Dear Editor,

We thank Dr Burneo for his interest in our recent publication, ^{Reference Hahn, Budhram and Alikhani1} as well as for his comments. He correctly notes that these Canadian consensus guidelines focus on the acute management of autoimmune encephalitis, prompt treatment of which may reduce the likelihood of developing irreversible structural injury that causes an enduring seizure predisposition (i.e. autoimmune encephalitis-associated epilepsy, or AEAE). It is for this reason that, while we wholeheartedly agree with its importance as part of ongoing care for patients with autoimmune encephalitis, the long-term management of AEAE is not extensively discussed in our publication. We also fully agree with the importance of considering the availability not only of anti-seizure medications (ASMs) but also other symptomatic and disease-modifying therapies for autoimmune encephalitis in different practice settings around the world; however, this is similarly outside the scope of these Canadian-focused guidelines.

Patients with neural antibodies against extracellular targets (e.g. anti-NMDAR, LGI1, CASPR2, GABA(B)R) frequently attain seizure freedom following adequate immunotherapy, indicating acute symptomatic seizures secondary to autoimmune encephalitis rather than AEAE. ^{Reference de Bruijn, van Sonderen and van Coevorden-Hameete2,Reference Liu, Guo and Lin3} Dr Burneo raises the important point that, particularly among patients harbouring neural antibodies against intracellular targets (e.g. most high-risk paraneoplastic antibodies, anti-GAD65), a substantial proportion develop AEAE despite adequate immunotherapy. ^{Reference Smith, Britton and Thakolwiboon4,Reference Malter, Frisch and Zeitler5} While evidence for best ASM selection in such patients is limited, emerging data in antibody-specific cohorts (e.g. for use of cenobamate and clobazam combination in patients with anti-GAD65-associated temporal lobe epilepsy) give hope for a more personalised approach in the future. ^{Reference Serrano-Castro, Rodríguez-Uranga and Cabezudo-García6}

We share Dr Burneo’s view that, following reasonable exclusion of treatable neuroinflammation that could be contributing to seizure burden, patients with medically refractory AEAE may be considered for epilepsy surgery evaluation. It should be acknowledged, however, that evidence for efficacy of epilepsy surgery in patients with AEAE is limited. Furthermore, there is some data to suggest that, particularly for those with anti-GAD65-associated temporal lobe epilepsy, outcomes may be worse than expected when compared to other aetiologies. ^{Reference Malter, Frisch and Zeitler5,Reference Mäkelä, Hietaharju, Brander and Peltola7,Reference Carreño, Bien and Asadi-Pooya8} Counselling on the uncertainty surrounding sustained benefit, as well as setting of realistic expectations, are thus essential to shared decision-making when contemplating epilepsy surgery in a patient with medically refractory AEAE.