¹ Henry Howard, earl of Surrey: poems, ed. Jones, Emrys (Oxford, 1964), p. 50Google Scholar, lines 3–6, 13 (hereafter Henry Howard: poems). This is the best, though incomplete, edition of Surrey's poetry, and has a lapidary introduction. The Arundel Harington manuscript of Tudor poetry, 2 vols. ed. Hughey, R. (Columbus, Ohio, 1960)Google Scholar contains other verse by Surrey, and editorial discoveries. The first great editor of Surrey's poetry and author of his life was Nott, G. F., The works of Henry Howard, earl of Surrey, and of Sir Thomas Wyatt the elder, 2 vols. (1815–1816) (hereafter Nott, Works).Google Scholar

² For the best accounts of Surrey as a poet, see Henry Howard: poems, pp. xi–xxv; Sessions, William A., Henry Howard, earl of Surrey (Boston, Mass., 1986)Google Scholar; Foley, Stephen Merriam, ‘The honorable style of Henry Howard, earl of Surrey: a critical reading of Surrey's poetry’ (Yale University, Ph.D. thesis, 1979)Google Scholar; Zim, Rivkah, English metrical psalms: poetry as praise and prayer, 1535–1601 (Cambridge, 1987), ch. 3Google Scholar; Davis, W. R., ‘Contexts in Surrey's poetry’, English Literary Renaissance, IV (1974), 40–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³ Letters and papers, foreign and domestic, of the reign of Henry VIII, ed. Brewer, J. S., Gairdner, J. and Brodie, R. H. (1832–1932), XIII (2), 829 (2) (hereafter cited L.&P.)Google Scholar. Reference is to document numbers unless otherwise stated.

⁴ Public Record Office, London (hereafter cited PRO), SP 1/210, fo. 30; 1/209, fo. 128v (L.&P. XX (2), 738, 658). These letters were found by those collecting evidence against Surrey: ‘Memorandum: “Hussey. A paket of lettres to the Duke”’ (L.&P. xxi (2), 555 (18)). See also, Nott, Works, I, 178; Cal.S.P.Span. VII, 250.

⁵ British Library (hereafter cited BL), Cotton MS Titus B ii, fo. 59.

⁶ BL, Sloane MS 1523, fo. 29.

⁷ BL, Egerton MS 2711, fo. 85V; Harrier, R., The canon of Sir Thomas Wyatt's poetry (Cambridge, Mass., 1975), p. 8.Google Scholar

⁸ Tudor-Craig, Pamela, ‘Henry VIII and King David’, in Early Tudor England: proceedings of the 1987 Harlaxton symposium, ed. Williams, Daniel (Woodbridge, 1989), pp. 183–205.Google Scholar

⁹ BL, Royal MS 2A XVI.

¹⁰ Sir Thomas Wyatt: the complete poems, ed. Rebholz, R. A. (1978), CLII, pp. 452–89 (hereafter cited Wyatt: Poems)Google Scholar; Zim, English metrical psalms, ch. 2; Mason, H. A., Humanism and poetry in the Early Tudor period (1959)Google Scholar; Twombly, R. G. ‘Thomas Wyatt's paraphrase of the penitential psalms of David’, Texas Studies in Literature and Language, XII (1970), 345–80Google Scholar. But cf. Greenblatt, S., Renaissance self-fashioning: from More to Shakespeare (Chicago, 1980), ch. 3.Google Scholar

¹¹ Henry Howard: poems, 31.

¹² For Surrey's life, see Nott, Works, I; Bapst, E., Deux gentilshommes-poètes de la cour de Henry VIII (Paris, 1891)Google Scholar; Casady, E., Henry Howard, earl of Surrey (New York, 1938)Google Scholar; Robinson, J. M., The dukes of Norfolk: a quincentennial history (Oxford, 1982), ch. 4Google Scholar; Starkey, David, The reign of Henry VIII: personalities and politics (1985), pp. 147–50Google Scholar; Rivals in power, ed. Starkey, David (1990), pp. 86–113Google Scholar; ‘A memorial from George Constantine’, ed. Aymot, T., Archaeologia, XXIII (1831), 62 (hereafter cited Constantine, ‘Memorial’).Google Scholar

¹³ PRO, SP 1/176, fo. 178 (L.&P. XVIII (1), 351).

¹⁴ Rawcliffe, C., The Staffords: earls of Stafford and dukes of Buckingham, 1394–1521 (Cambridge, 1978). pp. 43–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁵ L.&P. v. 941, 1538, 1627, appendix 33; Bodleian Library, Jesus MS 74, fo. 119; The chronicle of Calais, ed. Nichols, J. G. (Camden Soc., XXXV, 1846), pp. 41, 44, 164Google Scholar; Sessions, Henry Howard, p. 6.

¹⁶ Henry Howard: poems, 27, lines 3–4.

¹⁷ L.&P. v. 941; Wriothesley, Charles, Chronicle, ed. Hamilton, W. D., 2 vols. (Camden Soc. new series, XI and XX, 1875–7), 1, 53.Google Scholar

¹⁸ PRO, SP 1/122, fos. 234–5 (L.&P. XII (2), 248).

¹⁹ Chronicle of King Henry VIII of England, ed. Hume, M. A. S. (1889), pp. 147–8Google Scholar. This chronicler relayed information alternatively fanciful or accurate: it is sometimes hard to know which.

²⁰ Henry Howard: poems, 44, line 12, p. 155.

²¹ Ibid. 38. line 17.

²² Nott, Works, 1, 168–9; PRO, SP 1/225, fo. 210 (L.&P. XXI (2), 287). Gunn, S., ‘Chivalry and the politics of the early Tudor Court’, in Anglo, S. (ed.), Chivalry in the renaissance (Woodbridge, 1990), pp. 120–1.Google Scholar

²³ L.&P. XX (2), appendix 2 (vi); Casady, , Henry Howard, p. 106.Google Scholar

²⁴ BL, Sloane MS 1523, fo. 32V; see also Edward, , Lord Herbert of Cherbury, The life and raigne of King Henry the eighth (1649), p. 563Google Scholar (hereafter cited Herbert, Life and raigne).

²⁵ Henry Howard: poems, 35, lines 7–8. For Surrey's campaigns, see Casady, Henry Howard.

²⁶ Scarisbrick, J. J., Henry VIII (1968), p. 458Google Scholar; Starkey, , Reign of Henry VIII, p. 147.Google Scholar

²⁷ L.&P. XX (2), 496 (8); Nott, Works, 1, appendix XXV.

²⁸ Ibid. 1, 178; PRO, SP 1/210, fos. 30–1 (L.&P. XX (2) 738).

²⁹ PRO, SP 1/227, fo. 109 (L.&P. XXI (2), 555 (7ii)).

³⁰ L.&P. XX (2), appendix 30.

³¹ PRO, SP 1/210, fo. 31 (L.&P. XX (2), 738). For Surrey's bravery at Landrecy and Montreuil, see Casady, , Henry Howard, pp. 103, 123.Google Scholar

³² Bodleian, Jesus MS 74, fos. 279r–v; Nott, Works, i, 198–201; Third report on the royal commission on historical manuscripts (1872), p. 237Google Scholar. Paget to Surrey, 18 January 1546.

³³ Davies, M. B., ‘Surrey at Boulogne’, Huntington Library Quarterly, XXIII (1959–1960), 343–5.Google Scholar

³⁴ Cal.S.P.Span. VIII, 184.

³⁵ PRO, SP 1/227, fo. 109 (L.&P. xxi (2), 555 (7ii)).

³⁶ Third report of the royal commission on historical manuscripts, III, 237.

³⁷ L.&P. XXI (2), 555 (7i)); see also L.&P. XXI (2), 533.

³⁸ Henry Howard: poems, 10.

³⁹ Bodleian, Jesus MS 74, fos. 279–81; Nott, Works, 1, 205–24.

⁴⁰ PRO, SP 1/209, fo. 128v (L.&P. XX (2), 658); Henry Howard: poems, 10.

⁴¹ Bodleian, Jesus MS 74, fo. 280V.

⁴² Nott, Works, 1, 224–7; Bodleian, Jesus MS 74, fo. 280.

⁴³ Nott, Works, 1, 229–30; appendix XVII, p. lxiii; appendix XVIII, p. lxiv.

⁴⁴ Cal.S.P.Span. VIII, 226.

⁴⁵ Bodleian, Jesus MS 74, fo. 280V.

⁴⁶ Henry Howard: poems, 32.

⁴⁷ Cal.S.P.Span. VIII, 208, 210. For Henry's last months, see Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, ch. 14; Starkey, The reign of Henry VIII, ch. 8; Tucker, A. D., ‘The commons in the parliament of 1545’ (University of Oxford, D.Phil, thesis, 1966).Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Cal.S.P.Span. VIII, 318, 373; L.&P. XXI (1), 346.

⁴⁹ Potter, D. L., ‘Diplomacy in the mid-sixteenth century: England and France, 1536–1550’ (University of Cambridge, Ph.D. thesis, 1973)Google Scholar; idem, ‘Foreign policy in the age of Reformation: French involvement in the Schmalkaldic War, 1544–1547’, Historical Journal, XX (1977), 525–44.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Cal.S.P.Span. VIII, 208, 210, 216.

⁵¹ Original letters relative to the English Reformation, ed. Robinson, H., 2 vols. (Parker Soc., Cambridge 1846–1847), 1, 36–7, 153.Google Scholar

⁵² Cal.S.P.Span. VIII, 226.

⁵³ Foxe, John, Acts and monuments, ed. Cattley, S. R. and Townsend, G., 8 vols. (1837–1841), v, 537Google Scholar; BL, Harleian MS 425, fos. 65–6 (L.&P. XVI, 814); Wriothesley, Chronicle, 1, 166–7.

⁵⁴ See Wilson, D., A Tudor tapestry (1972)Google Scholar; Dowling, M., ‘The gospel and the court: Reformation under Henry VIII’, in Lake, P. and Dowling, M. (ed.), Protestantism and the national church in sixteenth-century England (1987), pp. 36–77Google Scholar; Brigden, S., London and the Reformation (Oxford, 1989), chs. 7–8.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Nott, Works, 1, xv–xviii; Baldi, S., ‘The secretary to the Duke of Norfolk and the First Italian Grammar in England’, Studies in English language and literature presented to Professor Dr Karl Brunner on the occasion of his seventieth birthday, ed. Korninger, S. (Vienna, 1957).Google Scholar

⁵⁶ PRO, SP 1/116, fo. 30 (L.&P. XII (1), 424).

⁵⁷ Bodleian, Jesus MS 74, fo. 327; L.&P. XI, 21.

⁵⁸ PRO, SP 1/122, fo. 235V (L.&P. XII (2), 248).

⁵⁹ State papers, King Henry the eighth (Record Commission, 1830–52), V, 325 (hereafter cited State papers).

⁶⁰ PRO, SP 1/122, fo. 235V (L.&P. XII (2), 248).

⁶¹ Constantine, ‘Memorial’, p. 62.

⁶² Wyatt: poems, cclxvii.

⁶³ An excellent epitaffe of syr Thomas wyat, with two other dytties [upon] the slate of mannes lyfe (RSTC 26054).

⁶⁴ Henry Howard: poems, 28.

⁶⁵ Wyatt: poems, clii.

⁶⁶ Henry Howard: poems, 31.

⁶⁷ Ibid. 30, lines 9–12.

⁶⁸ Ibid, lines 13–14, pp. 124–5. For Wyatt's quarrel with Bonner, see Nott, Works, II, 277–308.

⁶⁹ Surrey translated psalms 8, 55, 73 and 88, and Ecclesiastes i–v. It seems likely that he also translated psalms 31 and 51, which were plagiarized and printed, along with his paraphrase of psalm 88, in Certayne chapters of the prouerbes of Salomon drawen into metre by Thomas Sterneholde (RSTC 2760); Huttar, C. A., ‘Poems by Surrey and others in a printed miscellany, c. 1550’, English Miscellany, XVI (1965), 9–18Google Scholar; Rudick, M., ‘Two notes on Surrey's psalms, Notes and Queries, n.s. XXII (1975), 291–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷⁰ Psalmorum omnium iuxia Hebraicam veritatem paraphrastica interpretatio, authore Ioanne Campensi (Paris, 1532)Google Scholar; Mason, H. A., ‘Wyatt and the psalms’, Times Literary Supplement, 27 February and 6 March 1953Google Scholar; idem, Humanism and poetry, pp. 241–8; Henry Howard: poems, pp. 153–60; Zim, English metrical psalms, ch. 3.

⁷¹ Arundel Harington manuscript, I, 90; II, pp. 118–20. The lines condemning ‘bolde behestes, broken by lustes’ (14–201 are largely Surrey's invention.

⁷² Ecclesiastes II, line 35; ps. 73, line 65; Henry Howard: poems, p. 156.

⁷³ Ecclesiastes, I, lines 9, 41; psalm 55, line 38; Henry Howard: poems, pp. 155, 160.

⁷⁴ Arundel Harington manuscript, I, 73; Tottel's miscellany (1557–1587), ed. Rollins, H. E., 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass., 1929–1930), II, 266–7.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Nott, Works, II, 294.

⁷⁶ Arundel Harington manuscript, II, pp. 105–7.

⁷⁷ Henry Howard: poems, 49, lines 55–6, 63–4.

⁷⁸ Henry Howard: poems, 48; Zim, , English metrical psalms, pp. 91–7.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Nott, Works, I, 377; Zim, , English metrical psalms, pp. 88–98Google Scholar; Fox, A., ‘Memento mori: ‘the Biblical paraphrases of the Earl of Surrey’, in Politics and literature in the reigns of Henry VII and Henry VIII (Oxford, 1989), pp. 286–99.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Henry Howard: Poems, 48, lines 5–6.

⁸¹ Dowling, ‘Dowling, ‘The gospel and the court’.

⁸² Bush, M. L., The government policy of Protector Somerset (Cambridge, 1975), p. 102Google Scholar; Longleat House, Seymour papers, XVII, fo. 54; XVIII, fo. 181. I am grateful to the Marquess of Bath for his kind permission to cite these manuscripts.

⁸³ Longleat House, Seymour papers, XVIII (the kitchen account of Edward Seymour, Viscount Beauchamp, October 1539–August 1540). See Bush, M. L., ‘The rise to power of Edward Seymour, Protector Somerset, 1500–1547’ (University of Cambridge, Ph.D. thesis, 1965), pp. 187–97.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ Acts of the privy council of England, ed. Dasent, J. R., 9 vols. (1890–1907), I, 104, 105, 106, 114 (hereafter cited A.P.C.)Google Scholar; PRO, SP 1/175, fos. 85–8; 1/176, fo. 155 (L.&P. XVIII (1), 73, 327).

⁸⁵ Foxe, Acts and monuments, v, 486. The mayor of London had interrogated witnesses at the end of January about Surrey's escapade, but no use was made of the evidence until Gardiner's return: PRO, SP1/175, fos. 85–8; 1/176, fo. 155 (L.&P. XVIII (1), 73, 74, 327).

⁸⁶ PRO, SP 1/176, fo. 156 (L.&P. XVIII (1), 327); A.P.C. 1, 104.

⁸⁷ A.P.C. 1, 104–5.

⁸⁸ BL, Harleian MS 78, fo. 24 (printed in Nott, Works, 1, 167); L.&P. XVIII (1), 327.

⁸⁹ Henry Howard: poems, 25, line 23; 26, line 8; 34, line 1; 36, line 1.

⁹⁰ Junius, Hadrianus, Epistolae, quibus accedit ejusdem vita et oratio (Dordrecht, 1652), p. 459Google Scholar. I owe this reference to the kindness and the scholarship of Maria Dowling.

⁹¹ The house of commons, 1509–1558, ed. Bindoff, S. T., 3 vols. (1982) (hereafter cited House of commons (John Clere)Google Scholar; A.P.C. 1, 289.

⁹² L.&P. XVIII (2), 190; Trinity College, Dublin (hereafter cited TCD) MS 160, fo. 58. This manuscript has been edited in part: O'Keeffe, Susan, ‘TCD MS 160: a tudor miscellany’ (Trinity College, Dublin, M.Litt. thesis, 1986).Google Scholar

⁹³ Longleat, Seymour papers, XVI, fos. 5, 87V; PRO, SP 1/88, fos. 124–6 (L.&P. VII, 1672 (2)). For the court gamblers, see Bush, , ‘The rise to power of Edward Seymour’, pp. 55–8.Google Scholar

⁹⁴ Henry Howard: poems, 33.

⁹⁵ PRO, SP 1/227, fo. 129 (L.&P. XXI (2), 555 (18)).

⁹⁶ Nott, Works, 1, 362–5; Foley, , ‘The honorable style of Henry Howard’, pp. 189–99Google Scholar; Sessions, Henry Howard, pp. 83–7; Mason, , Humanism and poetry, pp. 240–6Google Scholar; Jentoft, C. W., ‘Surrey's four “orations” and the influence of rhetoric on dramatic effect’, Papers on Language and Literature, IX (1973), 250–62Google Scholar; Arundel Harington manuscript, II, pp. 90–1.

⁹⁷ See, for example, The poems of Henry Howard, earl of Surrey, ed. Padelford, F. M. (Seattle, Washington, 1920), pp. 21–3, 220–1Google Scholar; Cassidy, , Henry Howard, pp. 100–1.Google Scholar

⁹⁸ Mason, , Humanism and poetry, pp. 242–4.Google Scholar

⁹⁹ For example, psalm 73, lines 5, 18; Ecclesiastes, IV, line 50; psalm 55, lines 14–17; Henry Howard: poems, 49, 46, 50.

¹⁰⁰ Ibid. 49, lines 45–6.

¹⁰¹ Wyatt: poems, cclxvii, p. 544.

¹⁰² Henry Howard: poems, 41, line 414; Brigden, , London and the Reformation, p. 499.Google Scholar

¹⁰³ Arundel Haringlon manuscript, II, p. 90.

¹⁰⁴ Nott, Works, 1, 364–5. Revelations, 18 v. 24.

¹⁰⁵ Foley, , ‘The honorable style of Henry Howard’, pp. 189–99.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ Corporation of London Record Office (hereafter cited C.L.R.O.), Repertory 10, fos. 300V, 309V.

¹⁰⁷ Brinklow, Henry, ‘Complaynt of Roderyck Mors’ and ‘The lamentacyon of a Christen agaynst the cytye of London’, ed. Cowper, J. M., Early English Text Soc., extra series, XXII (1874), pp. 64, 110.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ William Turner, The huntyng & fyndyng out of the romishe fox (RSTC 24353), sig. fv.

¹⁰⁹ PRO, PCC, PROB. II/30, fos. 192V–193; 11/48, fo. 25V (the wills of Thomas Clere and Hugh Ellis); House of commons.

¹¹⁰ Starkey, D. (ed.), Henry VIII; a European court in England (1991), pp. 118–24Google Scholar; Kingsley, N., The country houses of Gloucestershire, I (Cheltenham, 1989), pp. 29, 46, 138Google Scholar; House of commons.

¹¹¹ C.L.R.O., Journal 15, fo. 20; Repertory 10, fos. 316V, 318, 319, 321.

¹¹² L.&P. XXI (2), 697.

¹¹³ BL, Sloane MS 1523, fo. 33.

¹¹⁴ Constantine, ‘Memorial’, p. 62.

¹¹⁵ L.&P. XVIII (2), 190.

¹¹⁶ Collected poems of Sir Thomas Wyatt, ed. Muir, K. and Thomson, P. (Liverpool, 1969), appendix B.Google Scholar

¹¹⁷ Henry Howard: poems, 40. The version dedicated to Warner is found in Gentleman's Magazine, CXLII (2) (1827). Hudson, H. H., ‘Surrey and Martial’, Modem Language Notes, XXXIII (1923), 481–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar. In his paraphrase of Ecclesiastes III Surrey changes the emphasis in the Vulgate by introducing the concept of the mean: Henry Howard: poems, 45, lines 61–6.

¹¹⁸ PRO, SP 1/227, fo. 97 (L.&P. XXI (2), 555 (I)).

¹¹⁹ Herbert, , Life and raigne, p. 563.Google Scholar

¹²⁰ Bapst, , Deux gentilshommes-poètes, pp. 227, 238, 269, 308Google Scholar; Casady, , Henry Howard, pp. 61–2, 96, 99Google Scholar. Dr Bush refutes the assumption of an ancient quarrel: ‘The rise to power of Edward Seymour’, pp. 422–6.

¹²¹ Longleat, Seymour papers, XVIII, fos. 11V–50V.

¹²² Arundel Harington manuscript, I, 78; II, pp. 95–9. Foley, , ‘Honorable style of Henry Howard’, pp. 177–87Google Scholar; Sessions, Henry Howard, pp. 97–100.

¹²³ Arundel Harington manuscript, I, 78, lines 35–7; Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, 54, 70; The Lisle letters, ed. Byrne, M. St. C., 6 vols. (Chicago and London, 1981), III, 748, pp. 458–9Google Scholar; Longleat, Seymour papers, XVIII, fos. 167, 172, 179, 180.

¹²⁴ Arundel Harington manuscript, I, 78, line 41; Bapst, , Deux gentilshommes-poètes, p. 371.Google Scholar

¹²⁵ PRO, SP1/227, fo. 97 (L.&P. XXI (2), 555 (1)).

¹²⁶ PRO, SP1/227, fos. 103–4 (L.&P. xxi (2). 555 (4)). Was this the quarrel which Surrey denied at his trial: ‘hee left it to them to judge, whether it were probable that this man should speak thus to the earl of Surrey, and he not strike him again’? Herbert, , Life and raigne, p. 565.Google Scholar

¹²⁷ PRO, SP 1/227, fos. 103–4 (L.&P. XXI (2), 555 (4)).

¹²⁸ BL, Cotton MS Titus B I, fo. 99.

¹²⁹ Cal.S.P.Span. VII, 126.

¹³⁰ Herbert, , Life and raigne, p. 564.Google Scholar

¹³¹ Henry Howard: poems, 49, lines 3–4.

¹³² Ibid. 37, lines 1–2.

¹³³ Herbert, , Life and raigne, p. 562Google Scholar; PRO, SP 1/227, fo. 109 (L.&P. XXI (2) 555 (ii)).

¹³⁴ Herbert, , Life and raigne, p. 564.Google Scholar

¹³⁵ Foxe, , Acts and monuments, III, 705Google Scholar; V, 60; Cal.S.P. Domestic, 1547–1580, p. 15; Mozley, J. F., John Foxe and his book (1940), pp. 29–31Google Scholar; Brigden, , London and the Reformation, pp. 372, 400, 492–3, 495, 534.Google Scholar

¹³⁶ Foxe, , Acts and monuments, v, 564Google Scholar; Brigden, , London and the Reformation, pp. 364–70.Google Scholar

¹³⁷ A.P.C. I, 400, 408.

¹³⁸ Ibid. pp. 401, 411.

¹³⁹ Foxe, , Acts and monuments, v, 553–4.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁰ Tucker, , ‘The commons in the parliament of 1545’, pp. 332–4.Google Scholar

¹⁴¹ Herbert, , Life and raigne, p. 563.Google Scholar

¹⁴² A.P.C. I, 424.

¹⁴³ Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, 155.

¹⁴⁴ C.L.R.O., Repertory 11, fos. 174V, 175V, 176.

¹⁴⁵ Ibid, V, 547–8; Narratives of the Reformation, pp. 43–4, 303ff.

¹⁴⁶ L.&P. XXI (1), 969.

¹⁴⁷ Longleat, Seymour papers, XVI, fo. 49; XVII, fos. 51, 52V; XVIII, fos. 114, 172; Bath, Longleat manuscripts, iv, Seymour papers, 1532–1686 (Historical Manuscripts Commission, 58, 1968), pp. 99, 103.

¹⁴⁸ Longleat, Seymour papers, XVI, fo. 27; PRO, PCC, Prob. 11/32, fos. 285V–288V.

¹⁴⁹ L.&P. XXI (I), 736; Gunn, , ‘Chivalry and the politics of the early Tudor court’, p. 116.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁰ BL, Cotton MS Titus B I, fo. 94; Nott, Works, I, appendix XXXVIII, p. ci.

¹⁵¹ Bush, : ‘The rise to power of Edward Seymour’, pp. 113–14Google Scholar. L.&P. XII (1), 246; XIV (1), 1026; Longleat, Seymour papers, XVI, fo. 37; XVIII.

¹⁵² L.&P. XIII (1). 1375; XIII (2). 622 (3).

¹⁵³ Longleat, Seymour papers, XVIII.

¹⁵⁴ L.&P. XIX (I), 384.

¹⁵⁵ PRO, SP 1/227, fo. 104 (L.&P. XXI (2), 555 (4)).

¹⁵⁶ PRO, SP 1/237, fo. 105 (L.&P. XXI (2), 555 (5)).

¹⁵⁷ Henry Howard: poems, 49, line 14.

¹⁵⁸ Wriothesley, Chronicle, 1, 167–8.

¹⁵⁹ Mason, , Humanism and poetry at the Tudor court, pp. 243–4.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁰ Henry Howard: poems, 45, lines 44–8.

¹⁶¹ Bale, , Select works, pp. 239–40Google Scholar; Foxe, Acts and monuments, v, appendix XIX.

¹⁶² Arundel Harington manuscript, II, p. 117.

¹⁶³ Nott, Works, I, 376–7, 384.

¹⁶⁴ Henry Howard; poems, 29, line 6.

¹⁶⁵ Foxe, , Acts and monuments, v, 542, 547Google Scholar. Mason, , Humanism and poetry, p. 244.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁶ House of commons (Thomas Hussey I); A.P.C. I, 449.

¹⁶⁷ The first examinacyon of Anne Askewe, lately martyred in Smythfelde, with the elucydacyon of J. Bale (RSTC 848, 1546); Foxe, , Acts and monuments, v, 539.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁸ Wriothesely, Chronicle, I, 169; L.&P. XXI (1), 1383 (72)).

¹⁶⁹ Foxe, , Acts and monuments, v, 564Google Scholar; L.&P. XXI (1), 1382 (43); 1383 (72)); Narratives of the Reformation, p. 41. The pardon was dated 17 July.

¹⁷⁰ TCD, MS 160, fos. 102–3.

¹⁷¹ L.&P. XXI (2), 331 (81); 476 (63) (signed by the duke of Norfolk, as lord treasurer).

¹⁷² PRO, SP 1/227, fo. 109 (L.&P. XXI (2), 555 (7ii)).

¹⁷³ PRO, SP 1/221, fo. 181 (L.&P. XXI (1), 1263). Dudley had inexplicably delayed his departure for Boulogne. L&P. XXI (1), 1252, 1253.

¹⁷⁴ Paget was still writing insouciantly to Surrey on 12 or 13 July: BL, Cotton MS Titus B II, fo. 59; Nott, Works, I, 231.

¹⁷⁵ Bodleian, Jesus MS 74, fo. 282.

¹⁷⁶ PRO, SP 1/227, fo. 129 (L.&P. XXI (2), 555 (18)).

¹⁷⁷ L.&P. XXI (1), 477, 504 (41).

¹⁷⁸ Ibid, XX (2), 211, 212.

¹⁷⁹ BL, Cotton MSS Otho, appendix XXXVIII; Otho C XIV; Nott, Works, I, lxxxix; C.L.R.O., Journal 15, fo. 270.

¹⁸⁰ PRO, SP 1/227, fos. 101, 104 (L.&P. XXI (2), 555 (3, 4, 5)).

¹⁸¹ Herbert, , Life and raigne, p. 562Google Scholar. PRO, SP1/227, fo. 18 (L.&P. XXI (2), 509).

¹⁸² Cal.S.P.Span. VIII, 370.

¹⁸³ PRO, SP 1/227, fo. 76 (L.&P. XXI (2), 541).

¹⁸⁴ A.P.C. I, 556–7; Cal.S.P.Span. VIII, 364, 365.

¹⁸⁵ Tucker, , ‘The commons in the parliament of 1545’.Google Scholar

¹⁸⁶ Herbert, , Life and raigne, p. 562.Google Scholar

¹⁸⁷ Cal.S.P.Span. VIII, 370.

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¹⁸⁹ pro, SP 1/227, fo. 82 (L.&P. XXI (2), 548); State papers, I, 888–90. A list of the duke's household, of 243 persons, with the names of those missing, was sent to the king: PRO, SP 1/245, fo. 145 (L.&P. Addenda 1 2), 1782). A.P.C. I, 557.

¹⁹⁰ L.&P. XXI (2), 555 (2, 3).

¹⁹¹ Ibid, XXI (2), 555 (7, 8, 12, 15).

¹⁹² PRO, SP 1/227, fo. 123; State papers, 1, 891.

¹⁹³ Cal.S.P.Span. VIII, 373.

¹⁹⁴ Reports of the deputy keeper of the public records, III, appendix II, (1842), p. 267Google Scholar (hereafter cited D.K.P.R.). For the grand jury, see Tucker, , ‘The commons in the parliament of 1545’, pp. 391–8.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁵ D.K.P.R., p. 267; Tucker, , ‘The commons in the parliament of 1545’, pp. 403–8.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁶ Surrey possessed a book concerning the office of earl marshal: Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson B 146, fo. 81. He had served as earl marshal at Anne Boleyn's trial: Strong, R., Tudor and Jacobean portraits, 2 vols. (1969), I, 307Google Scholar. Herbert, , Life and raigne, p. 564Google Scholar; Dennys, R., Heraldry and the heralds (1982), p. 127.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁷ BL, Harleian MS 297, fo. 255V; PRO, SP 1/227, fo. 99 (L.&P. XXI (2), 555 (2)).

¹⁹⁸ PRO sp 1/176, fo. 178 (L.&P. XVIII (1), 351).

¹⁹⁹ BL, Harleian MS 297, fo. 256; Herbert, , Life and raigne, p. 567Google Scholar; Dennys, , Heraldry and the heralds. pp. 125–9.Google Scholar

²⁰⁰ A.P.C. II, 106; Nott, Works, I, ciii.

²⁰¹ PRO, E 101/60/22, fo. I; BL, Add. MS 5751 (A), fo. 289.

²⁰² Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, 177.

²⁰³ Herbert, , Life and raigne, p. 565Google Scholar; Stow, John, The annales, or generall chronicle of England (1615), p. 592.Google Scholar

²⁰⁴ BL, Stowe MS 396, fo. 8. Surrey had a particular interest in tapestries: Nott, Works, 1, xvii; appendix XLVII.

²⁰⁵ Cal.S.P.Span. IX, 3.

²⁰⁶ Herbert, , Life and raigne, p. 564.Google Scholar

²⁰⁷ Chronicle of King Henry VIII, p. 143.Google Scholar

²⁰⁸ Thomas, William, The pilgrim: dialogue on the life and actions of King Henry the Eighth, ed. Froude, J. A. (1861), p. 73 (hereafter cited The pilgrim).Google Scholar

²⁰⁹ Strong, , Tudor and Jacobean portraits, I, 307–9Google Scholar; II, plates 607–14.

²¹⁰ PRO, SP 1/210, fo. 32 (L.&P. XX (2), 738).

²¹¹ Parker, K. T., The drawings of Hans Holbein in the collection of his Majesty the King at Windsor Castle (1945)Google Scholar, plates 16, 17, 18, 19, 26, 29, 34, 38, 72, 76, 77.

²¹² Starkey, , The reign of Henry VIII, p. 148Google Scholar; Sessions, William, ‘“Enough survives”: the earl of Surrey and European court culture’, History Today, June 1991, p. 54.Google Scholar

²¹³ Nott, Works, I, ix.

²¹⁴ Controversy surrounds this portrait. A record of payment made to Guillim Scrots in 1551 for a ‘picture of the late earle of Surrey attainted’ survives: BL, Royal MS 18 CXXIV, fo. 69v; Auerbach, E., ‘Holbein's followers in England’, Burlington Magazine, XCIII (1951), 44–51Google Scholar. Whether this is the portrait in Arundel Castle is disputed. Sir Roy Strong argues that the Arundel portrait is a seventeenth-century copy of a portrait painted of the earl from life by Scrots, but with the addition of the grisaille archway which owes nothing to the sixteenth century, but may borrow from drawings by Jones, Inigo: ‘Some early portraits at Arundel Castle’, The Connoisseur, CXCVII (1978), 198–200Google Scholar. But at Surrey's trial there were accounts of a portrait sounding remarkably similar to this one. MacLeod, C., ‘Guillim Scrots in England’ (Courtauld Institute, M.A. thesis, 1990).Google Scholar

²¹⁵ I am most grateful to David Franklin for this information. Zerner, H., The school of Fontainbleau (1969).Google Scholar

²¹⁶ Wyatt: poems, xxix.

²¹⁷ Worden, Blair, London Review of Books, 10 May 1990.Google Scholar

²¹⁸ See above, pp. 508–9, 512.

²¹⁹ Henry Howard: poems, 46, lines 35–6; 41–5.

²²⁰ Cal.S.P. Span, VIII, 365, 370. PRO. SP 1/227, fo. 109V. L.&P. XXI (2), 555 (7, i, ii).

²²¹ The Pilgrim, pp. 72–3.

²²² Cal.S.P. Span, IV (I), 228, p. 360; VII, 126, 245.

²²³ L.&P. XXI (2), 533.

²²⁴ PRO, SP 1/227, fo. 106r–v (L.&P. XXI (2), 555 (6)). L.& P. V, 120. 283, 1188; VII, 599.

²²⁵ State papers, I, 350; L. & P. IV (3), 6738; V, 120, 283.

²²⁶ L. & P. V, 474, 888, 910, 1027, 1197; VI, 717, 1370; XVI, 176, 214.

²²⁷ L.&P. V, 233, 474; VII, 529; X, 32; XIII (2), 1280 (fos. 1 1V, 47V); XV, 1032 (I); XVI, 380 (fo. 109), 745 (fo. 6), 1489 (fo. 166), 1500 (p. 718); Longleat, Seymour papers, XVII, fo. 53V; BL, Sloane MS 1047.

²²⁸ L.&P. XXI (I), 1165 (75), 1382 (9); CSP Ven. V, 438. In March 1550 he was arrested as he attempted to leave for Flanders. For what reason? (A.P.C. II, 405).

²²⁹ The pilgrim, pp. 75–6.

²³⁰ Herbert, , Life and raigne, p. 564.Google Scholar

²³¹ A.P.C. I, 17, 19. For an alternative interpretation of the quarrel, see Bapst, , Deux gentilshommes-poètes, pp. 256–8.Google Scholar

²³² Bodleian, Jesus MS 74, fo. 257V.

²³³ Proceedings and ordinances of the privy council of England, ed. Nicolas, N. H., 7 vols. (1834–1837), VII, 288, 291, 303, 319Google Scholar. He was examined by Sir Richard Gresham, whose house Surrey attacked a year later.

²³⁴ BL, Harleian MS 78, fo. 24; Nott, Works, I, 167.

²³⁵ PRO sp 1/227) fo. 76 (L.&P. XXI (2), 541).

²³⁶ See above, p. 522.

²³⁷ PRO, SP 1/225, fo. 210 (L.&P. XXI (2), 287).

²³⁸ The Pilgrim, pp. 72–3.

²³⁹ PRO Sp 1/227, fo. 129 (L.&P. XXI (2), 555 (18)). Sir Francis Bryan inherited the gown of gold: BL, M 485/52/201, fo. 274.

²⁴⁰ PRO, SP 1/220, fos. 60–9 (L.&P. XXI (I), 1027); Brigden, , London and the Reformation, pp. 368–9.Google Scholar

²⁴¹ Camden, William, Remains concerning Britain (1870), p. 374.Google Scholar

²⁴² Cal.S.P.Span. VIII, 370.

²⁴³ Psalm 88, line 15; Henry Howard: poems, 48.

²⁴⁴ BL, Add. MS 36529; Henry Howard: poems, 36.

²⁴⁵ Ibid. 37.

²⁴⁶ Tucker, , ‘The commons in the parliament of 1545’, pp. 370–3Google Scholar; Starkey, , The reign of Henry VIII, pp. 162–5Google Scholar; see above, p. 526.

²⁴⁷ Henry Howard: poems, 34; DNB; House of commons (Thomas Radcliffe); Nott, Works, I, 359.

²⁴⁸ Henry Howard: poems, 18, 27, 35.

²⁴⁹ Henry Howard: poems, 48, lines 13–14, 43–4; Arundel Harington manuscript, II, pp. 103–4.

²⁵⁰ Henry Howard: poems, 45, line 19.

²⁵¹ PRO, SP 1/223, fo. 36 (L.&P. XXI (1), 1426).

²⁵² Clere had died from his wounds in April 1546. PRO, PCC, Prob. 11/30, fos. 192V–193 (Clere's will); Henry Howard: poems, 35; Harrier, , The canon of Sir Thomas Wyatt's poetry, pp. 23ff.Google Scholar

²⁵³ Henry Howard: poems, 50, lines 22–5.

²⁵⁴ Nott, Works, 1, 396; Bapst, , Deux gentilshommes-poètes, pp. 346–55Google Scholar. That Surrey had entrusted his ‘secreat zeale’ to Southwell might seem unlikely, for ‘zeale’ was, in the language of the time, a protestant preserve, and Southwell thought to be catholic, yet Southwell had employed a reformer as tutor to his son: Narratives of the Reformation, p. 46.

²⁵⁵ Henry Howard: poems, 50, lines 42–6.

²⁵⁶ Poems of Henry Howard, ed. Padelford, , p. 232Google Scholar; Arundel Harington manuscript, II, 110.

²⁵⁷ Herbert, , Life and raigne, p. 564.Google Scholar

²⁵⁸ BL, Cotton MS Nero, B VI, fos. 142, 143, 154 (L.&P. IX, 648, 687, 917, 1011; X, 320, 411, 418); Fenlon, D., Heresy and obedience in Tridentine Italy: Cardinal Pole and the counter reformation (Cambridge, 1972), chs. 1–2Google Scholar; House of commons (Fryer).

²⁵⁹ Foxe, , Acts and monuments, v, 4Google Scholar; appendix VI; L.&P. IV (2), 4074, 4741; Addenda 1(1), 357.

²⁶⁰ L.&P. XIV (2), 53.

²⁶¹ BL, Cotton MS, Nero B VI, fos. 142, 143, 154, 156; L.&P. IX, 648, 687, 917, 1011; X, 320, 321, 411, 418.

²⁶² L.&P. XI, 460; XIII (2), 1239; XIV (2), 53; PRO, PCC, Prob. 11/27, fo. 203V (Foxe's will).

²⁶³ BL, Cotton MS, Titus B 1, fo. 99; Nott, Works, 1, appendix, XXXVIII.

²⁶⁴ Tucker, , ‘The house of commons in the parliament of 1545’, pp. 549–50Google Scholar; ‘The letters of Richard Scudamore to Sir Philip Hoby’, Camden Miscellany, XXX (Camden Soc., 4, 1990), p. 104Google Scholar; Trevelyan papers, prior to A.D. 1558, ed. Collier, J. Payne (Camden Soc. LXVIII, 1857), p. 214Google Scholar; Stone, L., Family and fortune, p. 212.Google Scholar

²⁶⁵ Cal.S.P.Domestic, Edward VI, Mary & Elizabeth, 1547–1580, p. 174Google Scholar; Cal.S.P.Domestic, 1601–1603, with addenda, 1547–1565, pp. 465–6, 510Google Scholar; Catholic Record Society, Miscellany, 1 (1905), p. 55Google Scholar; PRO, PCC, Prob 11/47, fo. 11 (John Fryer's nuncupative will); Prob 11/46, fo. 298V (his widow's will).

²⁶⁶ The pilgrim, p. 73.

²⁶⁷ L.&P. XI. 727; Bapst, , Deux gentilshommes-poètes, p. 220Google Scholar; House of commons (Southwell, Carew, Rogers); Nott, Works, I, appendix XIV.

²⁶⁸ See above, p. 520; House of commons (Warner).

²⁶⁹ House of commons (Knyvet); Arundel Harington manuscript, 1, 10; ii, 12–14.

²⁷⁰ Nott, Works, I, xcvii, appendix, p. xxxix. House of commons (Blage).

²⁷¹ Nott, Works, I, lxxxi, 190–1; House of Commons; PRO, PCC Prob. 11/30, fos. 192V–193.

²⁷² BL, Sloane MS 1523, fo. 32V.

²⁷³ Wood, M. A. E., Letters of royal and illustrious ladies, 3 vols. (1846), III, 237–9.Google Scholar

²⁷⁴ See above, pp. 522–3, 525–6.

²⁷⁵ Arundel Harington manuscript, 1, 295.Google Scholar

²⁷⁶ Paget remembered – conveniently – that the king had told him of his intent that the Howard lands ‘shuld be liberally dispersed and given to divers noble men and others his Majestes good seruauntes’, A.P.C. II, 15ff.

²⁷⁷ L.&P. XXI (2), 200 (24), 331 (33, 81, 83), 332 (86, 91), 476 (4, 63), 634 (1), 647 (55, 56), 771 (9, 16), 774 (pp. 434, 441). A.P.C. II, 17, 19; House of commons (Fulmerston, Thomas Hussey I).

²⁷⁸ PRO, SP 1/227, fo. 129 (L.&P. XXI (2), 555 (18)).

²⁷⁹ Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, 177.

²⁸⁰ Cavendish, G., Metrical visions, ed. Edwards, A. S. G. (Columbia, South Carolina, 1980), pp. 78–81 (lines 1192–5).Google Scholar

²⁸¹ Arundel Haringlon manuscript, 1, 282; II, 428–30.Google Scholar

²⁸² Camden, Remains (1870), p. 374. I owe this reference to Blair Worden. See also Turberville, Epitaphes, epigrams, songs and sonnets (1567, RSTC, 24326), fos. 9v–10. Churchyard, Chips, I, fo. ii; cited Nott, Works, I, appendix XV. Sidney, Philip, A defence of poetry, ed. van Dorsten, J. (Oxford, 1966), p. 64.Google Scholar