Introduction
In intensive care unit (ICU) patients with central nervous system (CNS) pathology, a detailed neurological examination is often impossible. One common reason for this is that the patient has a significantly decreased level of consciousness, sometimes to the point of being unresponsive. This can be caused either by the pathological process itself or by induced patient sedation and/or neuromuscular paralysis. In this sizeable patient population, therefore, clinical examination is of utmost importance, but provides incomplete assessment of underlying pathology, such that neuroimaging studies often are relied upon. The purposes of such imaging include identifying or confirming diagnoses, determining the extent of disease or injury, estimating prognosis, guiding management and, sometimes, making a decision regarding the withdrawal of aggressive treatment.
When imaging modalities have been compared, research has consistently demonstrated that MRI is superior to CT in many acute neuropathology settings, such as documenting brain trauma,Reference Bigler, Ryser, Gandhi, Kimball and Wilde 1 - Reference Cihangiroglu, Ramsey and Dohrmann 4 intracranial hemorrhages,Reference Cihangiroglu, Ramsey and Dohrmann 4 - Reference Yuan, Lai and Chen 8 clinically apparent and silent brain infarcts,Reference Davis, Tress, Dowling, Donnan, Kiers and Rossiter 9 - Reference Engelter, Wetzel, Bonati, Fluri and Lyrer 14 tumors,Reference Suwanwela, Tantanatrakool and Suwanwela 15 , Reference Yokoi, Kamiya and Matsuguma 16 and encephalopathy.Reference Leira, Myhr, Nilsen and Dale 17 However, for decades, traditional ICU patient management protocols have called for CT images of the brain first, with further imaging, such as MRI, reserved for cases of unexpected negative or inconclusive CT results. Advantages of CT over MRI are its cost, which generally is less than half that of MRI,Reference Ibrahim, Samion, Mazli, Amrizal and Aljunid 18 as well as its speed, easier access, and ability to accommodate patients who are either too agitated or too unresponsive to remain still.Reference Cihangiroglu, Ramsey and Dohrmann 4 , Reference Lysdahl and Borretzen 19
This being said, there are also potential costs of delay, especially in critically ill patients with CNS pathology in whom it often is crucial for a correct diagnosis to be made and appropriate aggressive therapy instituted. In fact, errors or delays in diagnosis may adversely affect patient outcomes, with potential dire consequences. This, in turn, may prolong time in the ICU, overall hospitalization, and subsequent health care costs if CT scan ordered before an MRI.
Although this has not been studied in the ICU setting, aggressive imaging including MRI in the early stages of management has already been shown to both enhance outcomes and reduce costs in patients with other neurological disorders such as dementia.Reference Bermingham 20 The current study is retrospective and determines if there is any need to further study this issue within the neurocritical care setting. More specifically, we sought to systematically compare the findings of CT and MRI scans in ICU patients to (1) identify the number of clinically relevant lesions detected by MRI while missed by CT and vice versa; (2) determine specific lesion types for which CT versus MRI discrepancies exist; and (3) estimate the number of patients who would be necessary to compare diagnostic groups and perform further inferential testing within the context of a larger clinical trial. Our main a priori hypotheses were (1) that some clinically relevant finding would be identified on MRI that had been missed on CT in a sizeable percentage (more than 50%) of patients; (2) that the reverse would not be true; and (3) that a larger clinical trial is both warranted and feasible. Should these three hypotheses prove to be accurate, the next step for further study will be to design a multicentre study to prospectively compare CT and MRI findings in ICU patients with CNS pathology and decreased consciousness with respect to (1) diagnostic yield, (2) effect on actual management (i.e. how often is management altered by a finding on MRI not seen on CT), (3) mortality and morbidity rates, and (4) costs via a detailed estimation of direct health care costs. If the current study identifies specific lesion types for which MRI identifies lesions missed by CT in the majority of cases, these lesion types will set the patient population of interest for the subsequent, intended prospective study.
Methods
Before any data collection, the current study had been approved by the University of Western Ontario Ethics Review Board for Human and Animal Studies.
The study was retrospective and observational, with limited intention to perform inferential analysis. As stated previously, our goals were (1) to identify the percentage of patients for whom lesions seen on MRI were either missed or underestimated in magnitude/severity on CT and vice versa; (2) to identify specific lesions types for which this was most evident; and (3) to calculate sample size requirements for a larger group comparison study.
As a first step, all adult patients (age 18 and older) were identified who (1) had been admitted to either the medical, surgical, or trauma ICUs at either of the two campuses (University Hospital and Victoria Hospital) of the London Health Sciences Centre between July 2004 and July 2009 and (2) had undergone either CT or MRI of the brain while a patient in the ICU. As a second step, we identified that subset of patients who had undergone both a CT and MRI of the brain within 30 days of each other.
We then retrospectively and systematically accessed and reviewed all CT and MRI reports from those patients as well as all electronic and written medical records for each patient over the course of the incident hospitalization. From these records, we identified patient demographic (age, gender) and clinical characteristics, including the reason for ICU admission and the timing and indications for neuroimaging.
Over that 5-year span, 140 patients were identified who had both a brain CT and MRI scans within 30 days of each other. Of this number, two were excluded because their CT scans were not available for comparison to MRI. Two others were excluded because their MRIs had been ordered for some different indication than their CT scans—one patient’s CT was performed preoperatively, whereas the MRI was done to assess postoperative changes; meanwhile, the other patient’s clinical condition had changed between the two procedures. This left 136 subjects for final analysis.
Patient ages ranged from 21 to 86 years, with 67% being male. The reason for ICU admission was medical in 65% of cases, with surgery and trauma accounting for 15% and 20% of the patients, respectively. All patients had at least one CT scan before the MRI scan. For our analysis, the most recent CT scan prior to the MRI was used for comparison against the MRI scan.
MRI scans were obtained within 4-96 hours of the most recent CT scan in 99 (73%) patients. Of the remaining 37 patients, 36 underwent MRI between 5 and 19 days after the most recent CT scan, whereas one patient underwent MRI 29 days after the last CT scan. All CT and MRI examinations were reviewed and reported upon by qualified neuroradiologists who had been provided with the patients’ relevant clinical data. All CT and MRI examinations also were reviewed by the study investigator (M.A., a qualified stroke neurologist) for this study.
The CT and MRI scans were evaluated, as appropriate, for contusion, intra- or extra-axial hemorrhage, ischemia or infarction, diffuse axonal injury, and diffusion and/or perfusion abnormalities.
Based upon the diagnoses identified by CT/MRI findings, patients were categorized into six diagnostic groups: (1) hemorrhage; (2) ischemia; (3) trauma; (4) CNS infections; (5) metabolic abnormalities; and (6) neoplasms.
Data Analysis
Descriptive statistics are presented as percentages, with 95% confidence intervals calculated using Wilson’s procedure corrected for continuity.Reference Devore 21 Pearson χ2 analysis was performed to determine if differences existed across the six diagnostic groups with respect to the percentage of cases with clinically relevant MRI findings not detected on CT. Post hoc analysis was performed by calculating odds ratios with 95% confidence limits for each diagnostic pair. All inferential testing was two-tailed, and confidence intervals excluding 1.00 were considered statistically significant.
Power analysis then was performed using the identified rates for each of the six diagnostic categories to determine the number of subjects who would need to be enrolled to identify at least 30 patients with MRI findings not observed on CT, a number selected to allow for subgroup estimates of direct costs with 95% confidence limits within roughly ±10%. Power analysis also was performed over the entire sample to determine the size of the patient sample required to identify 30 patients for whom management was significantly altered, with a significant alteration defined as either (1) a new diagnosis requiring different management, (2) a specific treatment initiated that would not have been initiated based upon CT findings, or (3) withdrawal of medical support. For all sample size estimates, a 25% dropout rate was assumed, allowing for early patient mortality or other loss, such as transfer to another hospital.
Results
In seven patients, both the CT and MRI scans were deemed normal, whereas abnormalities were detected in either the CT or MRI, or both, in each of the remaining 129 (95%) patients.
Overall, clinically significant abnormalities were detected in 96 of the 136 CT scans (sensitivity=70.6%). In no instance was a lesion detected on CT that was not detected by MRI. Similarly, in no instance was a finding detected on CT that provided additional clinical insights beyond findings detected on MRI.
Conversely, abnormalities were apparent in 129 of the 136 MRI scans (94.9%). In addition, MRI revealed additional pathology and/or more clearly delineated findings than those identified on CT for 85 patients (63%), and changed the working diagnosis (initially based on CT scans and clinical examinations) for six (4.4%) patients.
With respect to specific lesion types, MRI revealed additional abnormalities relevant to the patient’s clinical status for 97 of 135 clinically relevant lesions (72%), with some of the 129 patients having more than one lesion. This included the detection of additional findings for 15/27 hemorrhagic lesions (55.6%), 33/36 (92%) ischemic lesions, 19/27 (70%) traumatic lesions, 8/14 (57%) infections, 15/24 (62.5%) metabolic abnormalities, and all seven neoplasms (Figure 1).
Additional diagnostic sensitivity of MRI over CT (MRI yield) across six diagnostic categories.
More specifically, by lesion type, in 33 of the 36 (92%) patients with an ischemic lesion or lesions, the MRI either showed ischemic lesions that were not seen on CT (four patients) or additional details about lesions observed on CT—such as extension of the ischemic lesions, multiple territory cerebral micro-infarcts, or brain stem lesions (29 patients). In 19 of 27 (70%) patients with traumatic lesions, the MRI was more sensitive than CT with respect to the detection and delineation of the extent of the traumatic brain injury. In patients with a CNS infection, the MRI was superior to CT scans at detecting areas of focal cerebritis and demonstrating contrast enhancement of either the parenchyma or meninges. And among patients with acute metabolism-related neurological processes, the most common abnormality was reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome, especially in those with hepatic encephalopathy, posttransplant patients, and patients with hypertensive emergencies.
Thirty-three of 129 (26%) patients had normal or noncontributory findings on CT scans, but significant findings on MRI that were not only diagnostically helpful, but important in terms of predicting prognosis and considering the withdrawal of life support in certain critically ill patients who remained in a coma. For example, two patients had cardiac arrest and were unconscious with normal CT scans, but their MRI demonstrated increased signal on T2-weighted images, decreased signal on T1-weighted images, and restricted diffusion involving predominately the cortical and subcortical regions of both cerebral hemispheres, consistent with global ischemia. Four patients with traumatic brain injury had no significant findings on CT scan, but their MRI demonstrated diffuse axonal injury primarily involving the brain stem, associated with a very poor anticipated neurological outcome. Meanwhile, five patients had extensive bilateral strokes on MRI that were not seen on CT scan; these were also helpful for estimating prognosis.
Figures 2–4 provide examples of cases in which MRI findings clearly expanded upon those of CT. These include two patients with intracranial hemorrhages in whom MRI revealed an area of infarction around the hemorrhagic lesion that was not detected on CT (Figures 2 and 3); a comatose patient post-cardiac arrest in whom CT was normal, but MRI revealed diffusion restriction of both cerebral hemispheres and the left cerebellum (Figure 4).
(A) CT of a patient with subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage and MRI of the same patient DWI (B), proton density(C), T2 (D) showed infarction around the hemorrhagic lesion that was not seen on CT.
(A) CT of a patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage. (B) MRI of the same patient in Figure 3A, diffusion-weighted images, T2, and proton density images, respectively. DWI revealed a right frontal infarct not detected by CT (note the difference between MRI and CT scans cuts because of tilt angle and bone artifact).
(A) Normal CT images of a patient who remained comatose after a cardiac arrest. MRI of the same patient as in Figure 4A; DWI and T2 images respectively demonstrating diffusion restriction of both cerebral hemispheres and the left cerebellum as seen on DWI.
Pearson χ2 analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in the rate of MRI findings not identified on CT across the six diagnostic groups (χ2=15.84, p=0.007). Odds ratios were calculated for each diagnostic pair. When the lowest rate—which was the 55.6% rate identified for hemorrhagic lesions—was assigned as the reference value, odds ratios ranged from 8.80 (95% CI 2.16-35.85) for ischemic lesions to 1.07 (0.29-3.90) for infection. A clear delineation was identified, with the rates for both ischemic and neoplastic lesions statistically higher than any of the rates for the four other diagnostic categories, which in turn did not differ amongst themselves. All odds ratios are presented in Table 1.
Odds ratios comparing rates of new MRI findings not observed on CT between the six diagnostic groups
Odds ratios statistically different than 1.00 enlarged and in bold font.
Power calculations estimating required sample sizes per category and overall, first to achieve 30 missed or underestimated lesions per category and second to identify 30 subjects overall who have management significantly altered by MRI findings are given in Table 2. Note that 129 subjects had 135 lesions (seven of the original 136 had no lesions, hence 129 subjects), and that the six subjects with two lesions all had a combination of ischemia and hemorrhage. This overlap has been adjusted for in the sample size estimates for these two categories.
Rates of new findings on MRI vs. CT, and power calculations for sample size estimates to detect 30 such patients per diagnostic group
* Note that 6 patients had BOTH an ischemic and hemorrhagic lesion
Discussion
Considerable variation exists in the frequency with which various radiological services are used; this is particularly pronounced for MRI scans of the brain. Comparing rates of use across counties in Norway, for example, whereas the ratios of the highest to lowest rates of use were just 1.9 for radiographs of the chest and 2.7 for CT scans of the head/brain, the ratio for brain MRIs was 32.4.Reference Lysdahl and Borretzen 19 In fact, among 31 different images compared, this high-to-low ratio was surpassed only by the ratios for MRI of the knee (304.1), MRI of the cervical spine (139.0), and pelvic ultrasound (86.7), with standard X-rays of the lumbar spine (14.4) being the only other image for which the ratio was 10.0 or greater.Reference Lysdahl and Borretzen 19
For the initial evaluation of patients presenting with any neurological decline, CT scans have long been considered a cost-effective neuroimaging method.Reference Cihangiroglu, Ramsey and Dohrmann 4 , Reference Ibrahim, Samion, Mazli, Amrizal and Aljunid 18 , Reference Lysdahl and Borretzen 19 Advantages of CT are that it is quick to perform, easily tolerated, and reliable at detecting certain brain lesions, particularly intracranial hemorrhages. However, some lesions can be subtle and, as such, difficult to detect on CT. Examples include acute ischemic strokes, especially lacunar strokes and strokes involving the brainstem.Reference Lansberg, Albers, Beaulieu and Marks 10 - Reference Urbach, Flacke and Keller 13 , Reference Assouline, Benziane and Reizine 22 , Reference Brazzelli, Sandercock and Chappell 23 For these lesions, research has consistently demonstrated MRI to be superior to CT.Reference Lansberg, Albers, Beaulieu and Marks 10 - Reference Urbach, Flacke and Keller 13 , Reference Assouline, Benziane and Reizine 22 - Reference Saur, Kucinski and Grzyska 24 For ischemic lesions, this is especially true with certain newer MRI techniques such as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and susceptibility-weighted imaging, with sensitivity rates for DWI as high as 98%, versus just 30-70% for CT.Reference Smajlovic and Sinanovic 12 , Reference Urbach, Flacke and Keller 13 However, it holds true even for conventional MRI versus CT and for very minor ischemic events. For example, in a just-published study of 168 patients with transient ischemic attacks and another 147 with minor strokes, standard MRI detected lesions in 39% and 86%, versus just 8% and 18% with CT, respectively.Reference Moreau, Asdaghi, Modi, Goyal and Coutts 11
MRI has been increasingly used in the initial assessment of patients with certain neurological disorders because it is more sensitive than CT at detecting and assessing the majority of abnormalities that may occur in patients with acute ischemic strokes or traumatic brain injuries and at identifying lesions within the mesencephalon or posterior fossa.Reference Brazzelli, Sandercock and Chappell 23 , Reference Gentry, Godersky, Thompson and Dunn 25 , Reference Kent, Haynor, Longstreth and Larson 26 Furthermore, MRI with DWI may provide information with respect to the chronicity of a lesion. One particular area where this is gaining increased attention is in the postoperative assessment of patients who have undergone especially cardiac but also vascular procedures that place them at high risk of ischemic brain events, silent or otherwise.Reference Lovblad, Pluschke and Remonda 27 - Reference Sun, Lindsay, Monsein, Hill and Corso 32 The advantage of MRI over CT is especially noted with certain forms of infarct, such as lacunar and posterior fossa/brainstem lesions.Reference Davis, Tress, Dowling, Donnan, Kiers and Rossiter 9 , Reference Smajlovic and Sinanovic 12 , Reference Engelter, Wetzel, Bonati, Fluri and Lyrer 14 , Reference Brazzelli, Sandercock and Chappell 23 , Reference Saur, Kucinski and Grzyska 24 MRI also surpasses CT in terms of assessing the stage and evolution of postischemic hemorrhages.Reference Saur, Kucinski and Grzyska 24 , Reference Atlas and Thulborn 33 A further advantage specifically of DWI-MRI is that it can potentially discriminate between cytotoxic and vasogenic edema,Reference Schaefer, Buonanno, Gonzalez and Schwamm 34 , Reference Schwartz, Mulkern, Gudbjartsson and Jolesz 35 which has potential relevance as an indicator of whether ischemic lesions will remain focal or become more global, and hence as an indicator of prognosis, especially in those who are clinically unresponsive, for whom any cognitive assessment is impossible.Reference Sundgren, Reinstrup, Romner, Holtas and Maly 36 The numerous documented advantages of MRI over CT in the detection of brain ischemia was certainly supported by our series, which involved 136 patients overall and 36 with ischemic lesions, with more than 90% of the MRIs performed detecting clinically relevant findings beyond what had been observed on CT. In addition, in every one of our six patients in which both hemorrhagic and ischemic lesions were observed, there were findings on MRI not observed on CT, including ischemia in the setting of hemorrhage and vice versa.
The advantages of MRI over CT extend to nonischemic lesions as well. Chihangiroglu et alReference Cihangiroglu, Ramsey and Dohrmann 4 performed a detailed review, analyzing more than 20,000 radiological studies on patients older than age 60 with brain injury and found that brain MRI was superior to brain CT for detecting and classifying all forms of extra-axial hemorrhage (epidural, subdural, subarachnoid, and intraventricular); at identifying and grading diffuse axonal injuries, cortical contusions, and brain stem injuries; and at detecting secondary effects of trauma, including cerebral herniation, diffuse cerebral edema, vascular complications, and intracranial metabolic changes.Reference Cihangiroglu, Ramsey and Dohrmann 4 In fact, the only area in which CT either outperformed or was equal to MRI was in detecting skull fractures. That being said, Wang et al recently reported that MRI cisternography outperformed CT in the detection of cerebrospinal leakage in patients with skull base fractures.Reference Wang, Xu, Liang and Xu 3 In our series, 70% of the MRIs performed on patients with head trauma revealed findings not seen on CT, placing traumatic lesions at the mid-point between ischemic and neoplastic lesions (for which MRI yielded the highest rate of additional findings) and metabolic, infectious, and hemorrhagic lesions (for which MRI yielded the lowest rate, but still always more than 50%).
Other major advantages of MRI over CT in the workup of patients with unknown but suspected brain abnormalities is its ability to provide, in addition to superior morphological data, a wide variety of further information through techniques such magnetic resonance angiography, diffusion, susceptibility- and perfusion-weighted images (e.g. DWI, functional MRI, and spectroscopy.Reference Sundgren, Reinstrup, Romner, Holtas and Maly 36 - Reference Norton, Hutchinson, Young, Lee, Sharpe and Mirsattari 38 With the routine use of electroencephalograms in most ICUs, MRI provides an even further advantage if the electrodes are made of metallic particles and, therefore, MRI-compatible.Reference Mirsattari, Davies-Schinkel, Young, Sharpe and Lee 39 MRI is also a better tool to demonstrate contrast enhancement of either the parenchyma or meninges.Reference Yildirim Donmez, Guvenc, Emiroglu, Coskun and Haberal 40 As such, MRI allows for the detection of subtle findings of disorders such as focal cerebritis, encephalitis, and metabolic syndromes.Reference Leira, Myhr, Nilsen and Dale 17 In our study, MRI findings were diagnostic for reversible posterior fossa encephalopathy syndrome in a patient who had had an entirely normal CT.
Overall, across our sample of 136 patients, MRI revealed additional, clinically unsuspected pathology and/or better delineation of lesions identified on CT in 85 (63%) patients. However, the MRI findings changed the working diagnosis (initially based on CT scans and/or clinical examination) in only six of 136 patients (4%). The question that remains to be asked, then, is how the additional use of MRI influences treatment, outcomes, and costs. This is a question that clearly would be best addressed within the context of a large-scale prospective trial. The precedence for MRI actually altering treatment has already been established in other settings besides the ICU, most notably in the treatment of cancer, when the detection of additional lesions or specific lesion characteristics may significantly alter the nature of treatment given. For example, Muller-Horvat et al found that findings on whole-body MRI versus whole-body CT significantly influenced the choice of treatment in roughly one in four patients with metastatic melanoma.Reference Muller-Horvat, Radny and Eigentler 41 Meanwhile, Yokoi et al found that 50% versus less than 10% of brain metastases were detected preoperatively by MRI and CT, respectively, in patients potentially undergoing surgical resections for small cell cancer of the lung.Reference Yokoi, Kamiya and Matsuguma 16
Similar to patients with metastatic cancer, sometimes a decision must be made in the ICU as to how aggressive to be with treatment. In many patients in the ICU with severe brain injuries, the long-term prognosis is poor, both for survival and neurological recovery.Reference Calvi, Beretta, Dell’Acqua, Anzalone, Licini and Gemma 42 - Reference Skandsen, Kvistad, Solheim, Strand, Folvik and Vik 44 As such, for reasons that include ethics, in this group of patients it would be especially helpful if long-term prognosis could be predicted reliably and relatively early in the course of assessment and treatment. In an attempt to predict clinical outcomes in these critically ill patients, both positive and negative results of diffusion and perfusion-weighted images may be of extreme use because they can suggest whether critical areas of the brain have been affected by a pathological process and to what extent. Changes in these areas may still be occult on CT or even with conventional MRI.Reference Sundgren, Reinstrup, Romner, Holtas and Maly 36 All the patients in our study who were unconscious from circulatory or respiratory failure, as well as our one patient with suspected hepatic encephalopathy, demonstrated changes consistent with global ischemia, changes that were not apparent on CT scans. We also identified a comatose patient after cardiac arrest in whom CT was normal, but MRI revealed diffusion restriction of both cerebral hemispheres and the left cerebellum; and a patient in coma after a prolonged seizure in whom CT again was normal, but MRIs revealed diffuse ischemic changes bilaterally. In both these cases, the additional information provided by MRI affected management decisions regarding the aggressiveness of therapy.
A further issue that warrants mention is the issue of practicality. Critically ill ICU patients require respiratory support and continuous monitoring and are difficult to transport to MRI and CT scanners. With dedicated teams of ICU and MRI personnel working together, we did not encounter any safety concerns while scanning these patients, especially with the presence of MRI-compatible monitors and ventilators. However, should transferring such patients to the radiology department be one trip, rather than two, as is necessary when MRI is required because of nondiagnostic CT findings? The current study demonstrates that, in at least a subset of ICU patients at a single institution who ultimately required both imaging procedures, MRI was vastly more sensitive than CT at detecting and delineating lesions. Three critical questions for further study clearly are: (1) For what percentage of ICU patients with brain pathology and decreased consciousness does this apply? Clearly, for example, there may be a large percentage of patients for whom the initial CT scan is adequate; but what is this percentage? And what percentage of patients will not be eligible for MRI scanning, either because they are too agitated or too unstable? (2) Does this influence patient outcomes, including survival, morbidity rates, quality of life, and decisions to treat versus palliate? And (3) does this affect patient management costs and, if so, in what direction and to what extent? It is undeniable that MRI scans are more costly than CT scans.Reference Ibrahim, Samion, Mazli, Amrizal and Aljunid 18 But if the additional information obtained by MRI leads to more directed and, therefore, more cost-effective management, including perhaps the withdrawal of aggressive management in patients found to have profound and likely irreversible brain injury, then cost savings might be an end result.
The current study has numerous admitted limitations, as is to be expected in a retrospective study for which very limited inferential testing was intended. These limitations include its retrospective nature and the sometimes prolonged period between the CT scans and MRI. Because MRI always was conducted later than CT, it is likely that some of the information obtained by MRI could have been detected on CT if a follow-up CT had been performed instead of the MRI. This being said, some MRI-specific information, such as diffusion, cannot be obtained from CT. Moreover, almost 75% of the patients underwent their MRI within four days (96 hours) of their CT; and the clear majority of the remainder within 10 days. Given that MRI findings surpassed those of CT in almost two-thirds of patients, MRI findings were of added value in a sizeable percentage of those reexamined within four to ten days. A prospective study clearly is needed to clarify the time point until which MRI is better than follow-up CT, which again argues for the need for a larger, prospective clinical trial.
Another study limitation was the very small number (n=7) of neoplastic lesions identified in our sample. This being said, despite this small number, there was a statically significant increased advantage of MRI over CT in patients with neoplasms versus patients with trauma, infections, metabolic-related abnormalities, and intracranial hemorrhages. In fact, in all seven patients, MRI yielded additional findings of clinical value, suggesting that there may be a very real and sizeable added value in this subset of patients.
Conclusions
In ICU patients with impaired brain function, there may be discordance between CT findings and clinical status. MRI provides significant new information over CT scans that often is useful at guiding management and determining outcome. MRI clearly is superior to CT in at least a select population of ICU patients for answering clinical questions, an observation that certainly warrants further study to determine how often, to what extent, and how this influences outcomes and costs. Our results suggest that such a study is, in fact, feasible, and that patients with a broad range of pathological processes should be incorporated, including especially ischemic and neoplastic lesions, but also brain trauma, hemorrhagic lesions, infections, and metabolic-related abnormalities. Hopefully, such a trial will be under way within the very near future.
Acknowledgements
The study was conducted at London Health Sciences Center, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
Disclosures
The authors have no disclosures to report.
