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A National Spinal Muscular Atrophy Registry for Real-World Evidence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 June 2020

Victoria L. Hodgkinson Open the ORCID record for Victoria L. Hodgkinson [Opens in a new window] ,
Maryam Oskoui ,
Joshua Lounsberry ,
Saïd M’Dahoma ,
Emily Butler ,
Craig Campbell ,
Alex MacKenzie ,
Hugh J. McMillan Open the ORCID record for Hugh J. McMillan [Opens in a new window] ,
Louise Simard  and
Jiri Vajsar
...Show all authors
Victoria L. Hodgkinson
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Maryam Oskoui
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
Joshua Lounsberry
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Saïd M’Dahoma
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Emily Butler
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Craig Campbell
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
Alex MacKenzie
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Hugh J. McMillan
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Louise Simard
Affiliation:
Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Jiri Vajsar
Affiliation:
Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Bernard Brais
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
Kristine M. Chapman
Affiliation:
Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Nicolas Chrestian
Affiliation:
CHUL Centre Mère-Enfant-Soleil, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
Meghan Crone
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Kinsmen Child Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Peter Dobrowolski
Affiliation:
Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Susan Dojeiji
Affiliation:
Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
James J. Dowling
Affiliation:
Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Nicolas Dupré
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine, Laval University, and CHU de Québec-UL, Québec City, QC, Canada
Angela Genge
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
Hernan Gonorazky
Affiliation:
Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Simona Hasal
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Kinsmen Child Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Aaron Izenberg
Affiliation:
Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Wendy Johnston
Affiliation:
Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Edward Leung
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Hanns Lochmüller
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital and Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Jean K. Mah
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Alier Marerro
Affiliation:
CHU Dr. Georges-L-Dumont, and CFNMB, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, NB, Canada
Rami Massie
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
Laura McAdam
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Anna McCormick
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Michel Melanson
Affiliation:
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Michelle M. Mezei
Affiliation:
Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Cam-Tu E. Nguyen
Affiliation:
CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
Colleen O’Connell
Affiliation:
Stan Cassidy Centre for Rehabilitation, Fredericton, NB, Canada Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
Erin K. O’Ferrall
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
Gerald Pfeffer
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Cecile Phan
Affiliation:
Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Stephanie Plamondon
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Chantal Poulin
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
Xavier Rodrigue
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine, Laval University, and CHU de Québec-UL, Québec City, QC, Canada
Kerri L. Schellenberg
Affiliation:
Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Kathy Selby
Affiliation:
Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of Vancouver, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Jordan Sheriko
Affiliation:
Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
Christen Shoesmith
Affiliation:
Division of Neurology and Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
Garth Smith
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, KidsInclusive Centre for Child & Youth Development, Hotel Dieu Hospital, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Monique Taillon
Affiliation:
Stan Cassidy Centre for Rehabilitation, Fredericton, NB, Canada Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
Jodi Warman Chardon
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital and Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Scott Worley
Affiliation:
Stan Cassidy Centre for Rehabilitation, Fredericton, NB, Canada Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
Lawrence Korngut*
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
*
Correspondences to: Lawrence Korngut, MD, MSc, FRCPC, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, 480060, 4th Floor Administration, Clinical Neurosciences, South Health Campus, 4448 Front Street SE, Calgary, AB T3M 1M4, Canada. Phone: (403) 956-2464. Fax: (403) 956-2992. Email: lawrence.korngut@albertahealthservices.ca
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

Background:

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating rare disease that affects individuals regardless of ethnicity, gender, and age. The first-approved disease-modifying therapy for SMA, nusinursen, was approved by Health Canada, as well as by American and European regulatory agencies following positive clinical trial outcomes. The trials were conducted in a narrow pediatric population defined by age, severity, and genotype. Broad approval of therapy necessitates close follow-up of potential rare adverse events and effectiveness in the larger real-world population.

Methods:

The Canadian Neuromuscular Disease Registry (CNDR) undertook an iterative multi-stakeholder process to expand the existing SMA dataset to capture items relevant to patient outcomes in a post-marketing environment. The CNDR SMA expanded registry is a longitudinal, prospective, observational study of patients with SMA in Canada designed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of novel therapies and provide practical information unattainable in trials.

Results:

The consensus expanded dataset includes items that address therapy effectiveness and safety and is collected in a multicenter, prospective, observational study, including SMA patients regardless of therapeutic status. The expanded dataset is aligned with global datasets to facilitate collaboration. Additionally, consensus dataset development aimed to standardize appropriate outcome measures across the network and broader Canadian community. Prospective outcome studies, data use, and analyses are independent of the funding partner.

Conclusion:

Prospective outcome data collected will provide results on safety and effectiveness in a post-therapy approval era. These data are essential to inform improvements in care and access to therapy for all SMA patients.

Résumé :

RÉSUMÉ :

Un registre national des cas d’amyotrophie spinale en vue d’obtenir des données probantes basées sur l’expérience des patients.

Contexte :

L’amyotrophie spinale (AS) est une maladie rare et dévastatrice qui affecte les individus indépendamment de leur origine ethnique, de leur sexe et de leur âge. Le premier traitement modificateur de cette maladie, le nusinursen, a été approuvé par Santé Canada ainsi que par des agences réglementaires américaines et européennes à la suite de résultats encourageants obtenus dans le cadre d’essais cliniques. Ces derniers ont été effectués sur une population restreinte de jeunes patients recrutés en fonction de leur âge, de la gravité de leur AS et de leur génotype. On le sait, l’approbation à plus grande échelle d’un traitement nécessite un suivi étroit de ses rares et potentiels effets indésirables et de son efficacité au sein d’une population réelle beaucoup plus importante.

Méthodes :

À cet égard, le Canadian Neuromuscular Disease Registry (CNDR) a entrepris, avec diverses parties prenantes, une démarche itérative visant à élargir l’ensemble des données actuelles au sujet de l’AS, et ce, afin de saisir les aspects se rapportant de façon pertinente à l’évolution de l’état de santé des patients dans un contexte de vigilance post-marketing d’un traitement. De fait, ce registre élargi du CNDR au sujet de l’AS repose sur une étude observationnelle longitudinale et prospective de patients canadiens atteints de l’AS. Cette étude a été conçue pour évaluer la sécurité et l’efficacité des nouveaux traitements et fournir des renseignements pratiques impossibles à obtenir dans le cadre d’essais cliniques.

Résultats :

De façon consensuelle, ces données élargies ont inclus des aspects tenant compte de l’efficacité du traitement et de sa sécurité. Elles ont été collectées lors d’une étude menée dans plusieurs établissements de santé au sujet de patients atteints d’AS, et ce, quel que soit le niveau de soins qui leur étaient prodigués. Ces données élargies étaient aussi conformes à l’ensemble des données obtenues précédemment afin de faciliter la collaboration. De plus, cette approche consensuelle dans l’élaboration d’un ensemble de données a pour objectif de standardiser de manière appropriée les instruments de mesure de l’évolution de l’état de santé des patients dans ce réseau et plus largement au Canada. Enfin, soulignons que tant les études prospectives portant sur l’évolution de l’état de santé des patients, l’utilisation des données que les analyses effectuées sont demeurées indépendantes du bailleur de fonds.

Conclusion :

Ces données prospectives quant à l’évolution de l’état de santé des patients atteints d’AS offriront, en lien avec le nusinursen, des résultats en matière de sécurité et d’efficacité dans un contexte de suivi « post-approbation » des traitements. Ces données sont également essentielles pour en savoir davantage à propos des améliorations aux soins et de l’accès aux traitements pour tous les patients.

Keywords

Real-world evidenceSpinal muscular atrophyRegistryRare disease

Information

Type
Original Article
Information
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , Volume 47 , Issue 6 , November 2020 , pp. 810 - 815
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences Inc.

Background

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare neuromuscular disease that affects 1:10 000 people. Reference Verhaart, Robertson and Leary1 It is caused by mutation that results in the non-expression of the survival motor neuron gene (SMN1) which leads to the degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord, with muscle weakness and atrophy. SMA is a heterogeneous disease that has historically been clinically classified according to age of onset and highest motor milestone achieved without disease-modifying therapy. Reference Arnold and Fischbeck2 The most severe type has the highest incidence with onset in infancy. These infants are unable to sit without support, and most patients do not survive 2 years without ventilation support. Reference Oskoui, Levy and Garland3,Reference Mercuri, Bertini and Iannaccone4 Recent advances have led to the development of new therapies: two in clinical use and several others in clinical trials. Reference Parente and Corti5–Reference Ratni, Ebeling and Baird7

With the emergence of these new treatments, there is a need to monitor patients over time to provide real-world evidence on effectiveness and adverse reactions. Patient registries provide an important platform for researchers to benchmark national standards, monitor trends in patient characteristics, and, importantly, monitor clinical outcomes in a real-world environment.

While randomized controlled trials remain the gold standard for evaluating clinical efficacy and safety of therapies, the generalizability of findings from the homogenous study participants who often lack significant comorbidities may be low. The real-world effectiveness must be assessed when therapies are incorporated into general practice across a broader range of patients with multiple comorbidities, variable disease severity, and over a longer time frame.

In order for registries to successfully undertake post-approval therapy monitoring with high-quality observational data, a well-defined consensus dataset and agreed set of clinical outcomes, systematic follow-up of all patients, and clear analysis plan are required. Reference Reid8,Reference Franklin and Schneeweiss9

The purpose of this article is to describe the development of a registry dataset for real-world evidence to inform the use, safety, and effectiveness of SMA therapies in children and adults.

Methods

Study Design

The Canadian Neuromuscular Disease Registry (CNDR) is a nationwide pan-neuromuscular disease registry that collects SMA-specific data from patients in 31 neuromuscular clinics across Canada and currently (as of March 2020) follows 250 SMA patients. The CNDR consists of a network 15 pediatric and 16 adult neuromuscular clinics with broad geographic spread across Canada (Supplemental Table 1).

In anticipation of the approval of nusinersen to treat SMA, the CNDR SMA dataset was expanded to capture more relevant outcomes that will help identify adverse drug reactions and assess the effectiveness of SMA therapies in the broader real-world population. The objective of this prospective multicenter observational study was to obtain a better understanding of the new natural history of SMA by collecting data from all patients regardless of therapeutic status. Secondary objectives included establishing pragmatic methods to assess disease progression and therapeutic effectiveness through both case–control study (exposed vs. non-exposed), and analysis of patient outcomes compared to their own baseline values. Through the study, we are monitoring therapeutic effect profiles to inform SMA management plans.

The CNDR is an active multicenter prospective registry used as a research infrastructure tool (https://cndr.org/). In order to define a consensus dataset, iterative survey methodology and consensus discussions were utilized to select appropriate data items for inclusion. The SMA expanded dataset was developed by the CNDR SMA Working Group which is comprised of neurologists and basic scientist experts from across Canada. Additional input was sought from other Canadian physicians following SMA patients as well as external partners such as patient organizations, global collaborators, and industry. Final decisions on inclusion of dataset items were made by the SMA Working Group. In parallel, global collaborators in the TREAT-NMD Registry Committee were similarly developing a new natural history dataset for use across the network of over 50 SMA registries around the world. Included in the collaborative global efforts to align data collection were other national and regional initiatives including the US CureSMA registry, the German SMArtCare initiative, Reference Pechmann, Konig and Bernert10 and the international SMA Consortium (Italian, UK, and USA) iSMAC initiative. This international effort also informed the development of the Canadian dataset.

All individuals diagnosed with genetically confirmed 5q-SMA who are seen at CNDR-affiliated clinics and provide informed consent are eligible to participate in the study. Each participating clinic obtained research ethics board approval and written informed consent and assent, as appropriate, from participants and/or their legal guardians. Patients can self-register directly with the National Office and release their clinical records for data entry, which is helpful for less severely affected, primarily adult-onset patients who are less likely to attend a specialty neuromuscular clinic.

Data Collection, IT Platform, and Data Quality

Patient data are collected through a web-based portal, utilizing the REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) electronic data capture tool. Reference Harris, Taylor, Thielke, Payne, Gonzalez and Conde11 REDCap is a secure, web-based application designed to support data capture for research studies that provides an intuitive interface for validated data entry, audit trails, and import and export capabilities.

The SMA dataset contains 12 standardized electronic data capture forms: registration; visit info and anthropometric measures; status, clinical trials, and registries; diagnosis; genetics; neuromuscular; respiratory; interventions; medical history; electrophysiology and biomarkers; sociodemographics; and patient-reported outcome measures.

Alongside items included in the existing minimal dataset (clinical diagnosis, age, living status, genetic results (SMN1, SMN2 copy number, family history), current and best lifetime motor milestone achieved, wheelchair use, ventilation use, forced vital capacity, and feeding tube use), additional items were included to address safety and effectiveness of novel therapies. The expanded dataset items included medications, treatments (including start and stop date, administration route, reason for discontinuation), surgeries and therapies, hospitalizations, comorbidities, and motor outcome assessments. Additionally, expansion of encouraged (i.e., non-mandatory) items encompassed biomarkers and electrophysiology, patient-reported outcome measures, and sociodemographics. A copy of the complete dataset is available in Appendix A.

While numerous motor outcome assessment measurements and scales for SMA patients currently exist, the CNDR has encouraged the use of the procedure developed by Pechmann et al. in determining the most appropriate measure for a given patient based on type of SMA and ambulatory status. Reference Pechmann, Konig and Bernert10 The preferred assessments for infantile onset included either the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders (CHOP-INTEND) or the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) section 2. For later onset individuals, preferred measures included the Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded (HFMSE), the Revised Upper Limb Module (RULM), and the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) (depending on ambulatory status). Additionally, WHO motor milestones can be assessed for all SMA patients (Table 1). Reference Glanzman, Mazzone and Main12–27 All motor outcome measures are conducted by qualified physiotherapists, neurologists, or physiatrists who have attended a training session specific to performing these measures in the SMA population.

Table 1:

Motor outcome measures

Regardless of therapeutic status (receiving nusinersen or not), the schedule of events includes data collection and outcome assessments during routine clinic visits every 6–12 months.

All data are entered by trained staff at the affiliated clinics or national office from data collected during routine clinical encounters. For patients who self-register and release their medical records, data are entered by trained staff at the National CNDR Office. Entered clinical data are only accessible to site physician-investigators or their delegates, as well as national office staff. Information is encrypted for storage and subject to all national and provincial regulations for the protection of personal health information.

Data quality is ensured through design of the data collection platform (basic data validation to reduce the entry of implausible values), concise data definitions, central training of data entry personnel across clinical sites, and remote auditing at the National Office. Auditing controls systematically applied through the REDCap software include missing values, field validation errors (out of range and incorrect data type), and outliers for numerical fields. Patient identifiers are collected centrally to allow provision for patient notifications of research opportunities, and as such are utilized to confirm that there are no duplicate registrations.

Analyses

Analyses will be performed using therapy naïve patients as a control comparator group, as well as by comparing individual patient outcomes over time with their own baseline values. Descriptive statistics such as means, standard deviations, frequencies, and percentages will be used to summarize participant demographics, clinical characteristics, and motor assessment outcomes at baseline. Specifically, participants with complete data at all the measurement points will be compared to those with incomplete data over the 1-year period across baseline demographic and clinical characteristics. Mixed-effects regression analyses will be used to model the association between longitudinal changes in motor outcome assessment scores. Participants’ baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, and type of treatment received will be modeled as fixed-effects factors, while variations across CNDR clinics will be modeled as random effects. A spline function will be used to determine the best functional relationship between continuous factors and longitudinal change in each motor assessment outcome. A repeated measures covariance will assume either unstructured or first-order autoregressive structures. The Akaike Information Criterion will be used to determine the model with the best fit. Statistical significance will be evaluated at α = 0.05. All analyses will be conducted in SAS 9.4. 28

To assess the robustness of study conclusions to missing data, descriptive analyses will be used to summarize the patterns of missing data on both predictors and each longitudinal motor outcome assessment over the 1-year period. Logistic regression will be used to examine the differences between participants with complete data and those with incomplete data. Missing data will be handled using mean imputation, Hot-Deck imputation, and Monte Carlo Markov Chain multiple imputation methods. Reference Little and Rubin29 Sensitivity analysis will be conducted with respect to missing data by examining how conclusions change for different missing data methods.

Data Use and Disclosure

The dataset developed will be used in prospective research projects with access to de-identified data available to researchers pending application to, and subsequent approval by the CNDR advisory committee and SMA Working Group. To enable international data sharing and international collaboration, the dataset items have been aligned where possible with approved outcomes by various national and regional SMA registries in the TREAT-NMD SMA Registry group. Reference Pechmann, Konig and Bernert10

Ethics

All clinical sites participating in the study must have ethics approval. All patients participating in this study must provide written informed consent to participate in the CNDR.

Financing

Biogen has provided financial support for this expanded SMA registry and the collection of data regarding motor outcome assessments. The CNDR is solely responsible for data protection and retains independent rights to publish on any data collected.

Results and Discussion

SMA is a devastating neuromuscular disease for which, until recently, there was no effective treatment. Novel therapies show promising results in clinical trials, which has translated into regulatory approval for clinical use; however, further study is required to assess long-term impacts. Prospective data collection following approval is often captured through large Phase 4 clinical trials or epidemiologic studies at a significant cost. While registries do not have all of the controls to evaluate the efficacy of a drug, they provide valuable long-term and large-scale data in the real world at a fraction of the cost of controlled studies. Reference Dreyer and Garner30,Reference Lauer and D’Agostino31 Use of disease-specific patient registries for post-marketing surveillance of new therapies is increasing in Europe, the USA, and Canada and is recognized as a useful tool to monitor patients. Reference Bouvy, Blake, Slattery, De Bruin, Arlett and Kurz32–34

The CNDR is an established network of neuromuscular clinics, with best practice registry data collection procedures Reference Korngut, Jetté, Pringsheim and Johnston35–Reference Korngut, Genge and Johnston37 , and is, therefore, an ideal setting to implement real-world evidence generation. The network of participating neuromuscular physicians ensures that appropriate measures are selected for use and are collected with sufficient completeness and accuracy. Importantly, data generated from this study will continue to address gaps in our knowledge of clinical effectiveness of novel SMA therapies as they come to market – especially in specialty populations that might be excluded or under-represented in clinical trials. The SMA registry expanded dataset was developed as a disease-specific registry that collects data from individuals regardless of therapeutic status. The use of disease-specific registries for post-marketing assessments of safety and effectiveness has international consensus in both SMA and other rare diseases from regulators, the academic community, and patient organizations. Reference Lochmuller, Evans and Farwell38

In conclusion, the CNDR SMA registry has been expanded to capture relevant longitudinal data to examine long-term safety and effectiveness of available and emerging therapies in a real-world setting. As a dynamic registry that can adapt to new developments in SMA, the dataset will continue to evolve to accommodate changes in the SMA landscape including innovative outcome measures and novel therapies. Additionally, the expanded dataset will provide the framework for future comparative effectiveness studies when additional treatments are clinically available.

Funding

Funding support is provided by Biogen for this sponsored-research agreement. They are not involved in the project development, data collection, or data analysis.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank our global collaborators at TREAT-NMD and SMArtCARE.

Conflict of Interest

Dr. VLH reports personal fees from Biogen, Roche, Sarepta outside the submitted work. Dr. MO reports grants from Fonds de Recherche Sante du Québec, grants from Kids Brain Health Network, grants from Canadian Institutes of Health Research, grants from SickKids Foundation, grants from Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Foundation, other from Ionis, other from Biogen, other from Roche, other from Cytokinetics, personal fees and non-financial support from American Academy of Neurology, grants from Fondation du Grand Defi Pierre Lavoie, outside the submitted work. Mr. JL reports personal fees from Biogen Canada Limited, outside the submitted work. Ms. EB has nothing to disclose. Dr. SMD has nothing to disclose. Dr. CC reports grants, personal fees, and other from Biogen, during the conduct of the study; grants, personal fees, and other from PTC Therapeutics, other from Acceleron, AMO, Catabasis, Pfizer, Sarepta, Wave, BMS, Scholar Rock, and Roche, outside the submitted work. Dr. AM reports grants from Biogen, outside the submitted work. Dr. HJM has nothing to disclose. Dr. JV has nothing to disclose. Dr. BB has nothing to disclose. Dr. KMC has nothing to disclose. Dr NC received financial support to prepare review courses about SMA for neurologists, physical therapists, and pediatricians. Dr. MC reports personal fees from Biogen, outside the submitted work. Dr. PD has nothing to disclose. Dr. SD has nothing to disclose. Dr. JJD has nothing to disclose. Dr. ND has nothing to disclose. Dr. AG reports grants from Biogen, Sanofi-Genzyme, CSL Behring, MTPA, AL-S Pharma, AB Sciences, Novartis, Wave Life Sciences, Argenx, Alexion, Avexis, Ackea, Cytokinetics, Hoffman-La Roche, outside the submitted work. Dr. HG reports personal fees from Biogen. Dr. SH has nothing to disclose. Dr. AI has nothing to disclose. Dr. WJ reports personal fees from MT Pharma Canada, other from Cytokinetics, other from Biogen, other from Orion, other from Mallinkrodt, other from Apellis, other from Alexion, other from AB Science, outside the submitted work. Dr. EL has nothing to disclose. Dr. HL reports grants and personal fees from AMO Pharma, Biogen, Desitin, GW Pharma, Pfizer, PTC Therapeutics, Roche, Santhera, Sarepta, Satellos, Ultragenyx, outside the submitted work. Dr. JKM has nothing to disclose. Dr. AM has nothing to disclose. Dr. RM has nothing to disclose. Dr. LM reports other from Italfarmaco, outside the submitted work. Dr. AM has nothing to disclose. Dr. MM has nothing to disclose. Dr. MMM reports personal fees from Genzyme, Alnylam, Pfizer, Akcea, CSL Behring, outside the submitted work. Dr. C-TEN reports other from Pfizer, other from Catabasis, outside the submitted work. Dr. COC reports personal fees from MT Pharma, grants and personal fees from Canopy Growth, personal fees from IPSEN, grants from Cytokinetics, grants from Mallincrodtk, grants from Orion, personal fees from Shoppers Drug Mart, outside the submitted work. Dr. EKOF reports personal fees from PTC Therapeutics nmDMD Advisory Board, grants from Sanofi Genzyme, grants from Acceleron, from SAnofi Genzyme, grants from Grifols, during the conduct of the study. Dr. CP has nothing to disclose. Dr. GP has nothing to disclose. Dr. SP reports other from Biogen, outside the submitted work. Dr. CP has nothing to disclose. Dr. XR has nothing to disclose. Dr. KLS has nothing to disclose. Dr. KS reports grants from Biogen/IONIS, personal fees from Biogen, outside the submitted work. Dr. JS reports personal fees from Biogen, outside the submitted work. Dr. Simard has nothing to disclose. Dr. CS reports other from Biogen, outside the submitted work. Dr. GS reports personal fees from Shire Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from Purdue Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from Janssen Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work. Dr. MT reports grants from Allergan, personal fees from Biogen outside the submitted work. Dr. ST has nothing to disclose. Dr. JWC has nothing to disclose. Dr. SW reports personal fees from Cytokinetics, outside the submitted work. Dr. LK reports grants from Biogen, during the conduct of the study; grants from Sanofi Genzyme, Cytokinetics, personal fees from Alexion, Novartis, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Sarepta, Biogen, CSL Behring, outside the submitted work.

Statement of Authorship

VLH, MO, EB, SMD, JL, CC, and LK wrote the manuscript. CC, MO, JV, GP, AM, HJM, LS, VLH, JL, and LK developed the expanded dataset. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

Supplementary material

To view supplementary material for this article, please visit https://doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2020.111.

Footnotes

*

These authors share first authorship.

References

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Figure 0

Table 1: Motor outcome measures

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