¹ There is a pencilled note on the flyleaf by J.E. Jackson that the marginal references to pagination suggest that this volume had been extracted or copied from another one.

² The title on the cover gives a different terminal date (ultimum diem mensis Decembris), but 20 December is also the one employed by the auditors, see p. 107 below.

³ These receipts were presumably Grice's cash in hand on the closing of his account. Other references to Grice's account can be found on pp. 121, 123 below.

⁴ This was a loan, for the repayment, see p. 50 below.

⁵ Richard Aylesworth, see p. 107 below.

⁶ Later references to Henry Fortescue (pp. 59, 130) and the christening of his son (p. 47) suggest that this was Henry Fortescue (1515–76), Esquire of the Body from 1559, rather than his better-known cousin (Sir) John Fortescue (1533–1607), MP, Master of the Wardrobe from 1559.

⁷ In November 1558 the 4th Duke of Norfolk married Margaret Audley (1540?–1564), the widow of Leicester's brother Lord Henry Dudley, who had been killed at St Quentin in September 1557 (Williams, N., Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk (1964), pp. 34–5Google Scholar). See also n. 28 below.

⁸ (Sir) Thomas Revett (d. 1582), mercer. For the repayment of this loan, see p. 118 below.

⁹ Francis Bartie (d. 1611), naturalised Flemish merchant, later salt monopolist and conspirator with Ridolphi (Hughes, E., ‘The English Monopoly of Salt in the years 1563–71’, E.H.R., xl (1925), 337–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Donald, M.B., Elizabethan Monopolies: The History of the Company of Mineral and Battery Works 1568–1604 (Edinburgh, 1961), pp. 54–7)Google Scholar. The Duchess of Northumberland owed him £133 6s 8d at her death, Leicester repaid a debt of £719 in late 1560 (see p. 125 below), and a bill for commodities supplied between 1559 and 1566 can be found in DP Box V, fo. 7.

¹⁰ Edward Fiennes, Lord Clinton (1512–1585), 1st Earl of Lincoln in 1572. His second wife was Northumberland's niece and he enjoyed close relations with the Dudleys. This payment was probably made when the court was at his house at West Horsley during the progress, see p. 80 below. For Leicester's attendance at his funeral in 1585, see n. 474 below.

¹¹ Edward Huggins or Hogan, mercer and common councillor (1565–93), brother to William Huggins* and Sir Thomas Gresham's factor.

¹² For Mrs Palmer, also see pp. 72, 106 below. Probably the wife of the goldsmith Simon Palmer and mother of the more prominent goldsmith Andrew Palmer (c.1544–1599), MP.

¹³ Lady Amy Dudley. See Appendix I.

¹⁴ Enfield. See Appendix I.

¹⁵ Edward Unton (1534–82) of Wadley, Berks., MP. Second husband of Anne (Seymour), widow of Leicester's elder brother John, Earl of Warwick (d. 1554). For references to her and to their son Sir Henry, see pp. 67, 213–4 below.

¹⁶ The court removed from Somerset House to Westminster on 22–3 December 1558.

¹⁷ Kew, see n. 21 below.

¹⁸ It is not clear whether he is the same man as the Cobham* identified as a servant on p. 105.

¹⁹ Benedict Spinola (c.1528–1579/80), the leading Genoese merchant in London. In 1572 Leicester described him to Walsingham as ‘my dear friend and the best Italian I know in England’, see Ramsay, G.D., ‘The Undoing of the Italian Mercantile Colony in Sixteenth Century London’, Harte, N.B. and Ponting, K.S. (edd.), Textile History and Economic History (Manchester, 1963), pp. 41–3Google Scholar. Some correspondence and a large bill covering 1562–66 (DP Box V, fos. 146–50v) survive. See also p. 161 below.

²⁰ William Hyde of Throcking, see Appendix I.

²¹ The letters patent for the house known as ‘the capital messuage of Kew’ are dated 29 Dec. 1558 (CPR, 1558–60, 60Google Scholar), see also Introduction, p. 25, and V.C.H., Surrey, iii, 482–3Google Scholar. This was Elizabeth's first grant to him.

²² William Whittle or Whittell, Leicester's favourite tailor, see the frequent references below. Numerous bills for 1562–6 survive (DP Box V, fos. 44–86) and he and Maynard the hosier (see n. 255 below) were the main recipients of the cloth supplied in the 1571–4 account (DP XII). He may be the William Widnell, merchant taylor, listed by Foster (p. 167) as a common councillor 1574–8.

²³ Possibly Silvestra Butler, who was arrested for complicity in the Dudley Plot (Loades, D.M., Two Tudor Conspiracies (Cambridge, 1965), pp. 229, 234Google Scholar). Mrs Butler the elder and the younger attended Amy Dudley's funeral; she may have been related to Leicester's servant Anthony Butler*.

²⁴ Susan White (d. 1567), known as Mrs Clarentius following her marriage to Thomas Tonge, Clarenceux King of Arms (1534–6). A long-standing member of Queen Mary's household and a Gentlewoman of her Privy Chamber, she went into exile with the Countess of Feria in the summer of 1559 and died in Spain. The Duchess of Northumberland left her a gift in her will.

²⁵ The proximity of the Robsart estate (see Introduction, p. 13) to King's Lynn gave Leicester a close association with the town. He had attempted to hold it for Lady Jane in 1553 and became its high steward in 1572.

²⁶ Sir William Cordell (1522?–1581), MP. Cordell had numerous business dealings with John Dudley*.

²⁷ Sir John York (d. 1569), MP. York was close to Northumberland and his family: his wife was a witness of the Duchess's will, and he lent money to the Duchess, Lord Ambrose Dudley in 1557 (PRO, 054/548/12), and Leicester in 1560 (see p. 100 below). For Leicester's later relations with his sons, see n. 691 below.

²⁸ Christchurch or Cree Church was the common name for the former Augustinian priory of the Holy Trinity adjoining St Katherine Cree, obtained at the dissolution by Thomas, Lord Audley, and converted into his London residence. It was inherited in 1556 by his daughter Margaret, wife to Lord Henry Dudley and then the Duke of Norfolk (see n. 7 above), who rebuilt it. It was thereafter known as Duke Place (see Williams, , Norfolk, p. 35Google Scholar). It is clear from the numerous references in this account (see pp. 46, 61, 94 below) and in bills that Leicester used it as a London residence during the later 1550s. In ‘Dudley Clientèle’ (p. 252) it is incorrectly located as ‘by St Bartholomew the Grand’.

²⁹ Sir Ambrose Cave (1503–58), Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, MP. For his membership of Elizabeth's household in 1558, see ‘Feria Dispatch’ n. 34. In May 1559 he and Leicester were appointed joint lords lieutenant of Warwickshire.

³⁰ See also pp. 87, 89 below. He may be John Anthonio (p. 121), for whom a warrant (29 Dec. 1565) and a bill (Antony the tailor) survive in DP Box V, fos. 274, 300.

³¹ The frequent references to the use of foreign coin in both this and the Ellis account reveal the extent to which it was preferred to the debased English coinage.

³² Lawrence Bradshaw (from 1547 to 1560), see King's Works, iii, 55–9.Google Scholar

³³ Katherine Astley (d.1565), the central figure in Elizabeth's household from the mid 1540s, and Chief Gentlewoman of the Privy Chamber after the accession.

³⁴ James Crokeham, see p. 122 below. A bill of his (n.d.) is pasted into the Ellis Account, see pp. 174–5 below.

³⁵ References to Lord Hastings in this and the first half of the Ellis account cannot be assumed to be to Henry, Lord Hastings (c. 1536–95), 3rd Earl of Huntingdon from 23 June 1560, for his uncle Edward, Lord Hastings of Loughborough (1519–72), Master of the Horse and then Lord Chamberlain to Mary, was on good terms with Leicester (see DP I, fo. 16, Loughborough to Leicester, ? May 1559). By 1559 Henry Hastings was the husband of Leicester's sister Katherine (whose letter to her brother of 5 May 1559 (DP I, fo. 14) was clearly written as his wife), but the date of their marriage poses problems. Some form of marriage took place in May 1553 (Hist MSS Comm, VIIth Report (1879), 608Google Scholar), but it was not a full one, for while the Duchess of Northumberland refers to her daughter as Katherine Hastings in her will, she also notes a condition ‘if it so chance that my Lord Hastings do refuse her or she him’, which would imply that she was still under the age of consent (12). Her date of birth, in common with most of Northumberland's thirteen children, is not easy to establish, and in her case the difficulties are compounded by the fact that he had two daughters christened Katherine. The Dudley pedigrees (see ‘West Midlands’, 27Google Scholar) agree that Katherine Hastings was the elder of the two and that the younger was his fifth and last daughter who died as a child, but two state that Katherine Hastings was his third daughter and one his fourth. One pedigree (CA, Muniment Room, Roll 13/1) possibly states that the younger died aged 7 (the section is damaged), but it was certainly before the Duchess herself died for of her daughters only Katherine Hastings and Mary Sidney were alive then. Katherine Hastings' funeral monument in Chelsea Old Church states that she died aged 72 in 1620, but a date of birth of 1548 is clearly too late, for Katherine, Duchess of Suffolk, christened one of the two in 1545 (see n. 320 below). However, if this birthdate is assigned to Katherine Hastings, it is difficult to fit in a younger sister who died aged 7 before 1555. On the other hand, if it was the younger, Katherine Hastings could have been born no earlier than 1543 if she was less than 12 at the beginning of 1555. Either date, though, would make her no older than 16 in 1559.

³⁶ Probably Thomas Lichfield (d. 1586), Groom of the Privy Chamber from 1559, MP.

³⁷ Not included among the Duchess of Northumberland's servants or bequests or in the schedule of Hales Owen annuitants in BRL, HH MS 351621.

³⁸ Sir Thomas Parry (1515–60), Treasurer of the Household from Jan. 1559, MR For repayments, see p. 120 below.

³⁹ John Lonison (1523–1582), Master of the Mint in 1572 (Donald, Elizabethan Monopolies, pp. 47–53). A bill of c.1560–1 (DP Bx V, fos 38–41) survives and he may be the Mr Lanyson given livery in 1567. See also pp. 88, 119, 124 below.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ John Harington (1517–82), of Stepney and Cheshunt, MP, see also ‘Feria Dispatch’, n. 31. In December 1560 Harington, Sir Henry Sidney and John Tamworth were sureties for Leicester's loan from William Byrde, see n. 200 below. This dinner was probably the occasion for the gaming referred to on p. 99 below.

⁴¹ The Queen removed to the Tower prior to the Coronation on 12 January 1559.

⁴² Probably that as Master of the Horse, dated 11 Jan. 1559 (CPR, 1558–60, 61).

⁴³ Francis, 2nd Earl of Bedford (1527–1585). Extensive evidence of their friendship survives. For Leicester's involvement with his funeral in 1585, see nn. 578, 618 below.

⁴⁴ Sir William Pickering (1516/7–1575), MP, follower of Northumberland and a central figure in Wyatt's Rebellion. He was employed in 1558 on an embassy to Germany and did not return to England until 4 May 1559, see ‘Feria Dispatch’, n. 343, and CSPSp, 1558–67, 67Google Scholar. For Pickering and Leicester, see also n. 93 below. On 9 Sept. 1559 (as calendared in CSPSp, 96Google Scholar) La Quadra reported rumours that Pickering had challenged Bedford to a duel and that Leicester was his second. Bedford is an error by the editor, the original (AGS, E 812, fo. 114) gives the Earl of Arundel. See also nn. 140, 151 below.

⁴⁵ See also pp. 50, 121 below. Possibly Robert Brandon, goldsmith and chamberlain of London (1583–91), see p. 224 n. 473 below.

⁴⁶ Probably Dudley (d. 1604), MP, son of Henry Fortescue, see n. 6 above.

⁴⁷ To the armourer at Greenwich, see the next entry but one. It would appear from further entries below (esp. pp. 81–2) that this armour was not ready until August. A Greenwich armour of Leicester's survives in the Tower Armouries, but it is dated c. 1575 (Young, A., Tudor and Jacobean Tournaments (1987), p. 66Google Scholar). Although Leicester has been identified as one of the challengers in the Coronation tournament on 16–17 January by some sources (e.g. Williams, , Norfolk, p. 39Google Scholar), this would appear to be an error, for he is not found in the tournament records, CA, Tournament Portfolio, it. 4a–f.

⁴⁸ The opening of Parliament took place on 23 January.

⁴⁹ The Coronation was held on 15 January.

⁵⁰ Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl (1509–1572), with whom considerable correspondence survives in DP I–II.

⁵¹ See also p. 61 below

⁵² Numerous references to members of the family of Sir Francis Knollys (1512–96), Vice-Chamberlain (and after 1570 Treasurer) of the Household, will be found in these accounts. Leicester and Sir Francis appear to have been on good terms since the reign of Edward VI, and the connection was an established one long before Leicester's marriage to Lettice Knollys (21 September 1578). BL, Add. MS 48023, fo. 363v, records the death of one of Sir Francis's children named Dudley Warwick in June 1562.

⁵³ William Byrde or Burd (1527–86), mercer and collector of the petty custom of London, see Donald, M.B., Elizabethan Copper. The History of the Company of Mines Royal (1955), pp. 63–6Google Scholar, and Ramsay, G.D., The City of London in International Politics at the Accession of Elizabeth Tudor (Manchester, 1975), pp. 154–6Google Scholar. Leicester had borrowed from him since December 1556 (PRO, C54/533/20, ‘Dudley Clientèle’, p. 250Google Scholar); he may have been his largest single creditor in the 1550s and early 1560s. See also below, pp. 113, 117–8, 241 and Byrde's bill for 1564–66, DP Box V, fo. 246.

⁵⁴ Presumably a reference to the case brought by Edward Philpot against Leicester in the Court of Requests in the spring of 1556 (PRO, REQ, 1/10/42% 48v). The subject is not stated but it was probably the wardship of Thomas Philpot, a lunatic, which had been granted to Leicester on 17 April 1553 (CPR, Edward VI, v, 137).Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Sir George Blount (1513–81), of Kinlet (Salop.), MP. He was an established member of the older Dudley connection, a cousin of the Duchess of Northumberland and an executor of her will, see ‘West Midlands’, 40Google Scholar. George Blount* was probably his son.

⁵⁶ Lady Elizabeth Jobson, daughter of Northumberland's mother Elizabeth by her second marriage to Arthur Plantagenet, Viscount Lisle, and married to Sir Francis Jobson (1509–1573), MP. Jobson was an overseer of the Duchess's will, in which Lady Jobson was left a gown; for his relations with Leicester, see ‘Dudley Clientèle’, pp. 242–7, 255–7Google Scholar. Jobson's sons had a long association with Leicester's household. Edward and John received livery in 1567, served in the Netherlands in 1586, and were bannerol-bearers at Leicester's funeral; John was also a bannerol-bearer at the Lord of Denbigh's funeral. A third brother, Thomas, is included as a bannerol-bearer in the first funeral list.

⁵⁷ Henry Carey (1526–96), created Baron of Hunsdon on 13 January, Lord Chamberlain from July 1585. His son Edmund* was later in Leicester's service; for the christening of his son Robert, see p. 166 below.

⁵⁸ The act repealing the attainders of Leicester and Lord Ambrose Dudley and restoring them and their sisters Mary and Katherine in blood (4&5 Philip and Mary, c. 12, not c. 15 as stated in Elton, G.R., The Parliament of England 1559–1581 (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 304, 385)CrossRefGoogle Scholar was passed in the first session of the 1558 Parliament.

⁵⁹ John Tamworth (c. 1524–69), Groom of the Privy Chamber and Keeper of the Privy Purse from 10 January 1559, MP. Tamworth was one of Leicester's sureties for the December 1560 loan from William Byrde (see n. 200 below), and his deputy as Constable of Windsor Castle from 1562 (see the accounts for the honour of Windsor Castle, PRO, SC6/ElizI/136 et seq.)

⁶⁰ William Herbert, 1st Earl (c.1506–1570). It is possible that Pembroke had been a protector of Leicester's during Mary's reign. Leicester was an overseer of his win and an assistant mourner at his funeral.

⁶¹ Although the council sat at Westminster throughout February 1559, entries on this and the following pages suggest that the Court removed to St James's Palace. This is not mentioned in Chambers, but would appear to be confirmed by the references to St James's Park in the Count of Feria's despatch of 19 March (CSPSp, 1558–67, 37).Google Scholar

⁶² Mrs Katherine Cowdrye (shepster), her bill for shirts 1561–6 is DP Box V, fos 166–7. 7 She may be the wife of the ‘Mr Cowltry shepster’ referred to on p. 119 below.

⁶³ Possibly Thomas Holloway the saddler, see p. 123 below.

⁶⁴ Probably Sir Henry Jerningham (1509/10–1572), MP, Mary's last Master of the Horse.

⁶⁵ This entry refers to the case of Dudley v. Hugh Ellis over the manor of Hemsby (Norf), heard in Chancery in November 1559 (PRO, C78/17/10). Northumberland had obtained the manor for Leicester; it had been lost on Leicester's attainder, but had been restored by Mary in 1557 (see ‘Dudley Clientèle’, pp. 249–510Google Scholar). Ellis, brother of Leicester's servant Richard* and a former servant of Northumberland's, claimed that the Duke had also given him certain rights to the manor. Further references to this case can be found on pp. 58, 71 below.

⁶⁶ Both the Bagnall brothers, Sir Nicholas (c. 1510–c.1590) and Sir Ralph (1508–80), were MPs in the Parliament of 1559. They are leading examples of the reforming of the older Dudley clientele under Leicester, see ‘Dudley Clientèle’, pp. 246–7, 256Google Scholar. See also p. 99 below.

⁶⁷ Hunsdon in Herts. See Appendix I.

⁶⁸ Leicester's sister Mary (d. 1586), Sir Henry Sidney's wife, who was one of the extraordinary Gentlewomen of the Privy Chamber. Sidney, who had been in Ireland since 1556, was presently acting as Lord Justice in the absence of the Lord Deputy, the Earl of Sussex, and did not return to England until the autumn of 1559. Mary Sidney had returned in September 1558 (marginal note in CKS, U1475/A26/5, Sidney's clerk of the kitchen's account, Aug. 1558–Mar. 1559). She was the eldest of Northumberland's daughters.

⁶⁹ The earliest reference to Leicester's players, see MacLean, S.-B., ‘The Politics of Patronage: Dramatic Records in Robert Dudley's Household Books’, Shakespeare Quarterly, xliv (1993), 177–8Google Scholar. See also that to Laurens on p. 63 below.

⁷⁰ Sir John Zouche (d. 1585), of Ansty, Wilts., MP. He wrote to Leicester on 12 Aug. [1559] (Longleat MS 8692), referring to himself as a kinsman; he may have been in Northumberland's household.

⁷¹ See the reference to Burkhard on p. 58 below.

⁷² The future 2nd Lord Howard of Effingham (1536–1624), MP, Lord Chamberlain 1583–85, and then Lord Admiral.

⁷³ Covent Garden. The purpose is unclear, as is the date, but given the proximity to Easter (26 March), the subsequent reference to moving the tents to St James's Park, and later entries to a banquet in the tents (see pp. 61, 94 and nn. 87, 168 below), this may be related to the Morris games held by Queen's Household in St James's Park on 21 March (see Machyn, , 191).Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Probably Sir John Leigh (1502–66), on whose curious career see Harbison, E.H., ‘French Intrigue at the Court of Queen Mary’, American Historical Review xlv (1940), 542–5Google Scholar. He wrote to Leicester from Antwerp on 5 April 1560 (DP I, fo. 127).

⁷⁵ Probably the wife of Sir Henry Knyvet (c.1537–98), MP.

⁷⁶ Matthew Stewart, Earl of Lennox (1516–71), in exile in England since 1545, see Adams, , ‘The Release of Lord Darnley and the Failure of the Amity’, Lynch, M. (ed.), May Stewart: Queen in Three Kingdoms (Oxford, 1988), pp. 129–31.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Richard Goodrich (c.1508–62), Attorney of the Court of Wards, MP.

⁷⁸ William Parr, Marquess of Northampton (1513–1571), rather than William Paulet, Marquess of Winchester (c. 1483–1572), who was normally referred to as my Lord Treasurer.

⁷⁹ Possibly related to the money received from him on 16 April, see p. 39 above.

⁸⁰ A tavern near St Lawrence Pountney, which featured in the Earl of Surrey's riot in 1543, the Wyatt Rebellion and the Dudley Plot. See Read, , Mr. Secretary Cecil, p. 108Google Scholar, and ‘Dudley Clientèle’, p. 253Google Scholar (where it is incorrectly located in Eastcheap).

⁸¹ Mary or Margaret (Hill), widow of Sir John Cheke (d. 1557) and married c.1558 to Henry Macwilliam (c.1532–86), Gentleman Pensioner and MP. See also the reference to young Mr Macwilliam on p. 210 below.

⁸² Henry Neville, 5th Earl (1524/5–1564), whose politics in the previous reign have been the subject of some dispute, see Loach, J., Parliament and the Crown in the Reign of May Tudor (Oxford, 1986), pp. 19, 119–22Google Scholar. Evidence of a friendship with Leicester can be found in his letters of 4 Aug. 1559 and 20 Jan. 1560 (DP I, fos. 59, 100).

⁸³ Probably Wimbledon, given the proximity to Kew, rather than Cecil's house at Cannon Row. Cecil did not purchase Theobalds until 1564.

⁸⁴ For this visit to his wife at Mr Hyde's, see Appendix I.

⁸⁵ His brother (c. 1528–1590), created Earl of Warwick at Christmas 1561.

⁸⁶ Probably Francis Barker, shepster, see also pp. 87, 119, 129 below. DP Box V, fos. 97, 141–5, are bills of his for 30 April 1561 and 1564–66.

⁸⁷ See n. 73 above.

⁸⁸ This is the first of several references in this account to the campaign of 1557, in which Leicester and his brothers (Lord Henry being killed in action) served in the English contingent in Philip II's army. Pembroke commanded the English contingent and Leicester was the Master of the Ordnance. This entry is also evidence of Leicester's residence at Christchurch in 1557–8 (see n. 28 above).

⁸⁹ Leicester was elected a Knight of the Garter on 23 April (Machyn, 196), further references to Garter robes and insignia can be found on pp. 65, 89 below. For his installation, see pp. 66–8 below.

⁹⁰ Of Wallingford. His connection with Leicester (see also p. 157 below) is otherwise unknown, except that he commanded a company in the St Quentin campaign.

⁹¹ This was probably on 25 April, when Pembroke gave a dinner for the Queen at Baynard's Castle (Machyn, , 196).Google Scholar

⁹² Feria's despatch of 18 April contains the earliest surviving comment on Dudley's intimacy with the Queen and reports gossip that his wife ‘está muy mala de un pecho’ and that Elizabeth was only waiting for her to die in order to marry him (AGS, E 812, fo. 28).

⁹³ Pickering House was at St Mary Axe near Christchurch. As noted in n. 44 above Pickering did not arrive in England until 4 May. Feria's report of gossip that Dudley had gone hunting at Windsor out of jealousy to Pickering (10 May, CSPSp, 1558–67, 67Google Scholar) is contradicted by the evidence of his movements here, though it is possible Windsor was an error for Eltham, see n. 176 below. Leicester gave Pickering at least two books during the 1560s, but only one item of correspondence survives (DP II, fo. 94, Pickering to Leicester, 4 May 1572).

⁹⁴ The family of Amy Dudley's mother, Lady Elizabeth Robsart (d. 1557, see n. 52 to the Introduction). The bedding was sent there in preparation for her visit, see below pp. 65, 68, 71, 102–3 and Appendix I.

⁹⁵ Probably Anne, Sir Nicholas Throckmorton's wife. She was clearly on good terms with Leicester for Throckmorton used her as an intermediary in 1561–2 (See BL Add. MS 35830, fo. 195, Anne Throckmorton to Leicester, 30 Aug. 1561, and MS 35831, fo. 22, Cecil to Throckmorton, 24 Mar. 1562). Throckmorton himself had departed on his embassy to France on 3 May, and did not return until October.

⁹⁶ For her visit see Appendix I. Assuming the entries are in reasonable chronological sequence, the date would appear to be the middle of May.

⁹⁷ Sir Thomas Gresham (c. 1519–79), who returned from a financial mission to the Low Countries in April. Numerous further references here and elsewhere reveal a close relationship that began in the reign of Edward VI. Gresham also had family and business ties to a number of Leicester's servants of Norfolk background, including Richard Ellis, William Huggins, and John Marbury (see DP I, fo. 155, Gresham to Leicester, 18 Aug. 1560).

⁹⁸ This was probably the £300 received from Foster on 2 May, see p. 39 above. The £310 paid to Foster in the autumn of 1560 may be the repayment of this loan, but see n. 247 below.

⁹⁹ See also the reference to ‘Gemyny of the Blacke Fryers’, p. 138 below. Thomas Gemini (d. 1562), a Netherlander, founded an engraving works in the Blackfriars in the reign of Edward VI and is celebrated as the earliest maker of navigational instruments in London, see Taylor, E.G.R., The Haven-Finding Art (1956), p. 196Google Scholar, and Waters, D.W., The Art of Navigation in Elizabethan and Early Stuart Times (1958), p. 145Google Scholar. Photographs of an astrolabe made by Gemini in 1552 and engraved with Northumberland's and Edward VI's arms can be found in Waters, plates xxvii–viii.

¹⁰⁰ Sir Peter Carew (c. 1510–75), MP. No other evidence of close relations survives, but Carew's cousins and ultimate heirs, Sir Peter Carew the younger and Sir George (1555–1629), the future Earl of Totnes, were in Leicester and Warwick's service, see the reference in LPL, MS 618, fo. 13, Sir G. Garew to Leicester, ? Dec. 1587.

¹⁰¹ Probably Thomas Dannet the elder (d. 1569), but see the comments on BL, Add MS 48023 in the Introduction, p. 35.

¹⁰² The French embassy to ratify the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis arrived at Tower Wharf on 23 May and went to Court on the 24th (Machyn, , 197–9Google Scholar). They returned to France on the 28th leaving behind the new resident ambassador, Gilles de Noailles, and the hostages for the return of Calais. The embassy had been expected earlier, see DP I, fo. 18, Pembroke to Leicester, 18 May.

¹⁰³ For the Garter installation, see pp. 67–8 below.

¹⁰⁴ Presumably at one of the two tennis courts at Whitehall, which feature regularly below. At Westminster on 27 May Leicester issued a commission to Thomas Keys to deputise for him in the regulation of the export of horses from Kent (BL, Stowe MS 856, fos. 34V–5).

¹⁰⁵ Anne (Seymour, d. 1588), widow of John, Earl of Warwick, and now wife of Sir Edward Union, see n. 15 above. Her jointure lands from the marriage to Warwick included the manor of Langley (Oxon.), which later came into Leicester's possession, see n. 391 below.

¹⁰⁶ The installation took place on 6 June (Machyn, , 200).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ Iselworth. Just before or just after the journey to Windsor, Leicester wrote from Westminster to the Earl of Shrewsbury asking for liberty for the players to tour in Yorkshire (LPL MS 3196, fo. 29, dated only June 1559). For further references to the tour of the players in 1559–60, see MacLean, , ‘Politics of Patronage’, 178–9Google Scholar. She dates the letter to Shrewsbury 10 June.

¹⁰⁸ See Appendix I. On 6 June La Quadra reported that Amy Dudley's health had improved but that she was taking care about what she ate (Lettenhove, , i, 536Google Scholar). It is not clear if he knew where she was.

¹⁰⁹ Probably Sir Henry Knyvet, see n. 75 above.

¹¹⁰ Henry Manners, 2nd Earl (1526–1563), an ally of Northumberland's, who also served in the St Quentin campaign. He sent Leicester a dog in 1560 (DP I, fo. 146, to Leicester, 4 June 1560).

¹¹¹ Both Katherine Hastings' and Pembroke's letters of 5 and 18 May (DP I, fos. 14, 18) refer to Leicester suffering from an illness, which they described variously as a fit and a quartain ague.

¹¹² The Duchess of Northumberland bequeathed to her servant Richard Cook an annuity of 5 marks a year. A pension of 20s 8d to Henry Cooke was charged against the Hales Owen estate in 1560, see BRL, HH MS 351621.

¹¹³ The Old Swan Inn near London Bridge.

¹¹⁴ Joyce Prelly. In her will the Duchess acknowledged she owed her £4 and added a further £4 to it. The ‘bill’ was a consequence of the agreement of November 1555 over Hales Owen, see Abbreviations: the Duchess of Northumberland's debts.

¹¹⁵ Thomas Willoughby, a former chaplain of Northumberland's, proposed by Lord Ambrose as Archdeacon of Canterbury or Dean of Lincoln (DP I, fo. 70, to Leicester, 17 Aug. 1559). In February 1561 he was presented by Thomas Blount to the vicarage of St Mary's, Kidderminster (Hereford and Worcester RO, Index to Presentations, Diocese of Worcester, 1526–1602). He was presumably the Thomas Willoughby (d. 1581) the Edwardian canon of Canterbury and Frankfurt exile, who was restored to his canonry in September 1560 and promoted Dean of Rochester in 1574 (Garrett, C.H., The Marian Exiles (Cambridge, 1966 ed.), p. 338).Google Scholar

¹¹⁶ The Court removed to Greenwich on 21 June 1559. See also the reference on p. 75 below to the payment of lodgings for servants at Greenwich for four weeks.

¹¹⁷ Sir Nicholas Bacon, probably over the dispute with Hugh Ellis, see n. 65 above.

¹¹⁸ See Appendix I.

¹¹⁹ William, ist Lord Howard of Effingham (d. 1573).

¹²⁰ Probably North[folk], but possibly Northumberland.

¹²¹ Leicester was present at Greenwich on 2 July when the London militia exercised before the Queen. The exercise was followed by a tilt, and a second tilt was held on the 1th (Young, , p. 201Google Scholar; Machyn, , 202–3Google Scholar). Given the sequence of the subsequent entries, this probably refers to the earlier tilt.

¹²² On 3 July the Queen went to Woolwich to launch the Elizabeth Jonas (Machyn, 203).Google Scholar

¹²³ Probably Cuthbert Vaughan (d. 1563) MP, the former Wyatt rebel and now officer of the Berwick garrison. It is clear from his correspondence as Comptroller at Le Havre in 1562–3 that he knew Leicester well.

¹²⁴ Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl (1517–70). Writs of Privy Seal were the normal process by which appearances before the Court of Requests were ordered. The dispute between Leicester and Cumberland concerned jewels and other property originally belonging to Leicester's uncle Sir Andrew Dudley (c.1507–22 Nov. 1559), who had been bethrothed to Cumberland's daughter Margaret in 1553. The marriage collapsed after the fall of the Dudleys, but Cumberland had retained Dudley's property. The writ was delivered to Cumberland in August, who claimed that the property in question had been forfeited to the Crown on Dudley's attainder and had been granted to him by Queen Mary. He proposed that the dispute be settled by arbitration (DP I, fo. 66, George Lamplaugh to Leicester, 13 Aug.). The case was ultimately heard by the Court of Requests in the winter of 1561–2 and Leicester was granted all of Sir Andrew Dudley's forfeited estate by letters patent in April 1562 (CPR, 1560–3, 239Google Scholar). After November 1559 (see n. 192 below) he was acting as both overseer and beneficiary of his uncle's will, but it is not clear what his role was in the summer. Andrew Dudley's will is printed in Sidney Papers, i, p. 30Google Scholar; references to the case can be found in Hill, L.M. (ed.), The Ancient State, Authority and Proceedings of the Court of Requests by Sir Julius Caesar (Cambridge, 1975), pp. 184–5Google Scholar, and there is a brief account in Hoyle, R.W. (ed.), ‘Letters of the Cliffords, lords Clifford and earls of Cumberland, c. 1500–c. 1565’, Camden Miscellany XXXI (Camden Soc., 4th ser., xliv, 1992), 20–1Google Scholar. Cumberland does not appear to have harboured any resentment for he gave Leicester his proxy in the Parliament of 1566, but the case is a good (if minor) example of the political difficulties posed by the restoration of the Dudleys discussed in ‘Dudley Clientèle’, pp. 253–7.Google Scholar

¹²⁵ This entry refers to the survey of the site of the priory of Watton (Yorks., East Riding) undertaken later in the month (DP I, fo. 44, John Yerwerth* to Leicester, 19 July). Watton had belonged to Northumberland, and was ultimately granted to Leicester on 23 Jan. 1560 (‘Dudley Clientèle’, p. 254Google Scholar, n. 108). It was the only landed property he obtained from the Queen between the grant of Kew and that of 1 March 1561 (see Introduction, p. 15), which included several other estates in the East Riding. Some contemporary pedigrees traced the Dudley descent from a Saxon Lord Sutton of Holderness, and the creation of an estate to support a claim to the lordship of Holderness may have inspired this interest in the East Riding (see ‘West Midlands’, 30Google Scholar). On 19 June La Quadra reported that the Queen had given Leicester £12,000 ‘ayuda de costa’ (CSPSp, 1558–67, p. 77Google Scholar, AGS E 812, fo. 63). No such sum appears in this account, although the description does, with some exaggeration, fit the export licence for wool granted him in April 1560, see p. 116, n. 215 below.

¹²⁶ This may be a reference to preparation of liveries for the progress, see p. 21 above.

¹²⁷ Probably the hostages (or pledges) for Calais, who are identified in Teulet, i, 323. References to individuals will be found below.

¹²⁸ The beginning of the progress into Kent. The Court spent Monday 17 July at Dartford (Machyn, , 204).Google Scholar

¹²⁹ 18 July. The Queen went to Cobham Hall on that day, where she remained until Saturday the 22nd, see the entries below.

¹³⁰ Probably Thursday the 20th.

¹³¹ The Queen was at Gillingham on Sunday and Monday 23–4 July.

¹³² Probably the 25th, given the earlier entry.

¹³³ The Court was at Otford on 26–28 July.

¹³⁴ Christopher Carcano, milliner, see also, pp. 86, 103, 119 below, and his bill for 1557–May 1559 (DP Box V, fo. 4).

¹³⁵ William Chelsham, mercer and common councillor (1558–71), see also pp. 87, 98, 109, 123, 134 below and his bills for 1558–9 and 1562–6 (DP Box V, fos. 5–6, 158–65).

¹³⁶ Possibly Cuthbert Johnston, who was a Groom of the Stables in 1552 (BL, Stowe MS 571, fo. 37V–8). Only partial lists of the Stables staff survive for Elizabeth's reign.

¹³⁷ Lullingstone (Kent), probably on 29 or 30 July. Sir Percival Hart (d.1580), MP, was a Sewer to the Queen and Knight Harbinger.

¹³⁸ According to the entries that follow this and those on pp. 95–6 below, Leicester was at Eltham on 2 and 3 August. The Court remained at Eltham until the 5th, when it removed to Nonsuch (Machyn, 206). It is not clear whether the supper referred to in these entries was a private one or a banquet.

¹³⁹ Given this supper early in August it is curious that in three letters written later in the month (DP I, fos. 64, 68, 70; 9, 15, 17 Aug.), Ambrose Dudley complained about not hearing from his brother.

¹⁴⁰ The Court removed to Nonsuch via Croydon, where the Queen spent the night of the 5th/6th. Leicester wrote to Francis Yaxley from Croydon, ‘this Saturday in August’ (PRO, SP 12/6/76), i.e. the 5th. The court remained at Nonsuch, which then belonged to the Lord Steward, the 12th Earl of Arundel (1511–80), between the 6th and the 10th. Arundel's entertainment of the Queen, particularly at a banquet on the 6th, was outstandingly lavish (see Machyn, 206). BL, Add. MS 48023 (fo. 357) attacks Arundel for initiating the extravagant entertainment that became a feature of Elizabethan progesses. A month later La Quadra reported that this banquet was to have been the scene of a plot to murder Elizabeth and Leicester (CSPSp, 1558–67, 95–6Google Scholar, 7 Sept.).

¹⁴¹ An embassy sent by Gustavus Vasa to propose the marriage of his son, the future Eric XIV, to Elizabeth arrived in mid-July and left in mid-August CSPF, 1558–9, 404, 483, 501).Google Scholar

¹⁴² Angelo Maryano, see p. 126 below

¹⁴³ Francis Yaxley (c.1528–1565), Clerk of the Signet to 1559, MP. He was arrested in the spring of 1562 for intriguing with La Quadra and the Countess of Lennox and his papers seized. These are now distributed among the State Papers. The letter from Leicester of 5 Aug. (see n. 140 above) was a response to this gift.

¹⁴⁴ The Court removed to Hampton Court on 10 August and returned to Whitehall on 28 September. In his letter of 15 Aug. (DP I, fo. 68) Ambrose Dudley appears to have expected that the progress was continuing to Windsor.

¹⁴⁵ The Queen visited Clinton's house at West Horsley between 17 and 23 August.

¹⁴⁶ On 22 August Noailles reported that Leicester and others practised running at ring (‘courre la bague’) before the Queen at Horsley (AMAE, CPA XIII, fo. 305, not mentioned in Young). The entries to paying off servants and sending household stuff to Kew on the following pages suggest that the progress was regarded as concluded.

¹⁴⁷ Sir Nicholas Poyntz (1528–85), MR According to a letter he wrote to Leicester, which may have accompanied the mares (DP I, fo. 77, undated but endorsed August 1559), he had just left the Court. For their later relations see ‘West Midlands’, 48.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁸ Probably (Sir) Henry, the future Lord Norris of Rycote (1525–1601), MP. His wife Margery was the chief mourner at Amy Dudley's funeral, see n. 260 below.

¹⁴⁹ Sir Henry Lee (1530/1–1611), MP, Keeper of Woodstock Palace from 1570 and Master of the Armory from 1580. He was a deponent in the Sir Robert Dudley case, but his deposition has not survived. Further references to him can be found below.

¹⁵⁰ Gaston de Foix, Marquis de Trans, one of the French hostages. Possibly the M de Foix who sent Leicester ‘garnitures d'oyseaux’ from London on 5 Aug. (DP I, fo. 161). The day-book reference suggests that this took place at the end of September. He and Leicester appear to have been on quite friendly terms, see the conversation on the Queen's marriage reported by La Quadra to the Bishop of Arras on 12 Nov. (Lettenhove, , ii, 87Google Scholar), and further references to dining on p. 164 below.

¹⁵¹ This visit presumably took place at the end of September; it is difficult to reconcile with La Quadra's contemporary reports of intrigues against Leicester by Arundel and others (see n. 140 above and CSPSp, 1558–67, 107Google Scholar (29 Oct.)).

¹⁵² See also p. 96 below and the later references on pp. 190, 322, 327 to the annuity for Mother Ossinus, presumably the same woman. She would appear to have been the keeper of a lodging house at Greenwich.

¹⁵³ Sir William Damsell or Dansell (1521–1582), Receiver-General of the Court of Wards from 1550.

¹⁵⁴ Hans Frank, goldsmith, see pp. 90, 117 below. He should be distinguished from Leicester's servant Hans or Hance.

¹⁵⁵ William Holborne, haberdasher, see pp. 122, 139, 142, 146, 158 below.

¹⁵⁶ Ambrose Smith, mercer, see also pp. 123, 177 below. Several references to him can be found in Ramsay, G.D. (ed.), John Isham Mercer and Merchant Adventurer (Northamptonshire Ree. Soc., xxi, 1962).Google Scholar

¹⁵⁷ Thomas Allen, skinner, see p. 123 below and his bill for 1559–60, DP Box V, fo. 8.

¹⁵⁸ Probably the wife of German Gyall, London agent for the Bonvisi; she was the daughter of Sir John Gresham the elder (Ramsay, , City of London, p. 157).Google Scholar

¹⁵⁹ There are numerous references below and in the Ellis account to Guy, described alternately as a capper and a haberdasher. One of his bills is pasted into the Ellis account, see pp. 173–4 below, and Document C of Part II (see p. 422 below) is extracted from another.

¹⁶⁰ These entries refer to the ‘lesser George’, which could be worn on either a chain or a ribbon (Ashmole, E., The Institution … of the … Order of the Garter (1672, rep. 1971), pp. 226–7).Google Scholar

¹⁶¹ Sic or Picto, see p. 102 below. She is the ‘Picto who doth dearlie love her’ mentioned in Thomas Blount's report to Leicester on the death of his wife, 11 Sept. 1560 (Pepys MS 2503, pp. 705–6). Her name was mistranscribed in the first printing of this correspondence as ‘Pinto’ (Richard, , Braybrooke, Lord, The Diary of Samuel Pepys F.S.A. (1848), i, 385Google Scholar), which has been repeated in most modern accounts.

¹⁶² William Denham, goldsmith and common councillor (1576–7), see also p. 121 below and his bills for 1560 and 1561–6, DP Box V, fos. 26, 92–5.

¹⁶³ Derek Anthony, goldsmith and engraver at the Tower mint (Challis, C.E., The Tudor Coinage (Manchester, 1978), pp. 34–6Google Scholar). DP Box V, fo. 96, is a bill of his dated 20 May 1561.

¹⁶⁴ Sir Richard Verney (d. 1567/9) of Compton Verney (Wars.), deputy for Leicester as lieutenant of Warwickshire, see ‘West Midlands’, 44. For his association with Amy Dudley see Appendix I.

¹⁶⁵ Sir Edward Warner (1511–65), MP, Lieutenant of the Tower 1552–3, involved in Wyatt's Rebellion, and restored to office in November 1558. The occasion was probably the remove to the Tower on 12 January, see n. 41 above.

¹⁶⁶ Elizabeth (Fitzgerald), the ‘fair Geraldine’ (1528?–1590), Gentlewoman of the Privy Chamber, see ‘Feria Dispatch’, 329–30Google Scholar, n. 8.

¹⁶⁷ Porcupines, presumably those in the Tower menagerie.

¹⁶⁸ Probably during the Morris games held in St James's Park on 21 March, see p. 58, n. 73 above.

¹⁶⁹ See Appendix I.

¹⁷⁰ Sir Maurice Denys (1516–1563), treasurer of Calais 1550–3 and treasurer at Le Havre 1562–3, MP.

¹⁷¹ The wife of John Hales of Kew, see p. 131 below. He was presumably the John Hales who was granted the ferry between Kew and Brentford by Henry VIII in 1536 (V.C.H., Surrey, iii, 485).Google Scholar

¹⁷² Robert Gosling, draper, see p. 121 below and his bill for 1559–60, DP Box V, fo. 2.

¹⁷³ Francis Pope, merchant taylor and common councillor (1559–61), see also p. 121 below. Possibly the purchaser of Kew, see Introduction, p. 25.

¹⁷⁴ For Bagnall see n. 66 above. Thanks to his old friend Edward Underbill, uncle of Leicester's servant Thomas Underbill*, Bagnali enjoys immortality as a dicer, see Nichols, J. G. (ed.), Narratives of the Days of the Reformation (Camden Soc., lxxvii, 1859), 158.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁵ Probably John Fowler (1520?–75?), Groom of the Privy Chamber, MP.

¹⁷⁶ Thomas Radcliffe, 3rd Earl (c.1525–83), Lord Deputy of Ireland from 1556 until he returned to England after the accession. He went back to Dublin in July 1559 and but then returned again in January 1560. The date of the visit to Eltham is unclear, but given the references to Eltham on pp. 61, 63, it was possibly in late April or early May.

¹⁷⁷ For Mr Perne, see also p. 124 below. Robert Jones refers to him in his letter to Sir Nicholas Throckmorton of 30 Nov. 1560 (see n. 285 below), ‘Mr Perne is nothing so brag as he hath been of late’. The contexts of the references would suggest he was a gentleman servant, but he does not appear in the lists of the household. He is most likely to have been Christopher Perne (b.c. 1530), MP.

¹⁷⁸ Edward Seymour (1539–1621), the recently restored earl.

¹⁷⁹ Sir Edward Rogers (c.1498/1500–1568), MP, Comptroller of the Household, Jan. 1559–68.

¹⁸⁰ During the progress, probably just before Sussex departed for Ireland; his instructions are dated 16 July.

¹⁸¹ Probably Thomas Warcop (d. 1589), Gentleman Pensioner and (from 1568) governor of Carlisle, MP. He was associated with John and Thomas Dudley, and with Simon Musgrave (see n. 302 below), with whom he petitioned Leicester for the farm of the customs of Hull and Beverley (DP III, fo. 86, n.d.). There are further references to him below, and he may have had a chamber at Wanstead House in 1588.

¹⁸² John, Duke of Finland (1537–92), the future John III. His embassy had been announced in July 1559, but he did not arrive in England until early in October, having been expected for some time (see Paget Papers V, fo. 3, Leicester to Sir Henry Paget, 13 Sept. 1559). Leicester and the Earl of Oxford met him at Colchester and escorted him to London, where he arrived on 5 October (Machyn, 214, AMAE, CPA XIII, fo. 325v, Noailles to Francis II, 6 Oct.). Leicester also entertained him at Court on the 19th (Machyn, 215). He stayed in England until April 1560, and numerous further references to him will be found below. It might be noted that this entry would appear to fall outside the initial period of the account; the absence of expenses arising from the journey to Colchester is curious.

¹⁸³ Thomas Singleton, a former servant of the duchess of Northumberland, who was left an annuity of 4 marks in her will. He is included in the list of Hales Owen annuitants, BRL, HH MS 351621. See also p. 128 below.

¹⁸⁴ John Green, coffermaker, see p. 122 below and his bills for 1559 and 1562–6, DP Bx V, fos. 11, 24.

¹⁸⁵ See n. 161 above and Appendix I. For Hogans, see also p. 133 below and Appendix I.

¹⁸⁶ Henry, Lord Scroop of Bolton (1534–92), Warden of the West March from 1563. He gave Leicester his proxy in the Parliaments of 1571, 1572, 1581 and 1584. T.D. is Thomas Dudley.

¹⁸⁷ For the tournament held at Whitehall on 5 November, in which Leicester was a challenger with Hunsdon and judged the winner. See Young, , p. 201Google Scholar, Machyn, , 216–7Google Scholar, AMAE, CPA XIII, fo. 337, and CA, Tournament Portfolio, it. 5. The now well-known drawing of a tournament in which Leicester is identified by his arms has been assigned either to this or to the tournaments in April 1560 (see Young, , pp. 126–7Google Scholar). However, if the tentative identification of the Earl of Sussex as one of the other jousters is correct, it was the later occasion, for Sussex was in Ireland in November 1559. For the April 1560 tournaments, see n. 268 below.

¹⁸⁸ (c.1532–85), MP, 8th Earl of Northumberland from 1572.

¹⁸⁹ Probably the hostages.

¹⁹⁰ See Appendix I.

¹⁹¹ See n. 182 above, presumably 5 October.

¹⁹² For the will of Sir Andrew Dudley (d. 22 November), see n. 124 above. Leicester's bond to the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury for administration of the will (25 Nov. 1559) is DP Box IV, art. 68; although only nominated an overseer, he appears to have acted as executor. Hugh Briscoe or Bristoe* had been a servant of Dudley's.

¹⁹³ The bill is anonymous. It may be from the poulterer Robert Shaw, see p. 122 below, but the payments do not tally.

¹⁹⁴ See pp. 141–2 below.

¹⁹⁵ Presumably an error for Sir Edward Waldegrave, Master of the Wardrobe from 1553. Waldegrave appears to have remained in office until Lady Day 1559, for the letters patent appointing his successor, John Fortescue, are dated 22 July 1559 (CPR, 1558–60, 90Google Scholar), though with effect from Lady Day. Why this memorandum is repeated is not clear.

¹⁹⁶ John Warley, mercer of Cheapside. This entry was added to the Ellis account, see p. 134 below. The debt may have originated with the Duchess of Northumberland (who acknowledged one of £79 2s 8d in her will, though only £20 on the schedule of debts). On 17 July 1557 Leicester entered into a recognizance by statute staple for a debt of £450 7s 6d to Margaret Warley, widow, et al. This appears to have been paid off in instalments and the bond finally cancelled on 5 March 1559, which is presumably what Chancy is referring to. See DP Box III, art. 67, PRO, LC4/188/370, and a reference to the release in GVE, fo. 52. It would appear that Warley himself died between 1555 and 1557 and that the later transactions were conducted with his widow and executors.