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Effect of Goji berry consumption on physiological, biochemical and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) outcomes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2018

G.M.R. Gonçalves ,
L. Zhao ,
S. Patel  and
B.A. Graf
G.M.R. Gonçalves
Affiliation:
Food and Nutrition, Department of Health Professions, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, M15 6BG Manchester, UK
L. Zhao
Affiliation:
Health Academy, OL10 1AA Heywood, UK.
S. Patel
Affiliation:
Food and Nutrition, Department of Health Professions, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, M15 6BG Manchester, UK
B.A. Graf
Affiliation:
Food and Nutrition, Department of Health Professions, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, M15 6BG Manchester, UK
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Abstract

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Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescribes food as medicine(Reference Maciocia1), and Goji berry (Lycium barbarum) were used to treat imbalances of ‘Yin’, ‘Yang’ and ‘Qi’ for >2500 years(Reference Potterat2). Recent animal studies report that Goji berry reduced total cholesterol, body weight and fasting blood glucose(Reference Ming, Guanhua and Zhanhai3, Reference Luo, Cai and Yan4, Reference Jing, Cui, Feng and Xiao5, Reference Li6). In human trials Goji berry were evaluated as part of a complex juice, which contained a large number of other ingredients and reported effects could not be attributed to Goji berry(Reference Amagase and Nance7, Reference Amagase and Nance8). Thus, we investigated the effect of dried Goji berry in a double-blind randomised controlled study design. Stratified by BMI, participants were randomly allocated into Goji berry (20 g/d, n = 14) or control group (15·7 g green raisins/d, n = 13). On day 1 and day 21 of the study, conventional outcomes (line 1–8, Table 1) and TCM outcomes (line 9–14, Table 1) were evaluated.

Table 1.

Effect of Goji berry consumption on physiological, biochemical and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) outcomes.

(1) Time to fall asleep was categorised: 1=>20 min, 2 = 11–20 min, 3 = 5–10 min; (2) Energy levels: 1 = Extreme low, 5 = Medium, 10 = Excellent, (3) Tongue evaluation I: TCM tongue diagnosis: −10 = Reduction of health (2 or more tongue areas changed negatively), −5 = Slight reduction (1 area changed negatively), 0 = No change, 5 = Slight improvement (1 area changed positively), 10 = Improvement (2 or more areas changed positively; (4) Tongue evaluation II: TCM tongue diagnosis based on tongue photograph by external TCM practitioner: same scale as before; (5) Bowel movement and (6) Self-assessment: −10 = Negative change, −5 = Slight negative change, 0 = No change, 5 = Slight positive change, 10 = Positive change.

Two-way ANOVA (group and time interaction analysis) revealed that there was no difference between control and Goji berry group (P > 0·16). Main effect analysis showed that some outcomes changed over time (waist circumference, P = 0·03; systolic BP P = 0·01; diastolic BP, P = 0·01). These changes however occurred in both, control and Goji berry group. Therefore changes seen were either a) due to a factor not measured in the study or b) Goji berry AND green raisins delivered the same bioactivity. In summary, this study cannot confirm that Goji berry consumption has beneficial effects.

References

1.Maciocia, G (2005) The Foundations of Chinese Medicine. 2nd ed., New York, USA: Elsevier Health Sciences.Google Scholar
2.Potterat, O (2010) Journal of medicinal plant and natural product research 76, 7–19.Google Scholar
3.Ming, M, Guanhua, L, Zhanhai, Y et al. (2009) Journal Food Chemistry 113(4), 872–877.Google Scholar
4.Luo, Q, Cai, Y, Yan, J et al. (2004) Life Sciences 76(2), 137–149.Google Scholar
5.Jing, L, Cui, G, Feng, Q & Xiao, Y (2009) African Journal of traditional, complementary alternative medicines 6(4), 579–584.Google Scholar
6.Li, XM (2007) International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 40(5), 461–465.Google Scholar
7.Amagase, H & Nance, DM (2011) Journal of the American College of Nutrition 30(5), 304–309.Google Scholar
8.Amagase, H & Nance, DM (2012) Journal of Food Research 1(2), 3–12.Google Scholar
Figure 0

Table 1. Effect of Goji berry consumption on physiological, biochemical and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) outcomes.