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Slickwater hydraulic fracture propagation: near-tip and radial geometry solutions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 October 2019

Brice Lecampion Open the ORCID record for Brice Lecampion [Opens in a new window]  and
Haseeb Zia
Brice Lecampion*
Affiliation:
Geo-Energy Laboratory - Gaznat Chair on Geo-Energy, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-ENAC-IIC-GEL, Station 18, CH-1015, Switzerland
Haseeb Zia
Affiliation:
Geo-Energy Laboratory - Gaznat Chair on Geo-Energy, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-ENAC-IIC-GEL, Station 18, CH-1015, Switzerland
*
†Email address for correspondence: brice.lecampion@epfl.ch
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Abstract

We quantify the importance of turbulent flow on the propagation of hydraulic fractures (HF) accounting for the addition of friction reducing agents to the fracturing fluid (slickwater fluid). The addition in small quantities of a high molecular weight polymer to water is sufficient to drastically reduce friction of turbulent flow. The maximum drag reduction (MDR) asymptote is always reached during industrial-like injections. The energy required for pumping is thus drastically reduced, allowing for high volume high rate hydraulic fracturing operations at a reasonable cost. We investigate the propagation of a hydraulic fracture propagating in an elastic impermeable homogeneous solid under a constant (and possibly very high) injection rate accounting for laminar and turbulent flow conditions with or without the addition of friction reducers. We solve the near-tip HF problem and estimate the extent of the laminar boundary layer near the fracture tip as a function of a tip Reynolds number for slickwater. We obtain different propagation scalings and transition time scales. This allows us to easily quantify the growth of a radial HF from the early-time turbulent regime(s) to the late-time laminar regimes. Depending on the material and injection parameters, some propagation regimes may actually be bypassed. We derive both accurate and approximate solutions for the growth of radial HF in the different limiting flow regimes (turbulent smooth, rough, MDR) for the zero fracture toughness limit (corresponding to the early stage of propagation of a radial HF). We also investigate numerically the transition(s) between the early-time MDR regime to the late-time laminar regimes (viscosity and toughness) for slickwater fluid. Our results indicate that the effect of turbulent flow on high rate slickwater HF propagation is limited and matters only at early times (at most during the first minutes for industrial hydraulic fracturing operations).

JFM classification

Low-Reynolds-number flows: Lubrication theory
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 880 , 10 December 2019 , pp. 514 - 550
Copyright
© 2019 Cambridge University Press 

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