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Reintroducing group selection to the human behavioral sciences

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

David Sloan Wilson  and
Elliott Sober
David Sloan Wilson
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902–6000 Electronic mail: dwilson@bingvaxa.bitnet
Elliott Sober
Affiliation:
Department of Philosophy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wl 53706 Electronic mail: esober@vms.macc.wisc.edu
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Abstract

In both biology and the human sciences, social groups are sometimes treated as adaptive units whose organization cannot be reduced to individual interactions. This group-level view is opposed by a more individualistic one that treats social organization as a byproduct of self-interest. According to biologists, group-level adaptations can evolve only by a process of natural selection at the group level. Most biologists rejected group selection as an important evolutionary force during the 1960s and 1970s but a positive literature began to grow during the 1970s and is rapidly expanding today. We review this recent literature and its implications for human evolutionary biology. We show that the rejection of group selection was based on a misplaced emphasis on genes as “replicators” which is in fact irrelevant to the question of whether groups can be like individuals in their functional organization. The fundamental question is whether social groups and other higher-level entities can be “vehicles” of selection. When this elementary fact is recognized, group selection emerges as an important force in nature and what seem to be competing theories, such as kin selection and reciprocity, reappear as special cases of group selection. The result is a unified theory of natural selection that operates on a nested hierarchy of units.

The vehicle-based theory makes it clear that group selection is an important force to consider in human evolution. Humans can facultatively span the full range from self-interested individuals to “organs” of group-level “organisms.” Human behavior not only reflects the balance between levels of selection but it can also alter the balance through the construction of social structures that have the effect of reducing fitness differences within groups, concentrating natural selection (and functional organization) at the group level. These social structures and the cognitive abilities that produce them allow group selection to be important even among large groups of unrelated individuals.

Keywords

altruismgroup selectionhuman evolutionlevels of selectionsociobiology

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Type
Research Article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 17 , Issue 4 , December 1994 , pp. 585 - 608
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

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