Brazil, similar to most developing countries, has experienced an increasing trend towards purchasing and consuming processed food products( Reference Monteiro, Gomes and Cannon 1 ), as well as rising rates of overweight, obesity and other non-communicable diseases. The increase in obesity in the country has followed the classical demographic spread from adults to adolescents and then to children( Reference Conde and Monteiro 2 ). In 2013, 56·9 % of Brazilian adults were overweight and about 20·8 % were obese( 3 ). From 1974 to 2009, the prevalence of overweight in children (6–11 years) significantly increased among both males (8·3–33·8 %) and females (7·2–30·0 %)( Reference Conde and Monteiro 2 ), whereas obesity rates among children (5–9 years) reached 15·0 %( 4 ). Brazilian overweight and obesity rates are higher than global averages, ranking fifth among all countries in terms of number of obese people( Reference Ng, Fleming and Robinson 5 ). It has been estimated that by 2050 the healthcare costs attributable to obesity and overweight-related diseases in Brazil will double from $5·8 billion to $10·1 billion, and that nearly 70 % of Brazilian adults could be overweight if the present trends are sustained( Reference Rtveladze, Marsh and Webber 6 ).
Nutrition labelling is one of the strategies by the WHO to prevent and control the burden of non-communicable diseases( 7 ), and it is designed to inform consumers about the nutritional properties of food as well as to help them make healthier food choices( 8 ). Indeed, studies have shown that those who read food labels more frequently eat healthier diets than those who read the labels less frequently( Reference Post, Mainous and Diaz 9 , Reference Muller, Cassady and Applegate 10 ). However, if consumers do not understand the vocabulary or layout used to display nutritional information( Reference Cowburn and Stockley 11 ), this can lead to confusion about which foods to choose.
One particular study revealed that consumers prefer shorter and simpler messages( Reference Grunert and Wills 12 ) – a format generally used by manufacturers for presenting claims on their food labels. A recent study suggested taxonomy for food labelling( Reference Rayner, Wood and Lawrence 13 ), based on a review of guidelines from international governing bodies and legislative documents, by dividing the components of food labelling into ‘information’ and ‘claims’. The ‘information’ items comprise ‘nutrition labelling’ (e.g. nutrient declaration) and ‘other information’ (e.g. ingredients), whereas the ‘claims’ are categorised into ‘nutrition claims’ (health-related ingredient claims and nutrient claims), ‘health claims’ (e.g. function claims) or ‘other claims’.
It has been indicated that claims have both the potential to inform consumers and to mislead them, depending on the information that is highlighted and the kind of product displaying this information( Reference Campos, Doxey and Hammond 14 ). Accordingly, some countries have legislations aimed at regulating the use of claims, for example making the nutrient declaration mandatory when the product displays a claim( 15 ). In Brazil, displaying a nutrient declaration has been mandatory since 2001, but there is little scientific discussion in the country about the components of food labelling. A regulation establishing parameters for the use of nutrient claims was published by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (Resolution no. 54/2012) and incorporated into the Mercosur agreement (Resolution no. 01/2012)( 16 ). However, this regulation does not consider the entire nutrient composition of foods. This allows, for instance, a high-sugar/high-Na product to display a nutrient claim on its label. In the USA( 17 ), if a food product displaying a nutrition claim has high levels of SFA or trans-fats, sugars or Na, it must also include a statement disclosing that the food contains excessive amounts of these components. Australia and New Zealand have agreed on the use of a nutrient profile model for determining the eligibility of products in terms of making a health claim, but this has not been applied to nutrition claims( 18 ). In the European Union, discussion is under way on whether foods will need to have an appropriate nutrient profile in order to display nutrition and health claims( 19 ).
Usually, claims are displayed in a prominent position on the package, and are used as an advertising strategy to promote food sales( Reference Campos, Doxey and Hammond 14 , Reference Hawkes 20 ). This happens because, although it has an informative role, the emphasis on attributes considered as positive on labels can attribute a health halo effect to the food, which means the perception that a food product is healthy is based on one or more ‘healthy’ attributes of that food( Reference Chandon 21 ). In addition, claims can be included on any packaged food if in accordance with the quantities stipulated by the legislation (e.g. according to Resolution no. 54/2012, the nutrient claim ‘low SFA’ can be used if a portion of 100 g or 100 ml of the food/beverage contains <1·5 g of SFA). This means that food packages with persuasive strategies aimed at children (e.g. cartoon characters), which are often of low nutritional value and very palatable( Reference Cairns, Angus and Hastings 22 ), could also display such claims. The marketing of high-energy and low-nutrient foods is one of the factors contributing to an obesogenic environment, and the presence of nutrition claims on these types of food products could mislead consumers and boost their sales even further( Reference Nestle and Ludwig 23 ).
Studies on the availability of food products with nutrition claims in supermarkets have revealed that the prevalence was 50 % in the USA( Reference Legault, Brandt and Mccabe 24 ), 36 % in Australia( Reference Williams, Yeatman and Zakrzewski 25 ), 66 % in Spain( Reference Ten, Olalla and Torres 26 ), 13 % in Turkey( Reference Söyler and El 27 ), 47 % in Ireland( Reference Lalor, Kennedy and Flynn 28 ) and 29 % in the UK( Reference Kaur, Scarborough and Matthews 29 ). However, none of these studies investigated claims on food products of children. After a search on the databases Scopus and Scielo in June 2015, with the search terms ‘nutrition/nutrient claim’, ‘label’ and ‘food’, two studies particularly related to nutrition claims on children’s food products were identified. In those two studies, however, only a few food categories were investigated: nutritional quality of children’s breakfast cereals with nutrition claims in the USA (n 161)( Reference Schwartz, Vartanian and Wharton 30 ), and comparison of yogurts, cereal bars and ready meals aimed at children (n 174) and adults (n 262) in the UK( Reference Lythgoe, Roberts and Madden 31 ). No study was identified that focused on the use of nutrition claims on Brazilian food products for children.
Therefore, considering the burden of diet-related diseases, the limited evidence that claims can lead to better food choices and the lack of data on the availability and composition of food displaying nutrition claims in Brazil, this study aimed to investigate the food labelling data for all retailed packaged food in one of the ten largest supermarket chains in Brazil. We attempted to identify the availability of products targeted at children and compare their nutritional content in terms of the presence of nutrient claims on labels.
Methods
Study design
This was a cross-sectional study that investigated all retailed packaged food products available in a large supermarket in Brazil. The supermarket was chosen deliberately and belongs to one of the ten largest Brazilian chain stores, according to the Brazilian Supermarket Association, with twenty-seven stores throughout the country. Therefore, most of the products sold in this store are well-known food and drink brands, and represent those sold in other large supermarket chain stores throughout Brazil.
All packaged food products that met criteria established by the Brazilian regulation on food labelling (no. 360/2003) were included in the audit( 32 ). Products not included in the study were those covered by different regulations (i.e. food for babies and toddlers) or those that did not require mandatory nutritional labelling (i.e. bakery products produced, packaged and labelled in-store, or meat and cheese products cut, packed and labelled in-store)( 33 ). The supermarket manager gave written consent for the research.
Data collection
Data were gathered over a 3-month period (October to December 2013) in the city of Florianópolis/SC, southern Brazil. Information on identification, origin, nutritional values (energy, carbohydrate, protein, total fat, SFA, trans-fat, fibre and Na per serving), size of serving and the presence and type of nutrient claims were obtained in-store from labels of all available products. These data were then fed into electronic data collection forms, which were created using Epi Collect Plus software and installed on tablet computers. Information on the packages of identical products of different sizes was recorded separately, because sometimes their servings and nutritional values differed. All food labels were photographed in-store to allow identification of food products that were being marketed for children. All data collectors received training and participated in a field test of the instrument 1 month before data collection in a different supermarket: they were asked to feed the electronic forms with information from fifteen food products from different food groups, individually and with no help, and the information was further checked by the main researcher. Subsequently, the data were examined, difficulties and inconsistencies were identified, and extra training was provided.
Variable computation
Data collected were transferred directly from the tablet computers to an online database at the end of each collection day. The database with all the data was exported to a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Each food product was coded with a number as it was entered into the database (creating its food product number), and later each image in the database was renamed according to the corresponding food product number. If there were more than one image of a product, letters were used after the food product number.
For quality control purposes, information from the database relating to two nutrient declaration questions (energy in kilocalories per serving and Na content in milligrams per serving) and to the presence of nutrient claims was compared with the information available on the photographs for 5 % of the foods analysed (n 281). According to the κ test, there was a high degree of inter-variable agreement: 99·7 % (κ=0·99) for energy, 99·9 % (κ=0·99) for Na content and 99·6 % (κ=0·99) for nutrient claims (P<0·05). After the test, the inconsistencies identified in the database information among these 281 foods were rectified according to the information available in the pictures.
Sampling: definition of food products targeted at children
Data from 5620 food products were obtained from the audit, and all packaging images from the database were analysed. Products were defined as being targeted towards children if at least one of the following strategies was present: words and phrases such as ‘child’ or ‘ideal snack for your child’; specified age ranges (e.g. 2–9 years); cartoon, television (TV) series or film characters; own-brand characters; child celebrities; images of animals or creatures; games or hobbies; colours or shapes that appeal to children (e.g. brightly coloured drinks or alphabet soup); or free gifts( Reference Lythgoe, Roberts and Madden 31 , Reference Elliott 34 – Reference Hawkes 36 ).
Two researchers were involved in the identification of products aimed at children. A third researcher was consulted for those products for which there was no agreement about whether the marketing strategies were targeted at children.
Of the total number of food products identified in the audit, 535 (9·5 %) had used at least one of the marketing strategies listed above and were considered as having targeted children, constituting our sample.
Classification of food groups
Each of the 535 food products targeted at children was categorised into one of the eight groups identified by the Brazilian and Mercosur Regulation( 33 ), which classifies similar foods according to their main source of energy. The groups were as follows: (1) baking goods, breads, cereals, legumes, roots, tubers and related products; (2) fresh and canned vegetables; (3) fruits, juices, syrups and drink mixes; (4) milk and dairy products; (5) meat and eggs; (6) oils, fats and nuts; (7) sugars and products in which carbohydrates and fats are the main energy sources; and (8) gravies, sauces, ready-made seasonings, broths, soups and ready-to-eat dishes.
Nutrient claims
Our analysis included all nutrient claims that could be observed on any surface of the packaging that is visible to the consumer (comprising all different formats, e.g. single words, phrases, sentences, symbols, logos or images). The nutrient claims identified on the food products aimed at children were grouped by their nature: ‘reduced amount or absence’ or ‘increased amount or presence’, as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Classification of nutrient claims (reduced amount/absence or increased amount/presence) according to terms used and types of nutrients claimed. Adapted from National Health Surveillance Agency( 16 ).
Statistical analysis
Descriptive variables relating to the number of food products marketed at children overall and per food group, as well as marketing strategies and nutrient claims identified, are presented by absolute and relative frequencies. The nutritional composition relating to energy, carbohydrates, total and SFA, proteins, fibre and Na was compared between food products, with and without nutrient claims, targeted at children. Considering the non-normal distribution of the nutritional composition data, verified using the Shapiro–Wilk test, analyses were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test (P value<0·05). The statistical package Stata version 11.0 (StataCorp LP) was used for the analyses.
Results
Among the 535 food products targeted at children identified at the supermarket, 696 marketing strategies aimed at children were identified. Approximately 25·0 % of the products had used two or more of these marketing strategies on the same food package, mainly relating to images: cartoon, TV series and film characters (48·8 %) and own-brand characters (34·4 %).
Fig. 2 shows the distribution of food products according to the groups proposed by Regulation 359/2003, as well as the different food products identified in the supermarket per group. More than half of all the food products identified as targeting children were from Group 7, which included products such as sweets and sweetened carbonated drinks, whereas fruit and vegetable groups (Groups 2 and 3) represented only 3 % of the total food targeted at children.
Fig. 2 Distribution of food products targeted at children, identified according to the Brazilian and Mercosur Regulation food groups( 33 ) (n 535). Group 1, ‘baking goods, breads, cereals, legumes, roots, tubers and related products’: dried rice, dried pasta, pre-fried and frozen tubers, savoury and/or whole-grain biscuits, breakfast cereals, granola, plan bread, custard powder mix, cake mix. Group 2, ‘fresh and canned vegetables’: tomato sauce, sweetcorn, cherry tomatoes, baby carrots. Group 3, ‘fruits, juices, syrups and drink mix’: fruit juice, nectars, apples. Group 4, ‘milk and dairy products’: milky drinks, fermented milk, yoghurt, dairy dessert, pudding powder mix. Group 5, ‘meats and eggs’: meatballs, burgers, sausages, bologna, paté, eggs, chicken nuggets, fish fingers. Group 6, ‘oils, fats and nuts’: bacon, spreads, coconut milk, peanuts. Group 7, ‘sugars and products in which carbohydrates and fats are the main energy sources’: sweet spreads, powder drinks, honey, syrups, gelatine powder mix, candies, gum, chocolate, ice-cream, sweetened carbonated drinks, sweet biscuits, crisps, puffs chips. Group 8, ‘gravies, sauces, ready-made seasonings, broths and ready-to-eat dishes’: ketchup, lasagne, salt dough pie, pizza, noodles.
Around half of the food products marketed for children (270; 50·5 %) displayed at least one nutrient claim. Usually, the products claimed more than one component, with an average of 4·1 claims per product. The majority of nutrient claims related to increased amounts or to the presence of vitamins (65·5 %) and minerals (20·4 %). The most common claims declared an increase or the presence of vitamins A, B2, C, B6 and Fe. Table 1 shows the frequency of different nutrient claims identified on the products.
Table 1 Distribution of nutrient claims on food products targeted at children, as defined by the Brazilian and Mercosur Regulation food groups( 33 ) (Numbers and percentages)
NC, nutrient claims; G1, baking goods, breads, cereals, legumes, roots, tubers and related products; G2, fresh and canned vegetables; G3, fruits, juices, syrups and drink mix; G4, milk and dairy products; G5, meats and eggs; G6, oils, fats and nuts; G7, sugars and products in which carbohydrates and fats are the main energy sources; G8, gravies, sauces, ready-made seasonings, broths and ready-to-eat dishes.
* A food product can display more than one NC.
Tables 2 and 3 compare the energy and content of carbohydrates, total fat, SFA, proteins, fibre and Na between food products, with and without nutrient claims, targeted at children. In general, there were a few significant differences between the nutrient levels of foods with and without nutrient claims. However, for Na, the analysis showed that children’s food products labelled with nutrient claims contained a higher median of Na than those without nutrient claims in Group 1, ‘baking goods, breads, cereals, legumes, roots and tubers’ (394·2 mg/100 g higher in products with claims); Group 7, ‘sugars, sweets, confectioneries, biscuits, snacks and soft drinks’ (172·3 mg/100 g higher in products with claims); and Group 8, ‘gravies, sauces, ready-made seasonings, broths and ready meals’ (1327·4 mg/100 g higher in products with claims). A higher amount of Na in children’s products without nutrient claims was observed only in food products of Group 4 (‘milk and dairy products’), which showed a median of 14·5 mg less Na per 100 g.
Table 2 Comparison of energy, carbohydrate, total fat and SFA per 100 g of food products targeted at children labelled and not labelled with nutrient claims( 33 ) (Numbers, medians and interquartile ranges (IQR))
NC, nutrient claim; Group 1, baking goods, breads, cereals, legumes, roots, tubers and related products; Group 2, fresh and canned vegetables; Group 3, fruits, juices, syrups and drink mix; Group 4, milk and dairy products; Group 5, meats and eggs; Group 6, oils, fats and nuts; Group 7, sugars and products in which carbohydrates and fats are the main energy sources; Group 8, gravies, sauces, ready-made seasonings, broths and ready-to-eat dishes.
* Statistically significant at P<0·05 (Mann–Whitney U test).
† The IQR were run for all groups, except for groups with only one food product.
Table 3 Comparison of protein, fibre and sodium per 100 g of food products targeted at children labelled and not labelled with nutrient claims( 33 ) (Numbers, medians and interquartile ranges (IQR))
NC, nutrient claim; Group 1, baking goods, breads, cereals, legumes, roots, tubers and related products; Group 2, fresh and canned vegetables; Group 3, fruits, juices, syrups and drink mix; Group 4, milk and dairy products; Group 5, meats and eggs; Group 6, oils, fats and nuts; Group 7, sugars and products in which carbohydrates and fats are the main energy sources; Group 8, gravies, sauces, ready-made seasonings, broths and ready-to-eat dishes.
* Statistically significant at P<0·05 (Mann–Whitney U test).
† The IQR were run for all groups, except for groups with only one food product.
The major differences were observed in foods from Group 8, in which ketchup, lasagne, salt dough pie, pizza and noodles with and without nutrient claims targeted at children were compared. In this group, foods displaying nutrient claims had higher levels of mean energy (1850·2 kJ/100 g (442·4 kcal/100 g) compared with 633·0 kJ/100 g (151·3 kcal/100 g) in those without nutrient claims), higher carbohydrate (60·6 g/100 g compared with 13·0 g/100 g in those without nutrient claims), higher total fat (17·9 g/100 g compared with 8·0 g/100 g in those without nutrient claims) and higher SFA (8·0 g/100 g compared with 3·4 g/100 g in those without nutrient claims), in addition to the differences in Na highlighted above, compared with food products without nutrient claims.
In addition, children’s food products in Group 1 with nutrient claims stated lower levels of protein than those without nutrient claims, whereas the opposite applied to products in Group 7. Differences were also observed among the food products in Group 5 (‘meats and eggs’), in which products without nutrient claims had higher levels of SFA. In Group 4, despite food products with nutrient claims that had lower levels of fibre, a caveat must be stated regarding this difference. Significance was due to the fact that values of 25 % of food products without claims were different from 0. The median for food products with and without nutrient claims, however, was the same, indicating that the difference applied to less than half of the products.
Discussion
This study presents the analyses of all food products targeted at children available in one of the largest supermarket chain stores in Brazil, in which more than 5000 products were investigated regarding the presence of marketing strategies to target children, and subsequently related to their nutrient claims and nutritional composition.
Almost 10 % (n 535) of all food products available in the supermarket used a marketing strategy specifically targeted at children, mainly involving the presence of images – either well-known TV characters or the brands’ own characters. Moreover, more than half of these products essentially comprised chocolate drinks, confectionery, sweet biscuits, crisps and carbonated drinks. Only 3 % of food products targeted at children were from Groups 2 and 3 (vegetables and fruits).
The results are in alignment with findings showing that the food and drink marketing industry aimed at children is substantial and mainly promotes pre-sugared breakfast cereals, soft drinks, savoury snacks, confectionery and fast foods. Packaging routinely attracts children’s attention, and stimulates acceptance, liking of and demand for products( Reference Cairns, Angus and Hastings 22 ). Moreover, a Canadian study that investigated regular foods targeted at children and their nutritional composition found that only around 1 % of their sample was represented by fruits and vegetables. According to the authors, children’s fare in the world of fresh produce is restricted to ‘small apples and baby carrots’( Reference Elliott 34 ). Our study also showed that fruits and vegetables still are much deprecated categories related to marketing use for children.
Our general outcomes indicating the nutritional composition of food products with and without claims were reasonably similar, except for Na content. These findings are similar to the results of a study conducted in the USA, which investigated the nutritional quality of children’s breakfast cereals. Although specific claims on packages were generally justified by the nutritional content of the product (e.g. children’s cereals with claims about whole grains had higher fibre content – one of the benefits of whole grains), cereals with such claims did not have better overall nutrition profiles( Reference Schwartz, Vartanian and Wharton 30 ).
Some may argue that modifying components in product formulations could be related to a slight benefit associated with the nutrient/ingredient linked to the claim – for instance, a reduction in salt levels or SFA. However, about 85 % of the nutrient claims found in this study related to the presence, or increased amounts, of vitamins and minerals. Authors have expressed their concern about this kind of modification of foods( Reference Monteiro 37 ), both because of the levels of these micronutrients that are actually utilised by the human body and also because of the high level of processing that these foods undergo. Moreover, it is quite concerning from a public health point of view that processed and ultra-processed food products are seen as vitamin and mineral providers – a role that should be played by the intake of fresh fruits and vegetables.
Furthermore, processed food products are an important source of Na in the diet, and the increased consumption of these products has become a public health problem owing to their high Na content( Reference Brown, Tzoulaki and Candeias 38 ), which relates to an increased risk of developing non-communicable diseases( 39 ). A study that assessed the Na content reported on the labels of foods sold in Brazil and usually consumed as snacks by children and adolescents found that 56·0 % had medium-to-high (>120 mg/100 g) Na content, and that 53·0 % of the ready-to-eat dishes were classified as high in Na (>600 mg/100 g)( Reference Kraemer, Oliveira and Gonzalez-Chica 40 ). The higher amounts of Na found in claim-carrying food products’ labels, such as bread, confectioneries and pizza, were considered particularly important in light of the possibility of the health halo effect caused by the nutrient claim.
In addition to the higher amounts of Na, food products with nutrient claims from Group 8 (i.e. ketchup, lasagne, salt dough pie, pizza, noodles) also showed higher quantities of energy content, carbohydrates and total and SFA than products without claims. It is known that the atherogenic process starts in childhood( Reference McGill, McMahan and Herderick 41 ), and it has been reported that children have been consuming higher quantities of SFA than recommended( Reference Harika, Cosgrove and Osendarp 42 ). In addition, these food products from Group 8 are defined by the recently published NOVA classification as ultra-processed – formulations made by the food industry mostly from substances extracted from foods or obtained from the further processing of constituents of foods or through chemical synthesis, with little if any whole foods. Compared with the rest of the diet, these formulations have less fibre and protein, more added sugar and, when solid, higher energy density( Reference Monteiro, Levy and Claro 43 ). A population-based study conducted with 30 243 Brazilian individuals aged ≥10 years evaluated the relationship between consumption of ultra-processed foods and obesity indicators. Those in the highest quintile of consumption of ultra-processed foods had significantly higher BMI and higher odds of being obese and have excess weight compared with those in the lowest quintile of consumption( Reference Louzada, Baraldi and Steele 44 ).
Studies from different countries have indicated that children’s products with claims are generally ‘less-healthy’. In the USA, the study by Colby et al.( Reference Colby, Johnson and Scheett 45 ) found that 71·0 % of products marketed for children had nutrition marketing (including nutrient claims), and 59·0 % of those were high in SFA, Na and/or sugar. A study conducted in a major supermarket chain in South Australia found that 75·0 % of food and beverage products marketed for children were non-core foods (i.e. high in fat and sugar according to the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating), 55·5 % of which had nutrition claims( Reference Mehta, Phillips and Ward 46 ). In Guatemala, a study investigated child-oriented snacks in stores inside and near four schools in an urban community and classified 97·1 % of the snacks as ‘less-healthy’. Nutrient claims were present in 41 % of them( Reference Chacon, Letona and Barnoya 47 ). Likewise, a study in New Zealand found a greater proportion of nutrition claims among ‘less healthy’ cereals for kids than in the ‘healthy’ category( Reference Devi, Eyles and Rayner 48 ).
Although most of the food products targeted at children belonged to Group 7 – presumably unhealthy – it is not possible to affirm that the quantities of the components of these foods were inappropriate. This aspect was not explored in this study because Brazil does not have a nutrient profile system to evaluate the composition of food targeted at children. Therefore, it would be necessary to apply an international nutrient profile model used to limit food marketing aimed at children, and try to adapt it to the Brazilian scenario. These analytical methods are under construction by our group. We believe that, to prevent comparative misleading claims on packaging, the regulations on the use of nutrient claims should be revised, so that only products with appropriate nutrient profiles should be allowed to display nutrient claims.
As a limitation of this study, we highlight the difficulty of classifying certain packaged foods not covered by Regulation no. 359/2003, such as hydroponic and lyophilised vegetables, not common in Brazil when the Regulation was implemented( 33 ). In addition, the circumstance of working with only one supermarket has to be considered. Nevertheless, care was taken in selecting the supermarket in order that our database would consist of products that could be found in any other part of the country, pertaining to brands sold throughout the territory. Moreover, we believe that this is the third survey in Brazil investigating aspects of all food product labels within a single supermarket; the other two studies were conducted by our research group in other large supermarkets. In 2010, one study focused on how trans-fat is reported on the packaging of foods sold in Brazil, and in 2011 another study investigated the relationship between serving sizes and the Na content of processed and ultra-processed food products.
As avenues for future research, we indicate the need to analyse Brazilian consumers’ perceptions about products with nutrition claims targeted at children and investigate the consumption of such products by Brazilian youngsters.
Conclusions
The data presented here show a broad picture regarding the use of nutrient claims on food products targeted at children in Brazil. The nutritional composition of the food products with and without claims was reasonably similar except for the Na content, which was found to be in higher quantities in food products displaying nutrient claims. Therefore, nutritional claims may be misleading consumers into thinking that the products are healthy choices overall, which was not observed in this study.
As previously discussed, this is of even more concern in food products targeted at children. Hence, the authors believe that it is necessary to establish thresholds for certain dietary components such as energy, Na, sugar and total and SFA in order to use claims in a more appropriate way, as well as to investigate the views and behaviour of Brazilian parents regarding the presence of nutrient claims on food targeted at their children.
This investigation is an important step in the discussion about the necessity of restricting nutrient claims for certain categories of food, as well as about strategies to present clearer information that could help consumers make more informed choices. These data could support regulatory actions for the greater protection of consumer rights, which would enhance consumer autonomy and minimise misinterpretations. In addition, we believe such actions could contribute to preventing the burden of overweight and obesity among Brazilian children, who will soon turn into adolescents and after that reach the work force where weight and health status will impact economic power.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education in Brazil – CAPES, for their financial support in the form of scholarships to V. M. R., A. C. F. and R. C. d. O.
This analysis was conducted as part of a wider study about the comprehension and use of food labelling in Brazil, funded by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development of the Ministry of Science and Technology in Brazil (CNPq) and by the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency, Anvisa (grant no. 440040/2014-0), with the aim of filling gaps relating to the policies, management and organisation of the Brazilian National Health Surveillance System.
V. M. R. was responsible for planning the research, as well as for drafting the manuscript. V. M. R., A. C. F. and R. C. d. O. contributed to collecting, analysing and interpreting the data. A. C. F. and R. C. d. O. contributed to revising the manuscript. R. P. d. C. P. and M. R. contributed to data analysis, interpretation of results and revision of the manuscript. G. M. R. F. was responsible for the design of the original study, research coordination, supervision and revision of the final manuscript. All the authors approved this version for publication and accepted the conditions established by the British Journal of Nutrition.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
