seattle's early outbreaks, Durkan wrote an op-ed for the Washington Post advising other mayors to act quickly, be transparent and honest, engage their research community, and anticipate outbreaks in vulnerable communities (Durkan Reference Durkan2020). Breed, meanwhile, shared her policies and resources with other cities, explaining, “As soon as someone asks, we send it. We're here to help" (Kahn Reference Kahn2020). Cities nationwide have replicated Breed's innovative policies, from her rigorous shelter-in-place order to the fee cap on delivery services. Atlanta mayor Bottoms confirms she watched Breed and reproduced Breed's stay-at-home order “almost word for word” (Kahn Reference Kahn2020).
Indeed, these women mayors have produced national models of effective pandemic responses. Among the first cities listed in the U.S. Conference of Mayors’ “City Guidelines and Best Practices” for COVID-19 are San Francisco, Seattle, Chicago, and Atlanta.Footnote 1
ARE PROACTIVE AND INNOVATIVE WOMEN MAYORS ANOMALIES?
Are these women anomalies or part of a systematic trend? While not all women mayors have demonstrated praiseworthy leadership—Las Vegas mayor Carolyn Goodman, for example, offered up her city as a “control group”—there are several reasons why other women mayors might act similarly to the ones highlighted here.Footnote 2
Research finds that women tend to be more risk averse (Byrnes, Miller, and Schafer Reference Byrnes, Miller and Schafer1999) and supportive of government intervention (Schlesinger and Heldman Reference Schlesinger and Heldman2001), and they prioritize social policy to a greater extent than men (Barnes, Beall, and Holman Reference Barnes, Beall and Holman2020; Funk and Philips Reference Funk and Philips2019). If women hesitate to risk overrunning hospitals, prioritize health care over economic interests, and view government intervention favorably, then these characteristics might help explain women mayors’ proactive shutdown decisions.
There is also evidence that women mayors increase municipal transparency (Araujo and Tejedo-Romero Reference Araujo and Tejedo-Romero2018), and at least two reasons why they may support evidence-based health care policies. First, women politicians are more likely to have experience in the health care sector, and this can factor into their policy decisions (Barnes, Beall, and Holman Reference Barnes, Beall and Holman2020). Second, women are more likely to acknowledge limitations in their qualifications (Fox and Lawless Reference Fox and Lawless2011) and thus may be more likely to seek outside expertise to inform their decisions.
Women's greater emphasis on social issues (Barnes, Beall, and Holman Reference Barnes, Beall and Holman2020; Funk and Philips Reference Funk and Philips2019) might also explain why these mayors’ response plans included social protections. And, insights from research on policy diffusion (Einstein, Glick, and Palmer Reference Einstein, Glick and Palmer2019) and political role models (Stokes-Brown and Dolan Reference Stokes-Brown and Dolan2010) suggests women mayors may look to one another for guidance. Thus, other women mayors may model their pandemic responses after these innovative leaders.
Finally, we must also acknowledge the role of intersectionality, especially the way partisanship and race factor into women mayors’ responses. Partisanship is major determinant of COVID-19 responses in the United States (Adolph et al. Reference Adolph, Amano, Bang-Jensen, Fullman and Wilkerson2020), and the responses of non-Democratic women mayors have been notably less commendable than their Democratic counterparts. The women featured in this article are also trailblazers—often the first Black woman or lesbian woman to be elected mayor. The responses of Black women politicians, in particular, might be unique given their hypervisibility, progressiveness, and prioritization of “intersectionally marginalized populations” (Brown and Banks Reference Brown and Banks2014). Thus, it is incumbent on future research to determine whether other women of color, White women, and conservative women leaders across contexts have also responded in proactive, transparent, evidence-based, and socially minded ways or whether these women mayors are truly anomalies.
Open access
