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EAST OF KNOSSOS, WEST OF MALIA. CHANGING SETTLEMENT PATTERNS BETWEEN TWO MAJOR MINOAN POLITIES
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 December 2025
Abstract
The goal of this study is the presentation and evaluation of settlement patterns in the region between the Minoan palatial centres of Knossos and Malia, mainly on the north coast of Heraklion, during the second millennium BCE. The approach is based on new archaeological data from large- and small-scale rescue excavations and supervised digging activities in the context of public or private construction projects. Existing archaeological knowledge of this particular region is also taken into consideration. Following a chronological sequence, a Prepalatial (Middle Minoan [MM] IA) long wall, which is located 250 m south of the hill of Paliochora at Amnissos and belongs to a wider architectural planning of access control from the coast of Amnissos to the hinterland, is presented along with a contemporary rural installation in Stalida. An extensive settlement in the area of the Amirandes Hotel in Kato Gouves is dated mainly to the Protopalatial period and shows close affinities with Malia. Of the same date and cultural orientation is the extensive occupation near Agriana, which continues to exist in the early Neopalatial period. The Minoan settlement at Kastri in Chersonesos is dated to MM IIIB, while an earlier Protopalatial phase was also identified. A number of other sites in the district of Gouves are dated to Late Minoan (LM) III. A unique example of continuous habitation from LM IB to LM IIIB was excavated near the local primary school in Gournes. The decrease of sites in MM IIIB–LM IA and the scarcity of LM IB settlements, in contrast to the density of Protopalatial installations, confirm the centralisation of the habitation model during the late Neopalatial period, probably due to the expansionist policy of Knossos. However, the balance of power of the two palatial centres over the region under discussion shifted through time, with Malia having control of most of the area during the Protopalatial period and Knossos expanding its influence during the Prepalatial, Neopalatial and Final Palatial periods.
Στόχος της παρούσας μελέτης είναι η παρουσίαση και αξιολόγηση του μοντέλου κατοίκησης στην περιοχή ανάμεσα στα μινωικά ανακτορικά κέντρα της Κνωσού και των Μαλίων, κυρίως στα βόρεια παράλια του Νομού Ηρακλείου κατά τη δεύτερη χιλιετία π.Χ. Η προσέγγιση βασίζεται σε νέα αρχαιολογικά δεδομένα από μεγάλης και μικρής κλίμακας σωστικές ανασκαφές και επίβλεψη εκσκαφικών εργασιών στο πλαίσιο δημόσιων και ιδιωτικών κατασκευαστικών έργων. Λαμβάνεται επίσης υπόψη η υφιστάμενη αρχαιολογική γνώση για τη συγκεκριμένη περιοχή. Ακολουθώντας χρονολογική σειρά, παρουσιάζεται ένας Προανακτορικός (Μεσομινωικός [ΜΜ] ΙΑ) επιμήκης τοίχος που βρίσκεται 250 μ. νότια του λόφου “Παλιόχωρα” στην Αμνισό και ανήκει σε ένα ευρύτερο αρχιτεκτονικό σχεδιασμό ελέγχου της κυκλοφορίας από την ακτή στην ενδοχώρα, καθώς επίσης μία σύγχρονη υπαίθρια εγκατάσταση στη Σταλίδα. Μία εκτεταμένη εγκατάσταση στο χώρο του ξενοδοχείου “AMIRANDES” στις Κάτω Γούβες χρονολογείται κυρίως στην Παλαιοανακτορική περίοδο και παρουσιάζει στενές συγγένειες με τα Μάλια. Της ίδιας χρονολόγησης και του ίδιου πολιτισμικού προσανατολισμού είναι και η εκτεταμένη εγκατάσταση κοντά στα Αγριανά που εξακολουθεί να υπάρχει και στην πρώιμη Νεοανακτορική περίοδο. Η μινωική εγκατάσταση στο Καστρί Χερσονήσου χρονολογείται στη ΜΜ ΙΙΙΒ, ενώ διακρίθηκε και μία πρωιμότερη Παλαιοανακτορική φάση. Ένας αριθμός άλλων θέσεων στην περιοχή των Γουβών χρονολογούνται στην Υστερομινωική (ΥΜ) ΙΙΙ. Ένα μοναδικό παράδειγμα συνεχούς κατοίκησης από την ΥΜ ΙΒ έως την ΥΜ ΙΙΙΒ ανασκάφτηκε κοντά στο δημοτικό σχολείο των Γουρνών. Η μείωση των ΜΜ ΙΙΙΒ–ΥΜ ΙΑ θέσεων και η σπανιότητα των ΥΜ ΙΒ εγκαταστάσεων, σε αντίθεση με την πυκνότητα των Παλαιοανακτορικών θέσεων, επιβεβαιώνουν το συγκεντρωτισμό του μοντέλου κατοίκησης κατά την ύστερη Νεοανακτορική περίοδο, ο οποίος πιθανότατα οφείλεται στην επεκτατική πολιτική της Κνωσού. Η ισορροπία δυνάμεων, ωστόσο, των δύο ανακτορικών κέντρων στην υπό συζήτηση περιοχή διαφοροποιήθηκε στην πορεία του χρόνου, με τα Μάλια να έχουν τον έλεγχο στο μεγαλύτερο τμήμα της περιοχής κατά την Παλαιονακτορική περίοδο και την Κνωσό να επεκτείνει την επιρροή της κατά την Προανακτορική, Νεοανακτορική και Τελική Ανακτορική περίοδο.
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