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CONFRONTING THE COMMUNAL GRAVE: A REASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL RELATIONS DURING THE HOLOCAUST IN EASTERN EUROPE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 December 2019

JAN BURZLAFF Open the ORCID record for JAN BURZLAFF [Opens in a new window]
JAN BURZLAFF*
Affiliation:
Harvard University
*
Department of History, Robinson Hall, 35 Quincy Street, 02138Cambridge, MA, USAburzlaff@g.harvard.edu
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Abstract

This historiographical review focuses on the complex interactions between Nazi Germany, local populations, and east European Jews during the Holocaust. Braving fierce historical revisionism in eastern Europe and the Baltic states, recent studies have shifted the spotlight from Germans to Poles, Ukrainians, Russians, Lithuanians, and other ethnicities. As a result, the analytic categories with which most historians still work – notably ‘perpetrator/victim/bystander’ and ‘collaboration/resistance’ – have outlived their usefulness. A more complex picture of the Nazi-occupied territories in eastern Europe has emerged and now awaits new theoretical frameworks. This article argues that past paradigms blinded scholars to a range of groups lost in the cracks and to behaviours remaining outside the political sphere. Through four criteria that shed light on the social history of the Holocaust in eastern Europe, it draws connections between central and east European, German, Jewish, and Soviet histories, in order to engage with other fields and disciplines that examine modern mass violence and genocide. As Holocaust studies stands at a crossroads, only a transnational history including all ethnicities and deeper continuities, both temporal and geographical, will enhance our knowledge of how social relations shaped the very evolution of the Holocaust.

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Historiographical Reviews
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The Historical Journal , Volume 63 , Issue 4 , September 2020 , pp. 1054 - 1077
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

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Footnotes

My warmest thanks to many friends and colleagues who provided materials, supported me, and commented on earlier drafts: Jeffrey Burds, Kate Docking, Tom Frydel, Hayley Jaffe, Alison Frank Johnson, Terry Martin, Derek Penslar, Yuri Radchenko, Barbara Rosenwein, Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe, Heather Rothman, Māris Ruks, and Anton Weiss-Wendt, as well as Andrew Arsan and two anonymous reviewers. All remaining errors are mine.

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