Introduction
Suicidal behavior (SB) is a serious public health concern. More than 700,000 people die by suicide every year, representing one death every 40 s on average [1]. Factors contributing to increased risk of SBs are diverse and complex, but epidemiological studies indicate that the vast majority of attempted and completed suicides occur in people with mental disorders with mood disorders being the most frequently associated with SB [Reference Bachmann2, Reference Dong, Wang, Wang, Zhang, Ungvari and Ng3].
Understanding the pathophysiology of suicide is still a long-term goal. The evidence increasingly indicates a possible role of the immune-inflammatory response in the development and maintenance of depression and SB [Reference Velasco, Rodríguez-Revuelta, Olié, Abad, Fernández-Peláez and Cazals4]. Inflammation has been associated with an increased risk of SBs above and beyond the risk associated with depression [Reference Bergmans, Kelly and Mezuk5]. Neuroinflammatory processes are a pathophysiological mechanism that is essential for understanding SB in depressed patients. To explain the role of the immune system in the pathophysiology of suicide, a comprehensive model has been proposed. In this model, sleep disturbances, stress, childhood abuse, and infections induce dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis that is associated with a chronic low-grade inflammatory state and increased risk of SBs [Reference Vasupanrajit, Jirakran, Tunvirachaisakul, Solmi and Maes6]. It has therefore been suggested that inflammatory biomarkers are potentially useful in predicting and monitoring suicide risk in patients with depression [Reference Courtet, Giner, Seneque, Guillaume, Olie and Ducasse7].
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) indexes are convenient and cost-effective blood indicators of inflammatory status [Reference Demirkol, Namlı and Tamam8].
NLR is the most studied hematological parameter [Reference Puangsri and Ninla-aesong9]. Neutrophils are the first defense cells of the innate immune system, representing an active nonspecific inflammatory mediator of phagocytosis and apoptosis functions [Reference Rungelrath, Kobayashi and DeLeo10], and lymphocytes represent the regulatory or protective component of the immune system [Reference Özyurt and Binici11–Reference Ivković, Pantović-Stefanović, Dunjić-Kostić, Jurišić, Lačković and Totić-Poznanović13]. NLR is the ratio between two different immune pathways reflecting the intensity of chronic stress. It may be more informative and perhaps less changed by unknown factors. PLR index is related to stress. The presence of stress activates the sympathetic nervous system, increases platelets, and induces endothelial permeability. When this permeability occurs, neutrophils and macrophages appear, generating peripheral inflammation [Reference Zheng, Liu, Ji, Zhang, Chen and Liu14]. Some studies suggest that PLR could be a better predictor than NLR for determining the severity of inflammation [Reference Kayhan, Gündüz, Ersoy, Kandeğer and Annagür15, Reference Turkmen, Erdur, Ozcicek, Ozcicek, Akbas and Ozbicer16]. An elevated level of MLR is associated with an overexpression of immunological genes that increases the production of cytokines related to monocytes and, as a consequence, activates microglia in the brain, causing neuroinflammation [Reference Zheng, Liu, Ji, Zhang, Chen and Liu14].
These indexes have been suggested as new indicators of low-grade inflammation and have been used as systemic inflammation prognostic scores in diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease, and pancreatitis [Reference Isaac, Wu, Huang, Baune, Tseng and McLachlan17] and are also being investigated in neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder (MDD) [Reference Özyurt and Binici11, Reference Mazza, Lucchi, Tringali, Rossetti, Botti and Clerici18]. Recently, a meta-analysis [Reference Mazza, Lucchi, Tringali, Rossetti, Botti and Clerici18] reported that inflammatory activation occurs in mood disorders and that NLR and PLR may be useful to detect this activation. NLR has been found to increase in depressed patients compared with healthy controls (HCs) [Reference Kayhan, Gündüz, Ersoy, Kandeğer and Annagür15, Reference Demir, Atli, Bulut, İbiloğlu, Ggüneş and Kaya19] and in depressed patients with SB. Moreover, studies have suggested that NLR may be a significant predictor of SB in MDD [Reference Velasco, Rodríguez-Revuelta, Olié, Abad, Fernández-Peláez and Cazals4, Reference Ekinci and Ekinci20] and could be more elevated in patients with recent suicide attempt (SA) [Reference Orum, Kara and Egilmez21]. In parallel, increased PLR levels have also been associated with the diagnosis and severity of depression [Reference Kayhan, Gündüz, Ersoy, Kandeğer and Annagür15, Reference Sunbul, Sunbul, Yanartas, Cengiz, Bozbay and Sari22]. Finally, MLR was significantly higher in adolescents with SA than in HC [Reference Ucuz and Kayhan Tetik23].
However, potential mechanisms underlying inflammatory processes in depression and SB have yet to be fully elucidated. Biomarkers would provide more personalized methods for their assessment and treatment and would help to enhance our understanding of suicidal pathophysiology and improve prevention [Reference Dickerson, Adamos, Katsafanas, Khushalani, Origoni and Savage24]. No previous reviews have examined NLR, PLR, and MLR in depressed patients with/without SA and suicidal ideation (SI) and HC. Therefore, we aimed to explore if there are significant differences in NLR, PLR, and MLR in (i) depressed patients with or without a lifetime history of SA; (ii) depressed patients with a lifetime history of SA vs HCs; and (iii) depressed patients with SI before and after treatment.
Materials and Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement [Reference Page, McKenzie, Bossuyt, Boutron, Hoffmann and Mulrow25]. The protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42022361238).
Search criteria
We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases in September 2022. A single search strategy has been used for each of the databases:
Studies of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were systematically searched using the terms “(NLR OR neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio OR neutrophil-to-lymphocyte index OR neutrophil-to-lymphocyte rate OR neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio OR neutrophil to lymphocyte index OR neutrophil to lymphocyte rate OR neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio OR neutrophil lymphocyte index OR neutrophil lymphocyte rate OR neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio OR neutrophil/lymphocyte index OR neutrophil/lymphocyte rate) AND (depressive disorder OR depressive disorders OR depression OR mood disorder OR mood disorders OR major depression) AND (suicide OR suicidal behavior OR suicide attempt OR suicidal thoughts OR self-mutilation).”
In the same way, studies of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio were systematically searched using the terms “(PLR OR platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio OR platelet-to-lymphocyte index OR platelet-to-lymphocyte rate OR platelet to lymphocyte ratio OR platelet to lymphocyte index OR platelet to lymphocyte rate OR platelet lymphocyte ratio OR platelet lymphocyte index OR platelet lymphocyte rate OR platelet/lymphocyte ratio OR platelet/lymphocyte index OR platelet/lymphocyte rate) AND (depressive disorder OR depressive disorders OR depression OR mood disorder OR mood disorders OR major depression) AND (suicide OR suicidal behavior OR suicidal attempt OR suicidal thoughts OR self-mutilation).”
Finally, studies of monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio were systematically searched using the terms “(MLR OR monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio OR monocyte-to-lymphocyte index OR monocyte-to-lymphocyte rate OR monocyte to lymphocyte ratio OR monocyte to lymphocyte index OR monocyte to lymphocyte rate OR monocyte lymphocyte ratio OR monocyte lymphocyte index OR monocyte lymphocyte rate OR monocyte/lymphocyte ratio OR monocyte/lymphocyte index OR monocyte/lymphocyte rate) AND (depressive disorder OR depressive disorders OR depression OR mood disorder OR mood disorders OR major depression) AND (suicide OR suicidal behavior OR suicidal attempt OR suicidal thoughts OR self-mutilation).”
We reviewed titles and abstracts to select potentially relevant papers. After this screening process, we reviewed the full texts and checked the references in the included studies, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews to identify additional studies. Some data were extracted from previous meta-analyses and systematic reviews.
Eligibility criteria
Case–control studies and cross-sectional data from longitudinal studies that compared NLR, PLR, and/or MLR indexes among depressed patients with SB, depressed patients without SB, and HCs were included, based on the following criteria: (i) patients with MDD according to standardized diagnostic criteria; (ii) measurement of NLR, PLR, and/or MLR in young people and adults; (iii) patients with current SI and history of SB. Only articles in English published in the last 5 years were included. Conference and meeting abstracts, meta-analyses, reviews, and pilot studies were excluded (see Supplementary Table S1).
Data extraction and assessment of methodological quality
Data were extracted by two independent authors (AV and PAS) and verified by the other two (JR and LJ). Extracted data included author, year of publication, country, diagnosis, study population, sample size, age, ratios of females, depression and suicide scales, type of outcome (SI/SA), and type and quality of the study. Results were ordered according to indexes (Table 1). The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Oxford criteria [Reference Howick, Chalmers, Glasziou, Greenhalgh, Heneghan and Liberati33]. Only medium- and high-quality papers were included in the final review. Any disagreements between reviewers were resolved by discussion and consensus.
Main characteristics and results of articles included in the review.
Abbreviations: AD, antidepressant; BAI, beck anxiety inventory; BDI, beck depression inventory; BLT, bright light therapy; BSSI, beck scale for suicide ideation; CDI, children’s depression inventory; CDRS-R, children’s depression rating scale- revised; CRP, C-reactive protein; C-SSRS, Columbia-suicide severity rating scale; DASS-21, depression anxiety stress scale; HC, healthy control; HDRS, Hamilton depression rating scale; K-SADS-PL, kiddie-schedule for affective disorders & schizophrenia – present and lifetime version; MADRS, Montgomery–Asberg depression rating scale; MDD, major depressive disorder; MLR, monocyte/lymphocyte ratio; NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; nSA, non-suicide attempt; nSI, non-suicidal ideation; PHQ-9, patient health questionnaire; PLR, platelet/lymphocyte ratio; SA, suicide attempt; SB, suicidal behavior; SI, suicidal ideation; SD, standard deviation; SIS-MAP, scale for impact of suicidality management and assessment and planning of care; 8Q, 8 questionnaire (Thai-version of a suicidality module of Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview).
Results
Study selection and characteristics
A total of 86 studies were identified from electronic databases and, after removing duplicates, there were 37 single records to be screened. After reading titles and abstracts, we identified 21 full-text articles to be assessed for eligibility but excluded 10 studies after the full text was read (the inclusion and exclusion process is depicted in Figure 1). Of those, 11 studies met the inclusion and quality criteria and were selected for this review.
PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for new systematic reviews that included database searches.
A total of 10 papers were rejected for the following reasons: (i) type of article (review, letter, meeting abstract): two articles were meeting abstracts and two articles were letters to the editor; (ii) two articles did not include a study of SB, two articles did not specify depressed patients, and one study included parameters of peripheral inflammation other than NLR, PLR, and MLR; and (iii) one article was published in the Turkish language (see Supplementary Table S1).
All included studies were published between August 2017 and September 2022. Five studies were conducted in Turkey [Reference Demirkol, Namlı and Tamam8, Reference Ekinci and Ekinci20, Reference Yagci and Avci30–Reference Gundogdu Meydaneri and Meydaneri32], one in India [Reference Adhikari, Dikshit, Karia, Sonavane, Shah and De Sousa27], two in Spain [Reference Velasco, Rodríguez-Revuelta, Olié, Abad, Fernández-Peláez and Cazals4, Reference Martínez-Botía, Velasco, Rolle, Jiménez-Trevino, De la Fuente-Tomás and Bernardo29], one in Sweden [Reference Grudet, Wolkowitz, Mellon, Malm, Reus and Brundin28], one in Israel [Reference Amitai, Kaffman, Kroizer, Lebow, Magen and Benaroya-Milshtein26], and one in Thailand [Reference Puangsri and Ninla-aesong9].
The 11 records included in the review yielded a total sample of 1,701 participants, of which 819 were patients with MDD and SB (including current SI and lifetime SA), 494 were control patients (MDD without SB), and 388 were HCs.
We included data from (i) six studies of NLR, PLR, and/or MLR in depressed patients with or without SB [Reference Velasco, Rodríguez-Revuelta, Olié, Abad, Fernández-Peláez and Cazals4, Reference Ekinci and Ekinci20, Reference Amitai, Kaffman, Kroizer, Lebow, Magen and Benaroya-Milshtein26, Reference Grudet, Wolkowitz, Mellon, Malm, Reus and Brundin28, Reference Martínez-Botía, Velasco, Rolle, Jiménez-Trevino, De la Fuente-Tomás and Bernardo29, Reference Gundogdu Meydaneri and Meydaneri32]; (ii) six studies of NLR, PLR, and/or MLR in depressed patients with SB vs HC [Reference Puangsri and Ninla-aesong9, Reference Ekinci and Ekinci20, Reference Grudet, Wolkowitz, Mellon, Malm, Reus and Brundin28–Reference Önen, Erkuran, Bağ and Abacıgil31]; (iii) two studies of NLR in depressed patients with SI before (with or without monotherapy 4 weeks prior) and after pharmacotherapy (2 to 12 weeks after treatment), one of which also explored PLR [Reference Demirkol, Namlı and Tamam8, Reference Adhikari, Dikshit, Karia, Sonavane, Shah and De Sousa27], respectively (Table 1).
Patients with major depressive disorder with or without suicidal behavior
In three studies with patients with moderate-to-severe depression, NLR was reported to be higher in suicide attempters compared with depressed patients without a history of SA [Reference Velasco, Rodríguez-Revuelta, Olié, Abad, Fernández-Peláez and Cazals4, Reference Ekinci and Ekinci20, Reference Amitai, Kaffman, Kroizer, Lebow, Magen and Benaroya-Milshtein26]. NLR could be potentially used as a biomarker to predict recent and past SA [Reference Velasco, Rodríguez-Revuelta, Olié, Abad, Fernández-Peláez and Cazals4]. However, these results were not confirmed in other studies. First, in two studies there was a (nonsignificant) tendency toward an increase in NLR in patients with a history of SA vs without any [Reference Martínez-Botía, Velasco, Rolle, Jiménez-Trevino, De la Fuente-Tomás and Bernardo29, Reference Gundogdu Meydaneri and Meydaneri32]. One study examining the association between current SI and NLR in patients with MDD found no differences between patients with and without current SI in NLR [Reference Grudet, Wolkowitz, Mellon, Malm, Reus and Brundin28] (Table 2).
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio in major depressive disorder with suicidal behavior versus non-suicidal behavior patients.
Abbreviations: MDD, major depressive disorder; MLR, monocyte/lymphocyte ratio; NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet/lymphocyte ratio; SA, suicide attempt; SB, suicidal behavior; SI, suicidal ideation; SD, standard deviation.
Regarding the PLR index in patients with MDD, two studies reported PLR to be higher in patients with a history of SA vs those without any [Reference Velasco, Rodríguez-Revuelta, Olié, Abad, Fernández-Peláez and Cazals4, Reference Amitai, Kaffman, Kroizer, Lebow, Magen and Benaroya-Milshtein26]. Conversely, this difference was not observed in three other studies [Reference Ekinci and Ekinci20, Reference Martínez-Botía, Velasco, Rolle, Jiménez-Trevino, De la Fuente-Tomás and Bernardo29, Reference Gundogdu Meydaneri and Meydaneri32] (Table 2).
Finally, only two studies explored the MLR index in relation to SB in MDD, with no reported statistically significant differences between depressed patients with and without SB [Reference Velasco, Rodríguez-Revuelta, Olié, Abad, Fernández-Peláez and Cazals4, Reference Martínez-Botía, Velasco, Rolle, Jiménez-Trevino, De la Fuente-Tomás and Bernardo29] (Table 2).
Patients with major depressive disorder and suicidal behavior vs healthy controls
In three studies, NLR was reported to be higher in depressed patients with a history of SA vs HC [Reference Puangsri and Ninla-aesong9, Reference Ekinci and Ekinci20, Reference Yagci and Avci30]. However, three other studies reported no statistically significant differences [Reference Grudet, Wolkowitz, Mellon, Malm, Reus and Brundin28, Reference Martínez-Botía, Velasco, Rolle, Jiménez-Trevino, De la Fuente-Tomás and Bernardo29, Reference Önen, Erkuran, Bağ and Abacıgil31] (Table 3).
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio in major depressive disorder with suicidal behavior versus healthy controls.
Abbreviations: MDD, major depressive disorder; MLR, monocyte/lymphocyte ratio; NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet/lymphocyte ratio; SA, suicide attempt; SB, suicidal behavior; SI, suicidal ideation; SD, standard deviation.
Regarding the PLR index, two studies reported that PLR was higher in depressed patients (including SA, SI, and nSI) vs HC [Reference Ucuz and Kayhan Tetik23, Reference Yagci and Avci30]. Conversely, in two studies, this difference was not observed [Reference Ekinci and Ekinci20, Reference Martínez-Botía, Velasco, Rolle, Jiménez-Trevino, De la Fuente-Tomás and Bernardo29] (Table 3).
MLR was investigated in only two out of six studies, with inconsistent results. MLR was reported to be higher in depressed patients with SA vs HC [Reference Puangsri and Ninla-aesong9]. However, MLR was reported to be decreased in depressed patients with SB vs HC [Reference Martínez-Botía, Velasco, Rolle, Jiménez-Trevino, De la Fuente-Tomás and Bernardo29] (Table 3).
Depressed patients with suicidal ideation before and after treatment for depression
There were two studies that evaluated NLR before and after antidepressant treatment. First, Demirkol et al. (2019) studied depressed patients (n = 74) with monotherapy 4 weeks before treatment and found a decrease in NLR during and after treatment with antidepressant therapy (AD) and bright light therapy (BLT), with a greater decrease compared with AD monotherapy [NLR mean (SD) = 2.31(1.05) pretreatment vs 2.25 (0.96) after treatment vs 1.9 (0.9) 2 weeks after treatment; p < 0.001]. In addition, HDRS scores and SI were also significantly decreased after treatment [HDRS mean (SD) = 20.69 (4.21) pretreatment vs 16.69 (5.96) after treatment vs 15.14 (5.33) 2 weeks after treatment; p < 0.001; and SI median (Q1–Q3): 5 [Reference Dong, Wang, Wang, Zhang, Ungvari and Ng3–Reference Rungelrath, Kobayashi and DeLeo10] pretreatment vs 5 [1–Reference Puangsri and Ninla-aesong9] after treatment vs 3.5 (0–7) 2 weeks after treatment; p < 0.001] [Reference Demirkol, Namlı and Tamam8]. However, in a sample of 50 depressed patients without antidepressant treatment the previous month, Adhikari et al. [Reference Adhikari, Dikshit, Karia, Sonavane, Shah and De Sousa27] found a significant increase in NLR after 12 weeks of antidepressant treatment only in females [NLR mean in females (SD) = 2.55 (0.87) pretreatment vs 2.85 (0.89) 12 weeks after treatment; p < 0.001].
Regarding PLR, only one study examined PLR levels in depressed patients with SI before and after treatment and concluded there was no significant change in PLR during AD treatment [PLR mean (SD) = 118.61 (39.01) pretreatment vs 118.16 (40.57) after treatment vs 117.96 (40.82) 2 weeks after treatment; p = 0.985] [Reference Demirkol, Namlı and Tamam8].
None of the studies included MLR.
Discussion
SB is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide [Reference Klonsky, May and Saffer34]. Detecting and identifying potential biomarkers of peripheral inflammation in SB has the potential to provide the knowledge needed to understand the pathophysiology of SB, develop personalized therapies, and improve prevention. To date, this is the first review that has examined NLR, PLR, and MLR in depressed patients with and without SA and current SI versus HCs.
NLR, PLR, and MLR indexes emerge as relatively stable biomarkers of systemic inflammation [Reference Mazza, De Lorenzo, Conte, Poletti, Vai and Bollettini35], which, in turn, is cost-effective and easily accessible. Perhaps, for this reason, most of the studies included in this systematic review were conducted in low-income countries, which seem to be interested in this option given the potential value for clinical application.
According to our review, in depressed patients, NLR was higher in patients with a history of SA, suggesting that, if confirmed in larger studies, it could be a biomarker of suicidal vulnerability in these patients. Although this result was not observed in all studies, in the majority there was a tendency for increased NLR. To the best of our knowledge, only one study that examined the differences in patients with and without SI did not find this association [Reference Grudet, Wolkowitz, Mellon, Malm, Reus and Brundin28]. However, it has been previously suggested that SA and SI are different phenomena with different explanations and predictors [Reference Galfalvy, Haghighi, Hodgkinson, Goldman, Oquendo and Burke36], and it seems that the relationship between the increase in NLR and suicidality occurs only in SA and not in SI [Reference Grudet, Wolkowitz, Mellon, Malm, Reus and Brundin28]. In addition, NLR was higher in depressed patients with SA vs HC. However, these differences were not observed in depressed patients with SI vs HC. Mounting evidence indicates that activation of the immune-inflammatory response is linked to the development and maintenance of depression and SB [Reference Velasco, Rodríguez-Revuelta, Olié, Abad, Fernández-Peláez and Cazals4, Reference Courtet, Giner, Seneque, Guillaume, Olie and Ducasse7, Reference Mazza, Lucchi, Tringali, Rossetti, Botti and Clerici18].
Some studies suggest that PLR could be a better predictor than NLR for determining the severity of inflammation [Reference Kayhan, Gündüz, Ersoy, Kandeğer and Annagür15, Reference Turkmen, Erdur, Ozcicek, Ozcicek, Akbas and Ozbicer16]. Our review shows inconsistent results regarding PLR in patients with MDD (including SB). However, when compared with HC, the difference in the PLR index is observed more clearly in depressed patients. This phenomenon might be explained by the fact that platelets are one of the first cells to start an inflammatory cascade (cytokines, chemokines, the serotonin pathway), and patients with depression had a loss of equilibrium in hematopoietic production, resulting in an imbalance or distress in modulation [Reference Martínez-Botía, Velasco, Rolle, Jiménez-Trevino, De la Fuente-Tomás and Bernardo29].
The present review found no evidence for the link between MLR and SB in depressed patients, in contrast to some studies than showed MLR was higher in the manic episodes of bipolar disorder compared with euthymic states [Reference Özdin, Sarisoy and Böke37]. However, despite not being related to SB, high MLR in young people appears to be associated with self-harm when compared with young people without this behavior [Reference Zheng, Liu, Ji, Zhang, Chen and Liu14].
Finally, discrepant, and limited results were found regarding SI changes and inflammatory indexes following antidepressant treatment. These results may indicate that: (i) not all depressed patients show changes in the inflammatory response [Reference Adhikari, Dikshit, Karia, Sonavane, Shah and De Sousa27]; (ii) the mechanisms underlying the relationship between inflammation and suicide are still unclear [Reference Russell, Mars, Wen, Sen and Gunnell38]: and (iii) it has not been determined whether inflammation is a causative factor or a consequence of depression [Reference Özyurt and Binici11]. However, we also need to keep in mind that inflammatory response is influenced by multiple factors, such as body mass index, use of tobacco and other psychoactive substances, duration and severity of illness, resistance to antidepressant treatment, other psychiatric comorbidities, unbalanced diet, lack of exercise, and stress or traumatic life events in childhood or adulthood [Reference Adhikari, Dikshit, Karia, Sonavane, Shah and De Sousa27, Reference Martínez-Botía, Velasco, Rolle, Jiménez-Trevino, De la Fuente-Tomás and Bernardo29, Reference Del Giudice and Gangestad39].
Limitations
First, our results are mostly based on cross-sectional studies, and a causal relationship between NLR and SI and SB in patients with MDD cannot be inferred. Second, other inflammatory parameters were not assessed in the review, precluding us from concluding whether increased NLR is an independent biomarker or is related to other immune and inflammatory changes in depressed patients. Third, the studies included in the systematic review are very heterogeneous (i.e., sample characteristics, small sample sizes, recruitment, and assessment of depression and suicidality), and therefore results remain preliminary and cannot be generalized to any specific population. Finally, due to the small number and small scale of studies included, we cannot exclude publication and reporting bias in those studies, possibly biasing the results of the systematic review.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the present review found preliminary evidence for an association between NLR and SB in patients with MDD. Our results reinforce the idea that neuroinflammatory processes may be important in the pathophysiology of SB in depressed patients. NLR could be an attractive, convenient, and cost-effective trait marker of suicidal vulnerability in patients with MDD. Future large-scale replication studies are needed to confirm the observed associations and to examine the apparently understudied role of PLR and MLR in depressed patients in greater depth.
Supplementary material
The supplementary material for this article can be found at http://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.18.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Sharon Grevet for her English assistance.
Financial support
This research was partially supported by the Government of the Principality of Asturias PCTI-2021-2023 IDI/2021/111, the Fundación para la Investigación e Innovación Biosanitaria del Principado de Asturias (FINBA), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interest
The authors declare none.
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