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Accepted manuscript

Dietary Patterns in Xinjiang, Western China, and Associations with Metabolic Syndrome: A Population-Based Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 April 2026

Qian Zhao Open the ORCID record for Qian Zhao [Opens in a new window] ,
Juan Wang ,
Xier Zulipiye ,
Na Yang ,
Jun Liu ,
Aboduhapaer Tuersunjiang ,
Hui Peng  and
Yining Yang
Qian Zhao
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China. Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Homeostasis and Regeneration Research, Urumqi, China. State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China. Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
Juan Wang
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China. Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Homeostasis and Regeneration Research, Urumqi, China.
Xier Zulipiye
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China. Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Homeostasis and Regeneration Research, Urumqi, China.
Na Yang
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China. Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Homeostasis and Regeneration Research, Urumqi, China.
Jun Liu
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China. Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Homeostasis and Regeneration Research, Urumqi, China.
Aboduhapaer Tuersunjiang
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China. Luopu county Hanggui town health center, Hotan, 848203, China
Hui Peng
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China. Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Homeostasis and Regeneration Research, Urumqi, China.
Yining Yang*
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China. Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Homeostasis and Regeneration Research, Urumqi, China.
*
Corresponding authors: Prof. Yi-Ning Yang, PhD, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Homeostasis and Regeneration Research. Email: yangyn5126@163.com.
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Abstract

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Objective:

To examine the association between dietary patterns and MetS in western China, which has not been previously reported.

Design:

A population based cross-sectional study design. Dietary intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Principal component analysis identified dietary patterns, and multivariate logistic regression evaluated their associations with MetS.

Setting:

Population-based Cohort Study of Chronic Diseases in Xinjiang (PCCDX), conducted in 2022.

Participants:

A total of 3 208 individuals from PCCDX (mean age: 53.1 ± 10.8 years; 49.1% male).

Results:

MetS was diagnosed in 1 762 participants (54.9%). Four distinct dietary patterns were identified, with the refined grain-animal products dietary pattern being the dominant one. After adjusting for general demographic and lifestyle factors, a higher score in the refined grain-animal product pattern was associated with an increased risk of MetS. The odds ratios for the second, third, and fourth quartiles of the dietary score were 1.07 (95% CI: 0.860∼1.322), 1.14 (0.923∼1.413), and 1.48 (1.189∼1.853), with a statistically significant trend (P = 0.003). Higher dietary scores in this pattern were also associated with increased risks of elevated waist circumference, high triglycerides, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P < 0.05). Mediation analysis showed that visceral fat percentage partially mediated the association between the refined grain-animal product dietary pattern and low HDL-C, accounting for 17.2% of the total effect (indirect effect = 0.005, P = 0.006). The other three dietary patterns showed no significant associations with MetS or its components.

Conclusions:

This study highlights the high prevalence of MetS in western China and links a refined grains-animal products diet to poorer metabolic health, emphasizing the need for region-specific dietary strategies.

Keywords

Dietary patternMetabolic syndromePrevalenceWestern ChinaUyghur

Information

Type
Research Paper
Information
Public Health Nutrition , Accepted manuscript , pp. 1 - 26
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society