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Ratio of plasma α:γ-tocopherol and associations with indices of skeletal muscle mass

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 May 2018

A.A. Mulligan ,
M.A.H. Lentjes ,
R.P.G Hayhoe ,
K-T. Khaw  and
A.A. Welch
A.A. Mulligan
Affiliation:
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB1 8RN
M.A.H. Lentjes
Affiliation:
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB1 8RN
R.P.G Hayhoe
Affiliation:
Department of Population Health and Primary Care, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ
K-T. Khaw
Affiliation:
Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 2QQ.
A.A. Welch
Affiliation:
Department of Population Health and Primary Care, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ
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Abstract

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Vitamin E is an anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent and may therefore have a role in the prevention and treatment of muscle loss, a risk factor for sarcopenia(Reference Khor, Abdul Karim and Wan Ngah1). We have previously shown a positive association between percentage fat-free mass (FFM) and dietary vitamin E intake(Reference Mulligan, Lentjes and Luben2). This study aimed to investigate if the ratio of plasma α- and γ-tocopherol (toc)(Reference Pizzino, Irrera and Cucinotta3,Reference Cook-Mills4) was also associated with three indices of skeletal muscle mass (SMM).

Analyses were conducted on a sub-sample from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort with available non-fasting plasma samples of cholesterol, α- and γ-toc and who did not report vitamin E containing supplement use: 1,918 men and 1,563 women, (aged 39–79 y)(Reference Day, Oakes and Luben5). At a second health check (2HC, aged 42–82 y), fat mass was measured using bioimpedance (TANITA Body Fat Monitor/Scale TBF-531), from which FFM (kg), FFM% (FFM ÷ total mass x 100) and FFMBMI (FFM ÷ BMI) were calculated. Analysis of covariance and linear regression were used to study associations of FFM% and FFMBMI with sex-specific quintiles of cholesterol-adjusted plasma α:γ-toc ratios, adjusted (*) for age, smoking status, physical activity, social class, corticosteroid and statin use, plasma α-toc, and menopausal and HRT status in women. The model for FFM additionally included FM.

Mean (SD) age at 2HC was 66.9 (7.6) years for men and 64.8 (8.6) years for women. Significant positive trends across quintiles of plasma α:γ-toc ratio were observed for FFM% and FFMBMI in both men and women. The differences between Q1 and Q5 for FFM% and FFMBMI were 1.6% and 1.3% in men and 4.9% and 4.6% in women, respectively.

To our knowledge, this is the first time that a positive association between plasma α:γ-toc ratio and FFM% and FFMBMI has been observed in a UK population-based cohort and further research is on-going. These findings indicate that α-toc may be more important than γ-toc but further analyses are warranted on the separate tocopherol fractions and other indices of body composition. Also, the bioavailability of vitamin E is influenced by a number of factors, including other nutrients, genetics, absorption, transport and metabolism(Reference Schmölz, Birringer and Lorkowski6).

References

1.Khor, SC, Abdul Karim, N, Wan Ngah, WZ, et al. (2014) Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2014, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Mulligan, AA, Lentjes, MAH, Luben, RN, et al. (2016) Proc. Nutr. Soc. 75, E182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Pizzino, G, Irrera, N, Cucinotta, M, et al. (2017) Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 1–13.Google Scholar
4.Cook-Mills, JM (2013) J. Clin. Cell. Immunol. 4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Day, N, Oakes, S, Luben, R, et al. (1999) Br. J. Cancer 80 Suppl 1, 95–103.Google Scholar
6.Schmölz, L, Birringer, M, Lorkowski, S, et al. (2016) World J. Biol. Chem. 7, 14–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar