Background

In 2015, 56 years after its establishment, the GNSO recorded its debut album at the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon. In view of the overwhelming challenge of low patronage of art music in Africa (Agawu Reference Agawu2011, Irele Reference Irele1993) the GNSO chose to draw its repertoire and composers for this historic album from the Ghanaian popular music domain. Out of the 11 tracks on the album, only two fall within the Afro-European art music category in the truest sense. The album featured Ghanaian highlife music and legends including Agya Koo Nimo, Bob Pinodo and Gyedu Blay Ambolley.Footnote ³ The GNSO also launched this album at +233 Jazz Bar and Grill, a space noted for its weekly jazz and popular live band music performances in Accra.

In a recent study of the debut album recording and launch, De-Souza (Reference De-Souza2020, p. 64) posits that ‘[i]n marketing the CDs, the orchestra selected seasoned artists in Ghana to collaborate with them … Putting together such music icons on this recording project was a marketing strategy … a good way to market the CDs’. She further writes, ‘we can … conclude that the GNSO's maiden album (Ghanaian Classics) was partially successful in the commercialisation because the orchestra has not made much out of the sales of the recording project’ (De-Souza Reference De-Souza2020, p. 72). In a related discussion the authors had with Allotey Bruce-Konuah, the coordinator of the album project, he stated that this debut album was ‘for posterity's sake’ and that the issue of commercialisation was never a serious part of the motivation for the project; they therefore produced only 1,000 copies of the album (personal conversation).Footnote ⁴ The current director of the GNSO, Isaac Annoh, also confirmed, in an interview with De-Souza in the same document, Bruce-Konuah's explanation that the Ghanaian Classics album was for posterity's sake (De-Souza Reference De-Souza2020). Although De-Souza's assertion may have some veracity, it overhypes the commercial reasoning and interest, especially equating the debut album and the popular artists featured on it with sales figures and market indicators risks falling into what Simon Frith (Reference Frith1996) describes as the populist position. It not only undervalues the socio-political potency of popular music but also reinforces long held prejudices that associate popular music with a ‘commercial phenomenon of little substance’ (Collins and Richards Reference Collins, Richards and Frith1989, p. 13).

We suggest that the debut album's success hinges, among other things, on the altruistic concept of the public good rather than on the usual commercial success index often associated with popular musical products. We proceed from the album producers’ own reasons for the low production figure and to give attention to the impact of the album itself as well as the motivation behind the GNSO's choice of popular music and musicians. We suggest that the choice of music genre recorded, performance venues for the project and the album jacket were all a deliberate attempt to de-escalate the elitist label that the GNSO has carried right from its inception so as to court a larger following from the Ghanaian populace as a national cultural asset. We begin with the ensemble's history and current composition.

The Ghana National Symphony Orchestra

In 1954, under British colonial rule, a Ghanaian music teacher by the name of Robert Kwami at the Achimota School founded and directed a symphony orchestra.Footnote ⁵ Kwami's aim was to create an orchestra with a national tag. However, he died while the ensemble was still in its early stages, leaving the group in the care of his teacher colleague Philip Gbeho (1904–1976). After encountering the Gbeho-led ensemble and falling in love with their performances, Ghana's first president, Osagyefo Dr Kwame Nkrumah (1909–1972), decided to nationalise the group in 1959 with Gbeho as its first director and conductor (Nii-Dortey and Arhin Reference Nii-Dortey and Arhine2010).Footnote ⁶ Nkrumah was of the belief that Africa must selectively embrace and adapt its Arabic and European legacies: he particularly perceived the arts as a delicate instrument of ideology (Nkrumah Reference Nkrumah1964). To utilise this ideological potency of the arts, Nkrumah established several statutory cultural bodies and converted others to transform the disturbing impacts of European cultural hegemony on Africans at the time. One of these major changes occurred in 1962, when Nkrumah proposed that the then Arts Council of Ghana be converted into the Institute of Arts and Culture to, among other things, preserve, promote, disseminate, foster and develop Ghanaian art forms and culture (Botwe-Asamoah Reference Botwe-Asamoah2005).Footnote ⁷ Botwe-Asamoah (Reference Botwe-Asamoah2005, p. 172) bemoaned this apparent incongruity of using a Euro-Western ensemble to correct a Western cultural hegemony thus: ‘[t]he most distressing thing that occurred was the Institute's [constitutional] establishment of the New Ghana Orchestra for the cultivation of European classical music’.

In 1963, the New Ghana Orchestra – which would later be known as the National Symphony Orchestra of Ghana – literally confirmed the fears of the sceptics when it gave a concert of European works by composers such as Haydn, Beethoven and Mozart under the directorship of Gbeho. ‘If, in fact, the people's culture was dying as a result of colonialism, how was the Orchestra's classical music going to preserve, foster, and develop [the people's] arts and culture?’, Botwe-Asamoah questioned (Reference Botwe-Asamoah2005, p. 172). Thus, the GNSO's transition from a small group of Achimotans performing European classical music to a national orchestra that pursues the same mandate in the wake of heightened nationalism and Pan-African consciousness enforced its colonial depiction and attracted condemnations from a variety of Ghanaians.

Fully aware of the agitations against the orchestra as a relic of the colonial cultural hegemony, Gbeho creatively included in the ensemble's repertoire a handful of popular highlife tunes such as Dokye Apenteng's Wofa Nono and E.T. Mensah's ‘Ebe Ebe Tatale’.Footnote ⁸ However, the hope that this elitist rendition of highlife music could mitigate the orchestra's contested identity was short-lived, partly owing to Gbeho's untimely demise in 1976. The rendition leaned too heavily towards the orchestral idiom. The known highlife tunes were, for the first time, dominated by the orchestral strings without the usual singing, and performed by a less active set of musicians from music scores. Successive directors of the ensemble restricted themselves to the domain of art music and, depending on their strengths, wrote and/or performed both Western and African art musical works until the mid-1990s. Except for Dinah Reindorf, who promoted choral music owing to her expertise in that field, most of the GNSO's directors turned to the traditional music of Ghana as a major resource base for their compositions, drawing from its indigenous idioms and musical instruments.Footnote ⁹ None of these conscious efforts to indigenise the GNSO's repertoire, however, resulted in an album recording, although an attempt was made during the tenure of Reindorf to record some of the Ghanaian choral works she had successfully popularised. Unfortunately, Reindorf had to resign from her post in 1984 owing to external pressures from some ardent Africanists at the political front of the nation. Their expectation was a pan-African instrumental ensemble to dominate or replace the imported ones. The Africanists were unimpressed with Reindorf's artistic decisions, particularly her fondness for the more popular choral music she performed, sometimes solely, with the National Choir; the National Choir was a recognised group that accompanied the GNSO on joint performances but, like the GNSO, also gave concerts on its own. Reindorf's resignation thwarted what would have been the GNSO's first album recording at the time. The closest the GNSO came again to an album recording was in 1995 when, under the directorship of Kwasi Aduonum, it featured in a German documentary titled Art-music in Ghana.

Given what the Africanists wanted, it was not surprising that they found Nana Danso Abiam as Reindorf's replacement. He experimented with new ways of composing for the orchestra by adapting African musical forms, timbral, rhythmic, melodic, harmonic peculiarities and instruments (Nii-Dortey and Arhin Reference Nii-Dortey and Arhine2010). Unfortunately, after working with the GNSO for three months, Abiam abandoned his position, left the ensemble and went on to form the famous Pan African Orchestra in 1988. The formation of the Pan African Orchestra soon after he exited the GNSO solidified the lingering suspicion that Abiam's resignation may have been occasioned by his inability to freely pursue his pan-African ensemble dream, or that he wanted to pursue that dream privately. Following Abiam's short stint, Nicholas Zinzendorf Nayo assumed the position of director of the GNSO and led the ensemble from 1985 to 1991. Nayo's tenure was characterised by elaborate orchestral works based on the Western symphonic form, chromatic harmony and developmental traditions created around some Ghanaian popular folk tunes. Although futuristic as far as Ghanaian art music is concerned, Nayo's symphonies, and even the handful of popular folk tunes he expounded on, were too sophisticated and unexciting for many of the Ghanaian audience. Nayo's successors, including Kwasi Aduonum, Kenn Kafui and George Worlasi Dor, therefore, did not continue entirely in his tradition of elaborate and sophisticated symphonies because of the criticisms and resulting decline in the audience's patronage.Footnote ¹⁰ Instead, they (re)introduced lighter popular highlife and danceable orchestral works such as those pioneered by Gbeho in the mid-1960s, as well as new highlife songs such as George Worlasi Dor's ‘Echoes of Nketia’ and E.T. Mensah's ‘Ebe Ebe Tatale’, both of which are featured on the debut album.

Presently, the GNSO is directed by Isaac Annoh under the administrative oversight of the National Commission of Culture, Ghana. Annoh, together with his assistant Ato Quayson, have been directing the ensemble since 2008. Like Gbeho, Quayson has also assumed the responsibility of composing and arranging in a light orchestral style for the GNSO. As the only national orchestra in the West African sub-region, the GNSO currently is under severe constraint with only 36 musicians including two flutes, one clarinet, one bassoon, one trombone, two horns, three double basses, three violin I, four violin II, two violas, three cellos and two percussionists, plus a set of traditional Ghanaian drums.Footnote ¹¹ Also, instead of the usual jacket and tie, the GNSO now performs in a variety of Ghanaian-styled clothes and sleeveless smocks (‘fugu’) as part of their indigenisation efforts.Footnote ¹²

It is clear from this rather brief history that, within a period of 24 years beginning from Dinah Reindorf's resignation in 1984 to Isaac Annoh's appointment in 2008, more than 10 directors have led the GNSO. Although the exposure to these several directors offered a rich source of diverse musical and logistical experiences for the GNSO, their rather short stints, in quick succession, delayed ‘[efforts] to evolve an original musical language with which a developed modern musical sensibility can identify’ (Irele Reference Irele1993, p. 59). In other words, because there was no clearly defined homegrown template for the GNSO directors to follow, each of them assumed his/her own unique model of Africanisation and, similarly, left with it. We attribute the delay in resolving the ensemble's multiple identity crises to this leadership conundrum.

From the beginning of this paper to this point, we can conclude that the developmental trajectory of the GNSO has spawned multiple identities including, first, an identity represented by the orchestra's own colonial origin and genre features. A second identity involves a new outlook fostered by the GNSO's association with the African elite patrons and actors whose taste for Western classical music defined the orchestra's initial repertoire. A third identity can be described in terms of a nationalist outlook inspired by GNSO's new African cultural mandate and all the Africanising transformations that mandate engendered. A fourth and an evolving new identity can be defined as a relatively more popular image being fostered in collaboration with popular music icons and their sonic signatures constructed through years of musical fusion, experimentation and international tours. Tia DeNora's (Reference DeNora, Macdonald, Hargreaves and Miell2017) analysis of identities as not only resources and statuses but also malleable phenomena that involve hybridisation best typifies the GNSO's operations in the last six decades. The GNSO's development trajectory through the four marked identities within the period is not lineal, i.e. starting off as a colonial relic through to its present status as one national ensemble that is able to appeal to the masses through its popular music repertoire. On the contrary, the absence of an Africanisation blueprint meant that each new director that took over the leadership of GNSO adopted his/her own models of Africanisation. The result of the disjointed Africanisation experimentations was particularly evident in the GNSO's repertoire. Several styles, including outright Western orchestral music, African symphonies and anthems, choral art music pursued in collaboration with the National Choir and other choral ensembles, light orchestral works involving African folk tunes and instruments, have all emerged in the process. While the development has enriched the diversity of the GNSO's repertory, it has inadvertently robbed the ensemble of a stable image in terms of musical style and sonic signature.

As can be inferred from some of the literature referenced in this paper, aspects of GNSO's developmental history, which covers the first three marked identities, have received some scholarly attention, particularly by Nii-Dortey and Arhine (Reference Nii-Dortey and Arhine2010, 2012). This paper's focus is the new and more popular outlook being nurtured through the album's production and launch. Since orchestral music is essentially music on paper, the GNSO's negotiation of the currently nuanced popular outlook can be said to have begun when Ato Quayson scored the highlife songs. The ensuing joint rehearsals with Koo Nimo, Gyedu Blay Ambolley and Bob Pinodo, the recording of the album, and the maiden and post-album launch activities should all be seen as continuations of the identity negotiation processes. Thus, the processes involved in fashioning the new popular image are both sonic and visual.Footnote ¹³

The Ghanaian Classics album: why popular music and not Afro-European art music?

Of major concern to this paper is highlife, a genre of West African popular music that evolved owing to the hybridisation of ‘[Ghanaian] dance rhythms and melodies with Western instruments and harmonies’ (Collins Reference Collins1976, p. 62). Since its emergence in the 1900s on the West African coastline, highlife has proven to be ‘more amenable to innovation and alteration’ than traditional African music and Afro-European art music (Coplan Reference Coplan and Nettl1978, p. 101). It has significantly contributed to the evolution of ‘various sonic signatures … that are associated with particular record producers, recording studios, record labels, musical styles, geographic locations [and] historical periods’ (Zagorski-Thomas Reference Zagorski-Thomas2014, p. 38). See for example, the work of Ernest Owusu-Poku (Reference Owusu-Poku2021) on the legendary Ghanaian sound engineer Francis Kwaakye through whose efforts a unique highlife sound recording emerged in the 1970s. Another example is the Ghanaian Lebanese producer the late Faisal Helwani who made a strong mark on the highlife sound of E.T. Mensah, the King of highlife. We can further mention producers such as Zapp Mallet and Panji Anoff who together with Reggie Rockstone fused highlife sounds with American hip hop to create a new sound, hiplife, in the 1990s.

Unlike African/Afro-European art music,

It is for these reasons that, in present-day Ghana and even on the world music market, highlife music tends to be the only genre that is so far considered as Ghanaian classic. Its status among both the elite and masses guarantees a high chance of being considered a Ghanaian asset. Meanwhile, the challenge of art music in Africa is indisputable: of the three categories of African music – traditional, popular and art music – it is art music that is the least prominent (Agawu Reference Agawu2011). Also, despite both art music and popular music having evolved from urban settings, ‘popular music travels in and out of the city, while art music is locked in the cosmopolitan sphere’ (Agawu Reference Agawu2016, p. 51). Take for example, names such as Ali Farka Toure (Mali), Dobet Gnahore (Ivory Coast), Papa Wemba (Congo), Salawa Abeni (Nigeria), Angelique Kidjo (Benin), Miriam Makeba (South Africa), Naa Amanua (Ghana) and, in more recent times, Burna Boy & Wizkid (Nigeria) and Shatta Wale & Black Sherif (Ghana); and genres such as fuji, soukous, highlife, makossa, mbalax, chimurenga, Afrobeat, Afrorock, hiplife and Afrobeats. These sample lists of African popular musicians and genres contrast sharply with the relative paucity of African art music's presence, both locally and internationally. They are veritable evidences of the mobile potency of African popular music and continue to prove through mass participation and reception how well popular music has developed in the soils of Africa.

We argue therefore that the GNSO's move to record highlife music, the Ghanaian classic, is not necessarily a demotion of the orchestra's status to the so-called low art. Rather, it is a strategic blurring of the so-called high art represented by the ensemble's elitist and European origin, and Ghana's highlife music tradition, which the new repertoire represents. Arguably therefore, highlife's status as a Ghanaian classic qualifies the GNSO's adoption of that genre for its maiden album as a status elevation project intended to meet the high aesthetic standards of the adopted African cultural milieu it has been operating in for six decades. Agawu (Reference Agawu2003, p. 149) confirms this notion of highlife's elevated status when he asserted that ‘[p]opular music, finally, is a contemplative art’.

Why popular artists and not Afro-European art composers?

Art music composers are ‘always named individuals to whom specific works are credited’, while popular music groups feature composer-performers whose identities the audiences partly and continually construct, and can readily be verified (Agawu Reference Agawu2016, p. 51). Although the presence of art music composers preceded popular music artists in Africa, the stardom enjoyed by popular music artists enabled them, during and immediately after colonialism, to be more successful at defying colonial ideologies and to radically lead in the decolonisation efforts of many African nations.Footnote ¹⁴ By the 1950s, for example, popular musicians in Ghana had become major players ‘central to negotiations of collective identity as it emerged in the years surrounding [the country's] … independence from British colonial rule’ (Plageman and Shipley Reference Plageman and Shipley2017, p. 10). They were ahead of the politicians in cultivating mass audiences and tailoring messages in a variety of local languages across lines of class, ethnicity and location. Laying the foundation for a common national identity, these popular musicians, most of whom were into highlife music, blended into the political agenda of the times and, in a self-conscious ideological way, indigenised their performances and recordings in line with Nkrumah's ideals (Collins Reference Collins2007).

The GNSO's choice of highlife artists for its debut album is therefore beyond the marketing of CDs and sales figures as De-Souza said. These are Ghanaian popular music legends that have ‘transcended barriers of ethnicity, age and gender’ and even partisan politics: they are in and of themselves national assets (Akyeampong Reference Akyeampong1996, p. 223). Agya Koo Nimo (b. 1934), for example, is a professional medical laboratory practitioner who has dedicated his life to playing palm wine music, an earlier form of highlife music associated with semi-literate immigrants and played on the acoustic guitar (Waterman Reference Waterman1988). Over the years, both adepts and those with little or no competency in palm wine music have admired Koo Nimo's guitar playing skills and style of music presentation, particularly his ability to creatively blend ‘traditional proverbs … highlife, and a variety of embellishments borrowed from classical music and jazz’ (Kaye Reference Kaye1999, p. 159).

These stylistic features of Koo Nimo's music position him in-between Eric Charry's (Reference Charry, Shanguhyia and Falola2018) second and third generations of African popular musicians who create their own individual solutions to bridge the gap between the African elite and the popular musician as well as reconcile deeply rooted traditions of their societies with the most contemporary global sonic flows. To date, Koo Nimo remains ‘an important link between [Ghana's] musical heritage of the distant past, and the evolving musical stylistics of the [nation's] more recent history’ (Kaye Reference Kaye1992, p. 2). Recognised as a ‘Living Legend’ by the National Theatre of Ghana in 2004 and as a UNESCO National Living Human Treasure of Ghana in 2007, Agya Koo Nimo is credited with the preservation of Ghanaian palm wine music. In 2013, the National Theatre of Ghana featured him in a concert organised as part of the theatre's 20th Anniversary celebrations. Dubbed ‘Koo Nimo in Concert with the National Symphony Orchestra of Ghana, Ghana Police Band, and Tema Youth Choir’, several of his palm wine songs were scored for the GNSO, the police band and the choir by the late Dr Pascal Zabana Kongo.Footnote ¹⁵ Despite the lack of advertising for that concert, the audience members that attended, including the authors of this article, testified to the musical feat of Agya Koo Nimo and his invaluable contribution to the African popular music heritage.

Koo Nimo's interest in music innovation and an Afro-sound is however not unique to him. Bob Pinodo (b. 1945) and Gyedu Blay Ambolley (b. 1947), both of whom recorded under the same Ghanaian record label Essiebons Ltd. at the beginning of their careers, are 1960s Afro-funk and funky highlife pioneers (Collins Reference Collins2015).Footnote ¹⁶ Bob Pinodo, for example, invented in the 1970s a pop-influenced beat sonobete based on traditional rhythms from his ethnic background the Efutu of Winneba, Ghana, and went ahead to operate a music studio, Szaabu Sounds (Collins Reference Collins2015). His showmanship of dance, music and comedy won him the title ‘Show Master of Africa’, and made his music very popular in Germany, the UK and Yugoslavia. In June 2021, Pinodo received a Lifetime Achievement Award by the Vodafone Ghana Music Awards.Footnote ¹⁷ His contemporary Gyedu Blay Ambolley is still recording albums, giving performances in Ghana and embarking on musical tours around the world. With his unique simwigwado funky highlife style, it is no doubt that Ambolley's Fante rhyming slang foreshadowed the contemporary movement of Ghanaian rappers (Collins Reference Collins2015).Footnote ¹⁸ Indeed, the acceptance of West African highlife and, in general, popular music as ‘a form of cultural production’, is partly credited to the sonic signatures of these three artists (Irele Reference Irele1993, p. 57). Their ‘musical, technical and aesthetic qualities … offer us a means to penetrate, understand and compartmentalise’ the post-colonial West African popular music industry (Maloney and Schofield Reference Maloney and Schofield2021, p. 3). Such are the personal and collective lifetime achievements of the highlife musicians the producers of GNSO's maiden album decided to partner with.

The performance places and the Ghanaian classics album

Equally significant to this image construction thesis of the GNSO are the places associated with the album recording and launch. Placeness, writes Elliot Bates (Reference Bates2016, p. 23), ‘indeed, is one of the most important attributes for evaluating the “traditionalness” of any song’ – not just of any song but also of any performer or ensemble. The potency of placeness to authenticate an artist or ensemble, and vice versa, contributes significantly to the success stories or otherwise of musicians and music groups. And if indeed placeness is crucial for evaluating the traditionalness of an ensemble, then where else would have been more appropriate for the GNSO to record and launch its debut album after its struggles to redefine its identity since 1959, than the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, and +233 Jazz Bar and Grill? The choice of these venues for the GNSO's debut album project advances the agenda to de-escalate the colonial tag and blur the ‘binary oppositions between … elite arts and mass entertainment’ (Flew Reference Flew, Bloustien, Peters and Luckman2016, p. 9).

The Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, was set up in 1961 and officially inaugurated in 1963 by Osagyefo Dr Kwame Nkrumah as part of the attempts to rehabilitate and develop African culture (Charry Reference Charry, Shanguhyia and Falola2018). Its mission is to ‘engage in the regeneration of Africa and her peoples through knowledge production, dissemination, application and preservation’.Footnote ¹⁹ In collaboration with the Institute of Arts and Culture, the Institute of African Studies in 1962 also founded the Ghana Dance Ensemble (GDE) to ‘be Ghana's flagship for the professional, world-wide promotion of the music and dance heritage of Ghana’.Footnote ²⁰ Apart from the position of its directorship, the membership of the GDE since its inception, has deliberately been reserved for non-literate but dexterous Ghanaians.Footnote ²¹ Like the GDE, the prestigious position The Kwame Nkrumah Chair in African Studies, established to, among other things, provide ‘a platform … for some of the unfinished business of a renaissance for African peoples to occur’, is also housed by the Institute of African Studies at the University of Ghana, Legon.Footnote ²² Additionally, J.H. Kwabena Nketia (1921–2019) who was one of the most notable and globally respected scholars of African musics and aesthetics, was a faculty member and the first African Director of the Institute of African Studies. The GNSO album recording specifically took place in the J.H. Kwabena Nketia Conference Hall, a facility named after the late professor long before his demise. It is worth emphasising that Ghanaian Classics is the first music album recorded not only at the Institute but also at the Kwabena Nketia Conference Hall.

+233 Jazz Bar and Grill, on the other hand, is a venue designed to offer weekly live band music performances. Owned by Dr Adrian Oddoyye, an acclaimed medical practitioner and the executive producer of the Ghanaian Classics album, the +233 Jazz Bar and Grill is also noted for dominantly attracting the cultural elite.Footnote ²³ Launching the Ghanaian Classics album at this venue was an effort to retain the orchestra's elitist audience even as the ensemble paradoxically attempted to de-escalate its elitist tag. After the official launch at +233 Jazz Bar and Grill, the GNSO further extended its performance of the tracks on the debut album to locales such as Jamestown and the Osu Night Market in Accra as a way of bringing the Ghanaian classics to the ordinary Ghanaian music enthusiast.Footnote ²⁴

On both the recording and the back of the CD jacket, the GNSO lists the Ghana national anthem, ‘God bless our homeland Ghana’, as the first track, followed by the highlife tracks ‘All for you’, ‘Ebe Ebe Tatale’, ‘Echoes of Nketia’, ‘Naa Densua’, ‘Apatampa’, ‘Highlife Time’, ‘Osabarima’, ‘Oman ye wo man’, and ‘Abrokyire Abrabo’. The final track is ‘Yεn ara asase ni’ (‘this is our own land’), a patriotic song ‘whose popularity has led to it being dubbed the unofficial national anthem [of Ghana] … in some [Ghanaian] schools, … [and] sung either alongside or in place of’ Ghana's official anthem (Agawu Reference Agawu1996, p. 273).Footnote ²⁵

In addition to these local titles the CD jacket further displays visual imagery of two old lovers facing each other (see Figure 1). This, we believe, is part of the attempt to appeal to the masses. Known as laimomo (‘old firewood’) in the Ga language of the people of Accra, this visual imagery features quite prominently in the everyday life of Accra's residents. The response to laimomo – etsoͻ fe lai hee (‘it flames more than fresh firewood’), is often used as a metaphor for the importance of rekindling old relationships rather than courting new ones. For the GNSO, the resort to highlife music represents the return to this proverbial laimomo imagery. The front cover of the CD jacket is also laden with popular Akan adinkra symbols such as Akoma (‘the heart’ – a symbol of patience and tolerance), Osram ne nsroma (‘the moon and the star’ – a symbol of love and harmony), akoma ntoaso (‘the joining of hearts’ – a symbol of agreement) and εse ne tεkrεma (‘the teeth and the tongue’ – a symbol of friendship and interdependence). For Ghanaian popular musicians, these symbolic designs serve as ready-to-use thematic areas and resource base for their songs and albums. Thus, the GNSO's utilisation of the front and back covers of the CD jacket in the way discussed above provides sufficient semiotic grounds for hedging the ensemble's identity with African aesthetic sensibilities rather than those of its Euro-Western origins.

Figure 1:

The front cover of the GNSO album, Laimomo Dilemma (2015). Artwork by Sela Adjei.

The impact of the Ghanaian Classics album

We ground our discussion of the impact of the Ghanaian Classics album – how it was actually received – on our observation of the entire recording process at Legon, and on both the maiden and post-album launch performances. We also ground the album's impact on feedback from our interviews with the GNSO's director and the album project coordinator. We dare to make the claim that the debut album is a success. Unlike the past, when the GNSO would perform to empty seats, both the maiden and post-album launch performances of the new repertoire at the various venues mentioned earlier saw a higher audience turnout made up of both elite and ordinary people. Presently, at the time of writing this article, there is a massive demand for copies of the Ghanaian Classics album from within Accra and beyond.

One of the positive outcomes of the debut album project was the establishment of the National Youth Orchestra (NYO) in 2019, under the auspices of the National Theatre of Ghana.Footnote ²⁶ The NYO initiative, which was part of the GNSO's mandate from its inception, had remained on the drawing board for a rather long time, but received a fresh lease of life from the National Theatre after the GNSO's album appeared to have struck a major chord with the populace. Presently the NYO numbers some 46 high school students. While it took a long time to materialise, there is no doubt it represents the biggest hope for the orchestra as some of the youths have already begun participating in major concerts along with their seniors.

From a more philosophical perspective, we wish to emphasise that the not-for-profit approach to the Ghanaian Classics album adopted by the sponsors should be judged, even more highly, as a mark of success. This perspective of success is what the sponsors described as being ‘for posterity's sake’, and it is based on the idea of ‘a public good’ performed in a spirit of nationalism. It is instructive to know that recordings purposely made for posterity's sake are not entirely new in the Ghanaian music industry. In 1995, for example, the Pan African Orchestra led by its founder Nana Danso Abiam released their first and only album Opus 1, which was never commercialised despite the financial challenges Abiam and his orchestra faced at the time.Footnote ²⁷ Thus, we evaluate the success of the Ghanaian Classics album based on this altruistic context rather than the conventional album sales index as anything done in the public interest and for public good is obviously a higher form of sacrifice and therefore highly commendable (Coughlin Reference Coughlin2005).

To further confirm the altruistic motivation for this debut album project, Dr Adrian Oddoye, the executive producer of the album, has expressed his readiness to sponsor another album by the GNSO even though he did not benefit financially from the first.Footnote ²⁸ Given its rather malleable and chequered developmental trajectory, it is not certain what new image the GNSO will chart in the near future when another musician takes over the leadership of the ensemble after the current director, Isaac Annoh, retires later in 2024. However, what seems to be certain presently is that the GNSO is enjoying a fresh lease of life through the Dr Oddoye-sponsored album project as well as the youth orchestra dream that the album project has activated.