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Surprisal and constructional compatibility: evidence from the English of-NP evaluation construction – RETRACTION

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 April 2026

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Abstract

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Information

Type
Retraction
Information
Language and Cognition , Volume 18 , 2026 , e26
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Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press

The Editor-in-Chief of Language and Cognition is retracting the above article in agreement with Cambridge University Press because a substantial number of references cited throughout the paper turned out to be non-existent. The full references were not originally included in the accepted paper and were added to the paper by the author during the production process.

The journal was first alerted to this issue in December 2025. Following a thorough investigation, the decision was made to retract the paper as the author could neither provide a satisfactory explanation for the inclusion of the non-existent references nor was able to provide legitimate references for most of the in-text citations, which undermines the Editor’s confidence in the results and conclusions reported in the paper.

The list of non-existent references identified is as below:

  • • Boas, H. C., Ziem, A., & Allen, D. (2024). Construction grammar and the pragmatics interface. Linguistics Vanguard, 10(1), 1–20.

  • • Futrell, R., Wilcox, E., Morita, T., & Levy, R. (2020). RNNs as psycholinguistic subjects: Syntactic state and grammatical dependency. Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics, 3(1), 1–11.

  • • Goldberg, A. E., & Herbst, T. (2021). The nice-of-you construction: Social evaluation and constructional meaning. Cognitive Linguistics, 32(2), 213–245.

  • • Goldberg, A. E. (2019). Explain me this: Creativity, competition, and the partial productivity of constructions. Princeton University Press.

  • • Gries, S. T. (2019). Ten suggestions for improving quantitative corpus linguistics. Corpora, 14(1), 1–32.

  • • Gries, S. T. (2020). Frequency in corpus linguistics: A methodological overview. Annual Review of Linguistics, 6, 89–106.

  • • Gries, S. T. (2024). Quantitative approaches to usage-based grammar. Linguistics, 62(1), 67–94.

  • • Merkx, D., & Frank, S. L. (2021). Human sentence processing: Supertagging and incremental parsing with transformer models. Cognitive Science, 45(6).

  • • Morin. E., Leclercq, P., & Tellier, A. (2024). Multidimensional approaches to constructional meaning. Journal of Pragmatics, 222, 1–18.

  • • Oshima, D. Y. (2009). Expletive it and the syntax of sentential negation. English Linguistics, 26(2), 437–464.

  • • Potts, C. (2024). Recent advances in probabilistic pragmatics. Annual Review of Linguistics, 10, 1–25.

  • • Ungerer, F., & Hartmann, S. (2023). Social meaning in evaluative constructions. Constructions and Frames,15(2), 145–178.

  • • Wilcox, E., Qian, P., Futrell, R.,&Levy, R. (2022). Predictive processing in language is sensitive to hierarchical structure but not to word order. Cognition, 225, 105129.

  • • Wilkinson, K. (1970). Conditions on it-extraposition. Language, 46(1), 145–168.

  • • Wilkinson, K. (1976). On extraposition and evaluation. Journal of Linguistic Theory, 12(3), 201–225.

The author agrees to the retraction.

The article PDF has been watermarked and the HTML/abstract updated to state that the article has been retracted.

References

Kim, M. (2025). Surprisal and constructional compatibility: evidence from the English of-NP evaluation construction. Language and Cognition, 17, e88. https://doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2025.10045CrossRefGoogle Scholar