Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-g98kq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-04-13T06:15:18.002Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Comparative molecular features and expression of myostatin genes in Trachinotus mookalee and Trachinotus blochii: implications for differential muscle growth

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2025

C. Lavina Vincent ,
Achamveetil Gopalakrishnan ,
Sandhya Sukumaran ,
Wilson Sebastian ,
Reynold Peter ,
Santhosh Bhaskaran ,
Muktha Menon ,
Shubhadeep Ghosh ,
M. P. Paulton  and
George Joseph
...Show all authors
C. Lavina Vincent
Affiliation:
ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, KL, India Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Mangalore, KA, India
Achamveetil Gopalakrishnan
Affiliation:
ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, KL, India
Sandhya Sukumaran
Affiliation:
ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, KL, India
Wilson Sebastian
Affiliation:
ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, KL, India
Reynold Peter
Affiliation:
ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, KL, India
Santhosh Bhaskaran
Affiliation:
ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, KL, India
Muktha Menon
Affiliation:
ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, KL, India
Shubhadeep Ghosh
Affiliation:
ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, KL, India
M. P. Paulton
Affiliation:
ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, KL, India
George Joseph
Affiliation:
ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, KL, India
Sumithra Thangalazhy Gopakumar
Affiliation:
ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, KL, India
Grinson George*
Affiliation:
ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, KL, India
*
Corresponding author: Grinson George; Email: grinsongeorge@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Myostatin (MSTN), a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth in vertebrates. In teleosts, gene duplication has produced mstn1 and mstn2 paralogues, which often differ in structure and expression. This study compares mstn1 and mstn2 in two high-value mariculture-relevant carangids of the Indo-Pacific region, Trachinotus mookalee and Trachinotus blochii. We report, for the first time, the complete gene structures of mstn1 and mstn2 in T. mookalee (3777 bp from Tm-mstn1 and 2075 bp from Tm-mstn2) and describe their counterparts in T. blochii (3836 bp from Tb-mstn1 and 2147 bp from Tb-mstn2). Notably, mstn1 and mstn2 shared only ∼53% sequence identity within the same species. Interestingly, we noted a CA-repeat tandem sequence in intron 2 (35 bp in Tm-mstn1 and 47 bp in Tb-mstn1), providing a potential microsatellite marker. Promoter analysis suggested more complex transcriptional regulation in T. blochii, with a greater number of transcription factor binding sites (47 vs. 43) and E-box motifs (4 vs. 2). Predicted miRNA binding site revealed both shared (14) and species-specific sites (two sites in Tm-mstn1, and one in Tb-mstn1), indicating differential post-transcriptional regulation. These molecular differences were verified through differential mstn1 expression, with higher mstn1 expression in T. blochii muscle, which might be the reason for the enhanced muscle growth in T. mookalee. The mstn2 expression patterns supported its role in neuroendocrine and reproductive regulation. Overall, this study provides new molecular insights into species-specific growth differences and highlights the functional divergence of mstn genes in marine carangids.

Keywords

Indian pompanomiRNAqRT-PCRsilver pompanotranscription factor

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 105 , 2025 , e135
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abdul Nazar, AK, Jayakumar, R, Tamilmani, G, Sakthivel, M, Kalidas, C, Ramesh Kumar, P, Anbarasu, M, Sirajudeen, S, Balamurugan, V, Jayasingh, M and Gopakumar, G (2012) Larviculture and seed production of the silver pompano, Trachinotus blochii (Lacepede, 1801) for the first time in India. Indian Journal of Fisheries 59, 83–87.Google Scholar
Acosta, J, Carpio, Y, Borroto, I, Gonzalez, O and Estrada, MP (2005) Myostatin gene silenced by RNAi show a zebrafish giant phenotype. Journal of Biotechnology 119, 324–331.10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.04.023CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ben-Batalla, I, Seoane, S, Macia, M, Garcia-Caballero, T, Gonzalez, LO, Vizoso, F and Perez-Fernandez, R (2010) The pit-1/pou1f1 transcription factor regulates and correlates with prolactin expression in human breast cell lines and tumors. Endocrine-Related Cancer 17(1), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1677/ERC-09-0100CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capilla, E, Gabillard, J-C, Garcia De La Serrana, D, Lou Louqiyong, Q, Yin, Z, Gao, Y, Dai, Z, Shi, C, Zhai, G, Jin, X, He, J and Lou, Q (2016) Article 88 1 Z (2016) depletion of myostatin b promotes somatic growth and lipid metabolism in zebrafish. Frontiers in Endocrinology 7, 88. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2016.00088Google Scholar
Carnac, G, Ricaud, S, Vernus, B and Bonnieu, A (2006) Myostatin: Biology and clinical relevance. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 6(7), 765–770. https://doi.org/10.2174/138955706777698642.CCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chavez, HM, Fang, AL and Carandang, AA (2011) Effect of stocking density on growth performance, survival and production of silver pompano, Trachinotus blochii, (Lacépède, 1801) in marine floating cages. Asian Fish Sci 24(3), 321–330. https://doi.org/10.33997/j.afs.2011.24.3.005Google Scholar
Chisada, SI, Okamoto, H, Taniguchi, Y, Kimori, Y, Toyoda, A, Sakaki, Y, Takeda, S and Yoshiura, Y (2011) Myostatin-deficient medaka exhibit a double-muscling phenotype with hyperplasia and hypertrophy, which occur sequentially during post-hatch development. Developmental Biology 359, 82–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.YDBIO.2011.08.027CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Santis, C, Evans, BS, Smith-Keune, C and Jerry, DR (2008) Molecular characterization, tissue expression and sequence variability of the barramundi (Lates calcarifer) myostatin gene. BMC Genomics 9, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-82/TABLES/2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Santis, C, Gomes, GB and Jerry, DR (2012) Abundance of myostatin gene transcripts and their correlation with muscle hypertrophy during the development of barramundi, Lates calcarifer. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 163, 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.05.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
du Sert, P N et al. (2020) The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research*. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 40(9), 1769–1777. 10.1177/0271678X20943823Google Scholar
Gaidatzis, D, van Nimwegen, E, Hausser, J and Zavolan, M (2007) Inference of miRNA targets using evolutionary conservation and pathway analysis. BMC Bioinformatics 8, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-8-69/FIGURES/8Google ScholarPubMed
Garikipati, DK, Gahr, SA, Roalson, EH and Rodgers, BD (2007) Characterization of rainbow trout myostatin-2 genes (rtMSTN-2a and −2b): Genomic organization, differential expression, and pseudogenization. Endocrinology 148, 2106–2115. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-1299CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garikipati, DK, Gahr, SA and Rodgers, BD (2006) Identification, characterization, and quantitative expression analysis of rainbow trout myostatin-1a and myostatin-1b genes. Journal of Endocrinology 190, 879–888. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06866CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gearing, LJ, Cumming, HE, Chapman, R, Finkel, AM, Woodhouse, IB, Luu, K, Gould, JA, Forster, SC and Hertzog, PJ (2019) CiiiDER: A tool for predicting and analysing transcription factor binding sites. PLoS ONE 14, e0215495. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0215495CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gopakumar, G, Abdul Nazar, AK, Jayakumar, R, Tamilmani, G, Kalidas, C, Sakthivel, M, Rameshkumar, P, Rao, GH, Premjothi, R, Balamurugan, V, Ramkumar, B, Jayasingh, M and Rao, GS (2012) Broodstock development through regulation of photoperiod and controlled breeding of silver pompano, Trachinotus blochii (Lacepede, 1801) in India. Indian Journal of Fisheries 59, 53–57.Google Scholar
Grade, CVC, Mantovani, CS and Alvares, LE (2019) Myostatin gene promoter: Structure, conservation and importance as a target for muscle modulation. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 10, 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-019-0338-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grade, CVC, Mantovani, CS, Fontoura, MA, Yusuf, F, Brand-Saberi, B and Alvares, LE (2017) Creb, NF-Y and MEIS1 conserved binding sites are essential to balance myostatin promoter/enhancer activity during early myogenesis. Molecular Biology Reports 44, 419–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-017-4126-zCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guo, L, Wang, S, Wei, J, Peng, R, Shen, Z, Zhou, L … Wu, C (2026) Genomic evidence resolves species identity and hybridization in farmed golden pompano (Trachinotus anak). Aquaculture 743298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2025.743298CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haldin, CE and LaBonne, C (2010) Soxe factors as multifunctional neural crest regulatory factors. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 42, 441–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOCEL.2009.11.014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helterline, DLI, Garikipati, D, Stenkamp, DL and Rodgers, BD (2007) Embryonic and tissue-specific regulation of myostatin-1 and −2 gene expression in zebrafish. General and Comparative Endocrinology 151, 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.12.023CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jia, H, Zhao, Y, Li, T, Zhang, Y and Zhu, D (2017) MiR-30e is negatively regulated by myostatin in skeletal muscle and is functionally related to fiber-type composition. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 49, 392–399. https://doi.org/10.1093/ABBS/GMX019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalidas, C, Ramesh Kumar, P, Linga Prabu, D, Tamilmani, G, Anbarasu, M, Rajendran, P and Thiagu, R (2022) Optimizing stocking density for grow-out culture of silver pompano Trachinotus blochii (Lacépède, 1801) in marine floating cages. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 34, 223–233.10.1080/10454438.2020.1829245CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khalil, K, Elayat, M, Khalifa, E, Daghash, S, Elaswad, A, Miller, M and Dunham, R (2017) Generation of myostatin gene-edited channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) via zygote injection of CRISPR/Cas9 system. Scientific Reports 7, 7301.10.1038/s41598-017-07223-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kishimoto, K, Washio, Y, Yoshiura, Y, Toyoda, A, Ueno, T, Fukuyama, H and Kinoshita, M (2018) Production of a breed of red sea bream Pagrus major with an increase of skeletal muscle mass and reduced body length by genome editing with CRISPR/Cas9. Aquaculture 495, 415–427.10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.05.055CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ko, CF, Chiou, TT, Chen, TT, Wu, JL, Chen, JC and Lu, JK (2007) Molecular cloning of myostatin gene and characterization of tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific expression of the gene in orange spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Marine Biotechnology 9, 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-006-6059-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kocabas, AM, Kucuktas, H, Dunham, RA and Liu, Z (2002) Molecular characterization and differential expression of the myostatin gene in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression 1575, 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4781(02)00289-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lattanzi, GR, Dias, MAD, Hashimoto, DT, Costa, AC, Neto, SD, Pazo, FD, Diaz, J, Villanova, GV and Reis Neto, RV (2024) Characterization of the myostatin gene in the neotropical species molecular. Biology Reports 51, 1048. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-024-09960-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, L, Yu, X and Tong, J (2012) Molecular characterization of myostatin (MSTN) gene and association analysis with growth traits in the bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). Molecular Biology Reports 39, 9211–9221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-012-1794-6Google Scholar
Liu, Z, Xue, L, Sun, S, Xu, Z and Yu, H (2014) Myostatin-2 isolation and spatiotemporal expression comparison between myostatin-1 and −2 in Larimichthys crocea. Genes & Genomics 36, 599–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13258-014-0196-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, W, Thomas, SG, Asa, SL, Gonzalez-Cadavid, N, Bhasin, S and Ezzat, S (2003) Myostatin is a skeletal muscle target of growth hormone anabolic action. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 88(11), 5490–5496. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lou, Z, Zhao, Y, Zhang, Y, Zheng, B, Feng, H, Hosain, MA and Xue, L (2021) MiR-2014-5p and miR-1231-5p regulate muscle growth of Larimichthys crocea by targeting MSTN gene. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 252, 110535. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CBPB.2020.110535CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maccatrozzo, L, Bargelloni, L, Cardazzo, B, Rizzo, G and Patarnello, T (2001a) A novel second myostatin gene is present in teleost fish. FEBS Letters 509, 36–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(01)03124-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maccatrozzo, L, Bargelloni, L, Patarnello, P, Radaelli, G, Mascarello, F and Patarnello, T (2002) Characterization of the myostatin gene and a linked microsatellite marker in shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa, Sciaenidae). Aquaculture 205, 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00659-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maccatrozzo, L, Bargelloni, L, Radaelli, G, Mascarello, F and Patarnello, T (2001b) Characterization of the myostatin gene in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata): Sequence, genomic structure, and expression pattern. Marine Biotechnology 3, 224–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s101260000064CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McPherron, AC, Lawler, AM and Lee, SJ (1997) Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-β superfamily member. Nature 387, 83–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/387083a0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miretti, S, Martignani, E, Accornero, P and Baratta, M (2013) Functional effect of mir-27b on myostatin expression: A relationship in Piedmontese cattle with double-muscled phenotype. BMC Genomics 14, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-194/TABLES/2Google ScholarPubMed
Østbye, TK, Galloway, TF, Nielsen, C, Gabestad, I, Bardal, T and Andersen, O (2001) The two myostatin genes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are expressed in a variety of tissues. European Journal of Biochemistry 268, 5249–5257. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02456.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfaffl, MW (2001) A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT–PCR. Nucleic Acids Research 29, e45–e45. https://doi.org/10.1093/NAR/29.9.E45CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfaffl, MW, Horgan, GW and Dempfle, L (2002) Relative expression software tool (REST©) for group-wise comparison and statistical analysis of relative expression results in real-time PCR. Nucleic Acids Research 30, e36–e36. https://doi.org/10.1093/NAR/30.9.E36CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranjan, R, Megarajan, S, Xavier, B, Ghosh, S, Santhosh, B and Gopalakrishnan, A (2018) Broodstock development, induced breeding and larval rearing of Indian pompano, Trachinotus mookalee, (Cuvier, 1832)- a new candidate species for aquaculture. Aquaculture 495, 550–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.06.039CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rehmsmeier, M, Steffen, P, Höchsmann, M and Giegerich, R (2004) Fast and effective prediction of microRNA/target duplexes. RNA 10, 1507–1517. https://doi.org/10.1261/rna.5248604CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rescan, PY, Jutel, I and Rallière, C (2001) Two myostatin genes are differentially expressed in myotomal muscles of the trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Experimental Biology 204, 3523–3529. https://doi.org/10.1242/JEB.204.20.3523CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riolo, G, Cantara, S, Marzocchi, C and Ricci, C (2021) miRNA targets: From prediction tools to experimental validation. Methods Protocols. https://doi.org/10.3390/mps4010001Google Scholar
Rodgers, BD and Weber, GM (2001) Sequence conservation among fish myostatin orthologues and the characterization of two additional cDNA clones from Morone saxatilis and Morone americana. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-4959(01)00350-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodgers, BD, Weber, GM, Sullivan, CV and Levine, MA (2001) Isolation and characterization of myostatin complementary deoxyribonucleic acid clones from two commercially important fish: Oreochromis mossambicus and Morone chrysops. Endocrinology 142, 1412–1418. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.142.4.8097CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schuelke, M, Wagner, KR, Stolz, LE, Hübner, C, Riebel, T, Kömen, W, Braun, T, Tobin, JF and Lee, S-J (2004) Myostatin mutation associated with gross muscle hypertrophy in a child. New England Journal of Medicine 350, 2682–2688. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa040933CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sekar, M, Ranjan, R, Xavier, B, Ghosh, S, Pankyamma, V, Ignatius, B, Joseph, I and Achamveetil, G (2021) Species validation, growth, reproduction and nutritional perspective of Indian pompano, Trachinotus mookalee-a candidate species for diversification in coastal mariculture. Aquaculture 545, 737212. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AQUACULTURE.2021.737212CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shahi, N, Mallik, SK and Sarma, D (2022) Muscle growth in targeted knockout common carp (Cyprinus carpio) mstn gene with low off-target effects. Aquaculture 547, 737423. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AQUACULTURE.2021.737423CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheng, Y, Sun, Y, Zhang, X, Wan, H, Yao, C, Liang, K, Li, L, Liu, B, Zhong, J, Zhang, Z and Wang, Y (2020) Characterization of two myostatin genes in pufferfish Takifugu bimaculatus: Sequence, genomic structure, and expression. PeerJ 8, e9655. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9655CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, F, Ye, H, Shi, L, Ouyang, D, Sun, J and Luo, J (2022) Characterization and functional analysis of myostatin and myogenin genes involved in temperature variation and starvation stress in golden pompano, Trachinotus blochii. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 267, 111183. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CBPA.2022.111183CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taketa, Y, Nagai, Y, Ogasawara, H, Hayashi, S, Miyake, M, Tanaka, S, Watanabe, K, Ohwada, S, Aso, H and Yamaguchi, T (2008) Differential expression of myostatin and its receptor in the porcine anterior pituitary gland. Animal Science Journal 79, 382–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2008.00541.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tao, B, Tan, J, Chen, L, Xu, Y, Liao, X, Li, Y … Hu, W (2021) CRISPR/Cas9 system-based myostatin-targeted disruption promotes somatic growth and adipogenesis in loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Aquaculture 544, 737097.10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737097CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terova, G, Bernardini, G, Binelli, G, Gornati, R and Saroglia, M (2006) cDNA encoding sequences for myostatin and FGF6 in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) and the effect of fasting and refeeding on their abundance levels. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 30, 304–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DOMANIEND.2005.08.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Terova, G, Rimoldi, S, Bernardini, G and Saroglia, M (2013) Inhibition of myostatin gene expression in skeletal muscle of fish by in vivo electrically mediated dsRNA and shRNAi delivery. Molecular Biotechnology 54, 673–684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-012-9609-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, J, Cheng, Y, Su, B and Dunham, RA (2024) Genome manipulation advances in selected aquaculture organisms. Reviews in Aquaculture. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12988Google Scholar
Wilczynska, A and Bushell, M (2015) The complexity of miRNA-mediated repression. Cell Death and Differentiation 22, 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2014.112CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, C, Wu, G, Zohar, Y and Du, SJ (2003) Analysis of myostatin gene structure, expression and function in zebrafish. Journal of Experimental Biology 206, 4067–4079. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00635CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xue, L, Qian, K, Qian, H, Li, L, Yang, Q and Li, M (2006) Molecular cloning and characterization of the myostatin gene in croceine croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea. Molecular Biology Reports 33, 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-006-0015-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yan, Y, Lu, X, Kong, J, Meng, X, Luan, S, Dai, P, Chen, B, Cao, B and Luo, K (2020) Molecular characterization of myostatin and its inhibitory function on myogenesis and muscle growth in Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Gene 758, 144986. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GENE.2020.144986CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ye, HQ, Chen, SL, Sha, ZX and Liu, Y (2007) Molecular cloning and expression analysis of the myostatin gene in sea perch (Lateolabrax japonicus). Marine Biotechnology 9, 262–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10126-006-6093-6/FIGURES/6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, X, Wang, F, Dong, Z, Dong, X, Chi, J, Chen, H, Zhao, Q and Li, K (2020) A new strain of yellow catfish carrying genome edited myostatin alleles exhibits double muscling phenotype with hyperplasia. Aquaculture 523, 735187. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AQUACULTURE.2020.735187CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zheng, GD, Sun, CF, Pu, JW, Chen, J, Jiang, XY and Zou, SM (2015) Two myostatin genes exhibit divergent and conserved functions in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). General and Comparative Endocrinology 214, 68–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.03.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhong, Q, Zhang, Q, Chen, Y, Sun, Y, Qi, J, Wang, Z, Li, S, Li, C and Lan, X (2008) The isolation and characterization of myostatin gene in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus): Ubiquitous tissue expression and developmental specific regulation. Aquaculture 280, 247–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AQUACULTURE.2008.04.015Google Scholar