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The origin of the Northern Subject Rule: subject positions and verbal morphosyntax in older English1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2014

NYNKE DE HAAS  and
ANS VAN KEMENADE
NYNKE DE HAAS
Affiliation:
Dept of Languages, Literature and Communication, Utrecht University, Trans 10 3512JK Utrecht, The Netherlandsn.k.dehaas@uu.nl
ANS VAN KEMENADE
Affiliation:
CLS/Dept of English Language and Culture, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9103 6500HD Nijmegen, The Netherlandsa.vankemenade@let.ru.nl
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Abstract

This article presents new evidence for the early history of the Northern Subject Rule in the form of an exhaustive corpus study of plural present-tense indicative verb forms in Northern and Northern Midlands early Middle English, analysed in relation to their syntactic context, including subject type and subject–verb adjacency. We show that variation between -∅/e/n and -s endings was conditioned by both subject type and adjacency in a core area around Yorkshire, whereas in more peripheral areas, the adjacency condition was weaker and often absent.

We present an analysis of these facts in relation to the presence of multiple subject positions in early English, which we show contra earlier literature to be relevant for Northern English as well, We view -∅/e/n endings as ‘true’ agreement, which in the relevant dialects is limited to contexts with pronominal subjects in a high subject position, Spec,AgrSP; other forms of agreement (-s or -th) represent default inflection occurring elsewhere. This analysis supports the hypothesis that the NSR arose when the extant morphological variation in Northern Old English was reanalysed as an effect of pre-existing multiple subject positions.

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Type
Research Article
Information
English Language & Linguistics , Volume 19 , Issue 1 , March 2015 , pp. 49 - 81
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

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Footnotes

1

The authors would like to thank two anonymous reviewers and Meg Laing for comments on earlier versions of this article. Any errors remain our own. We would further like to thank Meg Laing and Roger Lass for granting access to a pre-published version of the LAEME corpus. Parts of this article were published before in de Haas (2011).

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