The 18p deletion (18p-) syndrome is a common chromosomal anomaly in which all or part of the short arm of chromosome 18 is deleted.Reference Wester, Bondeson, Edeby and Annerén ¹ It was first reported in 1963 by de Grouchy et al and is clinically characterized by developmental delay, facial dysmorphism, short stature, and mental retardation.Reference Wester, Bondeson, Edeby and Annerén ^{1 ,} Reference Hasi-Zogaj, Sebold and Heard ² Movement disorders including dystonia, myoclonus, ataxia, and tics in cases with 18p- syndrome have been reported.Reference Wester, Bondeson, Edeby and Annerén ^{1 –} Reference Nasir, Frima, Pickard, Malloy, Zhan and Grünewald ¹⁰ Vertical supranuclear gaze palsy (VSGP) has not been previously reported. We describe a new 18p- syndrome case presenting with craniofacial and lower extremity dystonia, mild ataxia, and VSGP and review the movement disorders reported in cases of 18p- syndrome.

A 45-year-old woman with a history of cognitive, motor, and speech developmental delay; bilateral hip dysplasia; and no pertinent family history presented with ptosis and progressive deterioration in gait and balance resulting in occasional falls for the past 7 years, and worsening speech for 2 years. On examination, she had short stature, microcephaly, facial grimace (similar to risus sardonicus), facial dysmorphism (including large, low-set and posteriorly rotated ears, hypertelorism, epicanthal folds, low posterior hairline), and ptosis. She had dysarthria and her extraocular movements revealed smooth pursuit with slow saccades horizontally and restricted vertical gaze (more pronounced on upgaze), which responded to oculocephalic maneuver suggestive of VSGP. She had hyperreflexia, craniofacial and lower limb dystonia, and mild appendicular ataxia, but no gait ataxia or parkinsonism. She walked with a dystonic gait. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed multifocal nonspecific subcortical T2 white matter hyperintensities without any cortical, cerebellar, or brainstem atrophy (Figure 1). Her 24-hour urinary copper was normal. DNA microarray showed a 14,520-kB loss of 18p11.32. She was started on levodopa-carbidopa (100/25 mg) 1 tablet by mouth three times daily. On her follow-up 6 months later, there was moderate improvement in dystonia in her lower extremities and gait.

Figure 1

Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain shows nonspecific white matter hyperintensities on a T2-weighted image.

18p- syndrome has an incidence of about 1:50,000 live births, with more than 150 cases reported to date.Reference Wester, Bondeson, Edeby and Annerén ^{1 ,} Reference Hasi-Zogaj, Sebold and Heard ² Females are more commonly affected, with female:male ratio being 3:2.Reference Wester, Bondeson, Edeby and Annerén ¹ Although most cases (approximately 66%-89%) have de novo deletion of 18p, the remainder result from complex translocation, inversion, or direct transmission.Reference Wester, Bondeson, Edeby and Annerén ^{1 ,} Reference Hasi-Zogaj, Sebold and Heard ² Although uncommon, familial transmission have been described, mostly involving the maternal chromosome.Reference Hasi-Zogaj, Sebold and Heard ² Despite approximately 50% of cases having centromeric breakage, 18p- syndrome has a wide clinical heterogeneity with developmental delay, holoprosencephaly, facial dysmorphism, short stature, impaired cognition, and speech and language problems being the major presenting features.Reference Wester, Bondeson, Edeby and Annerén ^{1 ,} Reference Hasi-Zogaj, Sebold and Heard ² Cognitive impairment, usually mild to moderate, and behavioural abnormalities such as autism and schizophrenia, is more common in centromeric (18p11.1) deletions.Reference Wester, Bondeson, Edeby and Annerén ^{1 ,} Reference Hasi-Zogaj, Sebold and Heard ² The dysmorphism may not be obvious early in life, thereby causing a delay in recognition.Reference Wester, Bondeson, Edeby and Annerén ¹ Our case was diagnosed at 45 with a de novo deletion involving a 14,520-kB loss of 18p11.32. She had facial dysmorphism, dysarthria, and cognitive impairment.

Twelve of the 67 genes located on 18p appear to be either haploinsufficient (dosage sensitive) or are conditionally haploinsufficient (require an additional genetic or environmental factor along with the hemizygosity) for phenotypic manifestation.Reference Hasi-Zogaj, Sebold and Heard ² One of the dosage-sensitive genes, GNAL (GTP binding protein, alpha subunit), has been linked to adult onset, predominantly craniocervical dystonia (DYT25).Reference Esposito, Addor, Humm, Vingerhoets and Wider ⁹ Two other dystonia loci, DYT7 and DYT15, are located on 18p, but a recent study doubted the presence of a DYT7 locus.Reference Postma, Verschuuren-Bemelmans, Kok and van Laar ^{7 ,} Reference Esposito, Addor, Humm, Vingerhoets and Wider ⁹ One study reported dystonia in only 3% of 58 cases with 18p- syndrome involving GNAL, suggesting a possibility of reduced penetrance.Reference Hasi-Zogaj, Sebold and Heard ^{2 ,} Reference Postma, Verschuuren-Bemelmans, Kok and van Laar ⁷ Most reported cases of 18p- syndrome are diagnosed early and need to be followed because dystonia may appear later.Reference Hasi-Zogaj, Sebold and Heard ^{2 ,} Reference Kowarik, Langer, Keri, Hemmer, Oexle and Winkelmann ⁸ Dystonia may even be missed in the presence of severe neurological and skeletal manifestations.Reference Esposito, Addor, Humm, Vingerhoets and Wider ⁹ To date, only 14 cases, including ours, of dystonia associated with 18p- syndrome have been described (Table 1). It may manifest as focal,Reference Kakinuma, Sasabe, Negoro and Nogaki ³ segmental,Reference Klein, Page and LeWitt ^{5 ,} Reference Graziadio, Rosa, Zen, Pinto, de, Barea and Paskulin ^{6 ,} Reference Nasir, Frima, Pickard, Malloy, Zhan and Grünewald ¹⁰ multifocal,Reference Postma, Verschuuren-Bemelmans, Kok and van Laar ⁷ or generalized,Reference Tezzon, Zanoni, Passarin and Ferrari ^{4 ,} Reference Klein, Page and LeWitt ^{5 ,} Reference Kowarik, Langer, Keri, Hemmer, Oexle and Winkelmann ^{8 ,} Reference Esposito, Addor, Humm, Vingerhoets and Wider ⁹ with craniocervical involvement in more than half of them.Reference Klein, Page and LeWitt ^{5 –} Reference Postma, Verschuuren-Bemelmans, Kok and van Laar ^{7 ,} Reference Nasir, Frima, Pickard, Malloy, Zhan and Grünewald ¹⁰ The 18p deletion inclusive of GNAL in our patient may have resulted in craniofacial and lower extremity dystonia. Most described cases with dystonia had onset in childhood to adolescence,Reference Klein, Page and LeWitt ^{5 ,} Reference Graziadio, Rosa, Zen, Pinto, de, Barea and Paskulin ^{6 ,} Reference Esposito, Addor, Humm, Vingerhoets and Wider ^{9 ,} Reference Nasir, Frima, Pickard, Malloy, Zhan and Grünewald ¹⁰ with one case having onset at age 30.Reference Postma, Verschuuren-Bemelmans, Kok and van Laar ⁷ Our case had onset of dystonia at age 38, the oldest reported to date.

Table 1

Reported cases of movement disorders associated with 18p- syndrome, including our case

At=ataxia; Br=bradykinesia; Ch=chorea; Dy=dystonia; F=female; M=male; Mc=myoclonus; MD=movement disorders; T2-WI=T2-wighted image; Ti=tics; Tr=tremors; WM=white matter.

The mild appendicular ataxia, hyperreflexia, and VSGP in our case may have resulted from the 18p deletion including AFG3L2 (ATPase family gene 3-like 2) gene, which is linked to spinocerebellar ataxia type 28 (SCA 28).Reference Hasi-Zogaj, Sebold and Heard ² SCA 28 is characterized by adult-onset progressive ataxia, ocular abnormalities, and hyperreflexia.Reference Hasi-Zogaj, Sebold and Heard ² To the best of our knowledge, only a single case of 18p- syndrome has been described with a mild gait ataxia,Reference Wester, Bondeson, Edeby and Annerén ¹ whereas VSGP has never been reported. Our case underlines the importance of eye movement examination in patients with facial dysmorphism. Characteristic facial dysmorphism along with predominant up-gaze restriction in our case distinguished it clinically from Niemann-Pick C, another genetic cause of VSGP with dystonia. Brain magnetic resonance imaging of our case showed multifocal nonspecific subcortical T2 white-matter hyperintensities, which has been reported in 50% of cases with 18p- syndrome.Reference Hasi-Zogaj, Sebold and Heard ²

Myoclonus has been reported in association with dystonia in 18p- syndrome (Table 1).Reference Postma, Verschuuren-Bemelmans, Kok and van Laar ^{7 –} Reference Esposito, Addor, Humm, Vingerhoets and Wider ⁹ One case of 18p- syndrome involving GNAL gene was diagnosed with myoclonic jerks alone at the age of 13.Reference Hasi-Zogaj, Sebold and Heard ² In addition to the epsilon-sarcoglycan mutation on the chromosome 7q21 (DYT11), a locus on chromosome 18p11.22-31 (DYT15) is implicated in myoclonus dystonia.Reference Kowarik, Langer, Keri, Hemmer, Oexle and Winkelmann ⁸ Other movement disorders including chorea,Reference Klein, Page and LeWitt ⁵ vocal tics,Reference Nasir, Frima, Pickard, Malloy, Zhan and Grünewald ¹⁰ bradykinesia,Reference Tezzon, Zanoni, Passarin and Ferrari ⁴ and tremorReference Postma, Verschuuren-Bemelmans, Kok and van Laar ⁷ have been reported in occasional cases, but always in association with dystonia (Table 1). Various drugs have been used for symptomatic treatment of movement disorders in 18p- syndrome with inconsistent results. Although most cases reported no benefit with levodopa and anticholinergics,Reference Tezzon, Zanoni, Passarin and Ferrari ^{4 ,} Reference Kowarik, Langer, Keri, Hemmer, Oexle and Winkelmann ^{8 ,} Reference Esposito, Addor, Humm, Vingerhoets and Wider ⁹ lower extremity dystonia in a patient improved with trihexyphenidyl.Reference Postma, Verschuuren-Bemelmans, Kok and van Laar ⁷ No response was seen with biperidin,Reference Kowarik, Langer, Keri, Hemmer, Oexle and Winkelmann ^{8 ,} Reference Esposito, Addor, Humm, Vingerhoets and Wider ⁹ clonazepam,Reference Kowarik, Langer, Keri, Hemmer, Oexle and Winkelmann ^{8 ,} Reference Esposito, Addor, Humm, Vingerhoets and Wider ⁹ lorazepam,Reference Kowarik, Langer, Keri, Hemmer, Oexle and Winkelmann ⁸ or tiapride.Reference Kowarik, Langer, Keri, Hemmer, Oexle and Winkelmann ⁸ One study reported improvement in cervical dystonia in a patient with 18p- syndrome by botulinum toxin injections.Reference Postma, Verschuuren-Bemelmans, Kok and van Laar ⁷ The lower extremity dystonia and gait in our case improved with levodopa.

18p- syndrome is a common autosomal deletion syndrome and must be suspected in patients presenting with adult-onset craniofacial dystonia, VSGP, ataxia, and facial dysmorphism. Dystonia is the most common movement disorder reported in 18p- syndrome, and our case is the oldest reported to date, with respect to the age at onset. We report the first case of 18p- syndrome with VSGP, which highlights the significance of eye movement examination in 18p- syndrome. Because the majority of the 18p- syndrome cases are diagnosed early, we suggest a careful observation in the follow-up visits as movement disorders may appear later in life. Symptomatic treatment with levodopa can be helpful for dystonia.

Disclosures

NK and PR do not have anything to disclose. MJ receives speaker and consultant honoraria from Merz Pharmaceuticals, Allergan, and AbbVie; he also receives research grants from CIHR, AMOSO, Allergan, Merz Pharmaceuticals, and Lawson Health Research Institute and is part of the AGE-WELL Network of Centers of Excellence (NCE) of Canada program; and he occasionally serves on advisory boards of Allergan, Boston Scientific, AbbVie, and Merz Pharmaceuticals.

Statement of Authorship

NK undertook conception, design, and writing the first manuscript. PR and MJ undertook review and critique.