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A low SAR and ultra-small highly flexible wearable off-body biomedical antenna in wireless applications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2025

Mohamed Sayed Zaky El Atrash ,
Farah Raad Kareem Open the ORCID record for Farah Raad Kareem [Opens in a new window]  and
Mahmoud A. Abdalla Open the ORCID record for Mahmoud A. Abdalla [Opens in a new window]
Mohamed Sayed Zaky El Atrash*
Affiliation:
Department of Electrical Systems Engineering, MSA University, Giza, Egypt
Farah Raad Kareem
Affiliation:
Department of Electrical Systems Engineering, MSA University, Giza, Egypt
Mahmoud A. Abdalla
Affiliation:
Electromagnetic Waves Group, Department of Electronic Engineering, Military Technical College, Cairo, Egypt
*
Corresponding author: Mohamed Sayed Zaky El Atrash; Email: mzaky@msa.edu.eg
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Abstract

Presented in this study is a compact, dual-band, and highly flexible inverted slotted triangular-shaped monopole antenna. It is backed with a dual-band artificial magnetic conductor for off-body wireless and low specific absorption rate (SAR) medical applications. The antenna is designed to radiate at 2.45 GHz of the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical-band and achieves dual-band resonance by etching two inverted L-shaped slots off the monopole antenna. By doing so, the antenna operates at 5.2 GHz of the wireless local area network frequency band. In off-body operation, the integrated design achieves gain improvements at both operating frequencies by 6 and 4.9 dBi, respectively, compared to the standalone antenna. In the case of the on-human-body operation scenario, low SAR levels of 0.39 and 0.07 W/kg were realized at both resonant frequencies, respectively. The proposed integrated design was fabricated and tested, where the tested results highly align with the simulated ones in free space and on-body cases. The antenna size is only 39 × 25 mm2 which is claimed to be an ultra-size. Thus, the presented antenna is claimed to be very competitive in terms of the small size and the achieved antenna parameter results.

Keywords

dual-band AMCdual-band antennaflexible antennalow SARmedical applicationsoff-body wireless applications

Information

Type
Research Paper
Information
International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies , Volume 17 , Issue 8 , October 2025 , pp. 1311 - 1319
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press in association with The European Microwave Association.

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