Introduction
1 John Le Carré, Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1974), p. 241.
2 Tony Benn, Against the Tide: Diaries 1973–76, ed. Ruth Winstone (London: Century Hutchinson, 1989), p. 279 (5 December 1974).
3 Peter Jenkins, ‘Power to the People?’, The Guardian, 21 May 1975, p. 13.
4 ‘Brexit panic wipes $2 trillion off world markets’, The Guardian, 24 June 2016, www.theguardian.com/business/live/2016/jun/24/global-markets-ftse-pound-uk-leave-eu-brexit-live-updates [all web links accessed 26 June 2017].
5 Catherine Baker, ‘Brexit has echoes of the breakup of Yugoslavia’, Europp: European Politics and Policy, 5 July 2017, http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2016/07/05/brexit-echoes-yugoslavia/; Timothy Garton Ash, ‘As an English European, this is the biggest defeat of my political life’, The Guardian, 24 June 2016, www.theguardian.com/politics/commentisfree/2016/jun/24/lifelong-english-european-the-biggest-defeat-of-my-political-life-timothy-garton-ash-brexit; BBC News, 25 June 2016, www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36625209; The Observer, 26 June 2016, p. 48.
6 BBC News, 24 June 2016, www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36613295.
7 Politics Home, 3 July 2016, www.politicshome.com/news/europe/eu-policy-agenda/brexit/news/76869/poll-finds-young-remain-voters-reduced-tears-brexit.
8 Statement by the Prime Minister, 6 June 1975, Harold Wilson Papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS Wilson [hereafter: MS Wilson] c.1267, f. 300. The 1931 National Government could be said to have achieved a slightly larger vote share, if one includes all the parties that at some stage participated.
9 ‘EU Speech at Bloomberg’, 23 June 2013, www.gov.uk/government/speeches/eu-speech-at-bloomberg.
10 Britain Says Yes: The 1975 Referendum on the Common Market (Washington DC: American Institute for Public Policy Research, 1977), p. 129.
11 Dominic Sandbrook, Seasons in the Sun: The Battle for Britain, 1974–1979 (London: Allen Lane,2012), pp. 315–39; Stephen Wall, The Official History of Britain and the European Community: Volume II: From Rejection to Referendum, 1963–1975 (London: Routledge, 2013) [hereafter: From Rejection to Referendum], pp. 578–90.
12 Daily Express, 7 June 1975, p. 10.
13 Anthony Smith, ‘Broadcasting’, in David Butler and Uwe Kitzinger (eds.), The 1975 Referendum (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1976), p. 212.
14 Daily Express, 7 June 1975, pp. 1, 10.
15 David Reynolds, Britannia Overruled: British Policy and World Power in the 20th Century, second edition (Harlow: Pearson, 2000), p. 224.
16 The Times, 1 January 1973, p. 10.
17 Edward Heath, Speech to the Conservative Party Conference, Blackpool 1970: www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=117. See also Iain Dale (ed.), Conservative Party General Election Manifestos, 1900–1997 (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 175–98.
18 P. Ziegler, Edward Heath: The Authorized Biography (London: HarperCollins, 2010), p. 48; John Young, Britain and European Unity, 1945–1999, second edition (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), p. 72.
19 The Times, 25 September 1972, p. 4; 4 January 1973, p. 10.
20 The Times, 4 January 1973, p. 8. For a programme of events, see The Times, 1 January 1973, p. 7. For an overview of the Fanfare, see R. Weight, Patriots: National Identity in Britain, 1940–2000 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2002), pp. 498–503.
21 Edward Heath, The Course of My Life: My Autobiography (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1998), p. 394.
22 Benjamin Grob-Fitzgibbon, Continental Drift: Britain and Europe from the End of Empire to the Rise of Euroscepticism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), pp. 368, 382; King, Britain Says Yes, p. 20.
23 Grob-Fitzgibbon, Continental Drift, p. 371.
24 Ibid., p. 373.
25 Iain Dale (ed.), Labour Party General Election Manifestos, 1900–1997 (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 186–7.
26 The Sun, 5 June 1975, p. 2; 19 March 1975, p. 2; 10 April 1975, p. 2; 26 April 1975, p. 2.
27 Hansard 888, 11 March 1975, 314. She was quoting the former Labour premier, Clement Attlee. See Chapter 2.
28 The Times, 27 May 1968, p. 2; Tony Benn, Office without Power: Diaries, 1968–72 (London: Hutchinson, 1988), pp. 72–3 (25 and 29 May 1968); see also Philip Goodhart, Referendum (London: Tom Stacey, 1971), p. 64.
29 Philip Goodhart, Full-Hearted Consent: The Story of the Referendum Campaign – and the Campaign for the Referendum (London: Davis-Poynter, 1976), p. 149.
30 Ibid., p. 168.
31 Margaret Thatcher, speech at Hendon, 19 May 1975, http://margaretthatcher.org/document/102692.
32 In 2016, the highest Leave votes were recorded in Boston (75.6 per cent), South Holland (73.6 per cent), Castle Point (72.7 per cent) and Thurrock (72.3 per cent). For full results, see www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/file/0014/212135/EU-referendum-result-data.csv.
33 For a map showing levels of support in 1975, see Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 270.
34 David Torrance, Salmond: Against the Odds, third edition (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2015), p. 20.
35 According to figures released by the Commission, the number ‘accepted for settlement’ in the UK from West Germany fell from 1,236 in 1971 to 631 in 1973, and stood at just 318 for the first nine months of 1974. The number of residence permits issued to EEC nationals fell by 5 per cent in the first nine months of 1974, following a drop of 53 per cent in 1973, 12 per cent in 1972 and 23 per cent in 1971. Written question No. 609/74, Britain In Europe Papers, Parliamentary Archives, Westminster, BIE [hereafter: BIE] 22/147.
36 ‘The Economic Consequences of the Treaties’, statement issued by Peter Shore, Barbara Castle, Tony Benn, John Silkin and Judith Hart, 4 May 1975, Barbara Castle Papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS Castle [hereafter: MS Castle] 306 f. 317.
37 For the sad curtailing of the Wombles’ activities, see Gyles Brandreth, Something Sensational to Read in the Train: The Diary of a Lifetime (London: John Murray, 2009), p. 318 (27 March 1975). There were, however, sightings of a ‘Womble into Europe’ bumper sticker in Highgate: The Guardian, 30 May 1975, p. 8.
38 Harriet Wistrich, ‘Ernest Wistrich Obituary’, The Guardian, 12 June 2015, www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/12/ernest-wistrich-obituary.
39 G. Eley, ‘Finding the People's War: Film, British Collective Memories and World War II’, American Historical Review, 106:3 (2001), pp. 818–19. There is now a voluminous literature on the contested memory of World War II. For a good introduction, see Lucy Noakes and Juliette Pattinson (eds.), British Cultural Memory and the Second World War (London: Bloomsbury, 2014). For the place of the war and of Germany in the construction of national identity, see Weight, Patriots, pp. 452–64.
40 Predictably, Basil confesses that he voted to leave. ‘The Germans’, Fawlty Towers, series 1 episode 6, script by John Cleese and Connie Booth, directed by John Howard Davies. First broadcast on BBC1, 24 October 1975.
41 South Wales Argus, 4 June 1975, p. 12.
42 These quotations are all taken from letters to Barbara Castle, written by (mostly older) women in the first week of June 1975. MS Castle 307. For hostility to Germany in popular culture and its roots in a memory of war, see Mark Connelly, We Can Take It! Britain and the Memory of the Second World War (Harlow: Pearson, 2004), pp. 284–94. A poll for the Sun three days before the referendum found that West Germany was the European country Britons most admired (‘The French are the most disliked, by a mile’) – though admiration is not the same as affection, and Germany was more popular with men than with women. The Sun, 2 June 1975, p. 2.
43 Bristol Evening Post, 31 May 1975, p. 2.
44 Financial Times, 20 May 1975, p. 12; Daily Telegraph, 7 June 1975, p. 30.
45 ‘Common Market Vote No’, Papers of the Campaign for an Independent Britain, London School of Economics, [hereafter: CIB] 10/2 GBO.
46 Posters can be found in BIE/18.
47 Victor Montagu and Anthony Meyer, Europe – Should Britain Join? (London: Monday Club, 1966), p. 3.
48 Prime Ministerial broadcast, 8 July 1971, in Uwe Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion: How Britain Joined the Common Market (London: Thames and Hudson, 1973), p. 149.
49 Speech in Manchester, 10 May 1975, Roy Jenkins Papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS Jenkins [hereafter: MS Jenkins] 304/213. With the kind permission of Roy Harris Jenkins’ executors.
50 The Sun, 23 May 1975, p. 6. The long-expected Communist coup took place in Portugal on 25 November 1975, but failed.
51 Belfast Newsletter, 8 April 1975, p. 6; The Spectator, 10 May 1975, p. 568.
52 The Guardian, 2 June 1975, p. 12.
53 Benn, Against the Tide, p. 265 (17 November 1974); Roy Jenkins, Speech in Manchester, 10 May 1975, MS Jenkins 304/213. In an interview for Newsday on 6 May 1975, Robin Day asked Wilson whether a ‘wise’ defence policy should no longer ‘assume the American help which we have assumed in the last twenty years’; MS Wilson c. 1266, f. 41.
54 South Wales Argus, 25 April 1975, p. 1; The Scotsman, 3 May 1975, p. 8.
55 Speech to the NATO Council at Brussels, 30 May 1975, MS Wilson c.1267, f. 4.
56 The Scotsman, 30 May 1975, p. 7.
57 The Sun, 2 June 1975, p. 2; The Scotsman, 2 June 1975, p. 9; South Wales Argus, 25 April 1975, p. 5.
58 Scottish Daily Express, 3 May 1975, p. 8.
59 Shirley Williams, speech to the National Council of Women, 7 May 1975, BIE 19/49(b).
60 Speech in Manchester, 10 May 1975, MS Jenkins 304/213.
61 The Sun, 2 June 1975, p. 2; The Scotsman, 2 June 1975, p. 9; South Wales Argus, 25 April 1975, p. 5.
62 See, for example, ‘Who do they think we are?’, The Spectator, 31 May 1975, p. 649.
63 Conservative Central Office, Quick Brief No. 76: ‘Britain in Europe’, BIE 14/2.
64 Benn, Against the Tide, 27 April 1975, pp. 369–70. Benn was furious and considered legal action.
65 The Scotsman, 10 May 1975, p. 5.
66 ‘EEC or Red Britain – Cordle’, newspaper cutting, source unknown, Neil Marten Papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford [hereafter: Marten Papers] c.1132, f. 153.
67 George Brown, In My Way: The Political Memoirs of Lord George-Brown (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972), p. 203.
68 Speech by Neil Marten at the Tottenham Chamber of Commerce, 30 April 1975, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 351; Speech by Neil Marten at Annerley Town Hall, 5 May 1975, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 356.
69 Speech at Annerley Town Hall, 5 May 1975, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 356.
70 ‘Market result of cold war – Mrs Hart’, Middlesex Chronicle, 25 April 1975, in Judith Hart Papers, People's History Museum, HART/10/11.
71 Michael Foot, draft article for Der Spiegel, no date, Foot Papers, People's History Museum, Manchester, MF/L28/4.
72 Some also feared that the EEC would stoke tensions by creating a new military power (perhaps with nuclear aspirations) in Europe. See, for example, ‘Peace or War – the Defence Argument’, Labour Weekly, 5 June 1975, p. 4.
73 NOP, ‘Report on E.E.C.’, 29 May 1975, NOP/8580/03, Marten Papers c.1133, ff. 34–68.
74 Reynolds, Britannia Overruled, p. 214.
75 Dean Acheson, Speech at the United States Military Academy, West Point, 5 December 1962, in Vital Speeches of the Day, 29:6 (1 January 1963), pp. 162–6.
76 Freda Harcourt, ‘Disraeli's Imperialism, 1866–1868: A Matter of Timing?’ Historical Journal, 23:1 (1980), p. 96.
77 A.J.P. Taylor, in ‘Going into Europe – Again? A Symposium’, Encounter, 36:6 (June 1971), p. 4.
78 P. Ludlow, ‘Us or Them? The Meaning of Europe in British Political Discourse’, in M. Malmborg and B. Stråth (eds.), The Meaning of Europe: Variety and Contention within and among Nations (Oxford: Berg, 2002), 101–24. See also K. Robbins, History, Religion and Identity in Modern Britain (London: Hambledon Press, 1993), pp. 45–57; M. Spiering, A Cultural History of British Euroscepticism (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2015).
79 Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion, p. 415.
80 Featured on the album Adge Cutler & the Wurzels: Live at the Royal Oak (Columbia Records, 1967).
81 ‘Advantages of staying in the Common Market’, May 1975, BIE 15/72.
82 The Sun, 10 March 1975, p. 9.
83 Western Mail, 4 June 1975, p. 6; Piers Ludlow, Roy Jenkins and the European Commission Presidency, 1976–1980: At the Heart of Europe (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), p. 46.
84 Speech by Winifred Ewing, 12 April 1975, SNP Press Release, Scottish National Party Papers, National Library of Scotland, [hereafter: SNP Papers] NLS Acc. 10754/26: 154; Sunday Times, 27 April 1975, p. 32.
85 David Butler and Gareth Butler, Twentieth Century British Political Facts, 1900–2000 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000), p. 418.
86 The Director, 27:7 (January 1975), p. 108; 27:8 (February 1975), p. 148.
87 Cabinet Conclusions, 14 March 1974, The National Archives, Kew, [hereafter: TNA] CAB 128/54.
88 Harold Wilson interviewed by Peter Jay for Weekend World, Sunday 11 May 1975, MS Wilson c. 1266, f. 66.
89 The Times, 1 July 1974, p. 14; S. Brittan, ‘The Economic Contradictions of Democracy’, British Journal of Political Science, 5 (1975), pp. 129, 132.
90 For ‘Doomwatch’, see Richard Vinen, Thatcher's Britain: The Politics and Social Upheaval of the Thatcher Era (London: Simon & Schuster, 2009), p. 77.
91 Benn, Against the Tide, p. 266 (17 November 1974). Callaghan gives a rather different account of this ‘joke’ in James Callaghan, Time and Chance (Collins: London, 1987), p. 326.
92 John Davan Sainsbury, ‘The Challenge of Confidence’, speech to Institute of Grocery Distribution Convention, 28 April 1975, Sainsbury Archive, Museum of London Docklands, SA/PR/1/1/5; St Michael News 1 (February 1975), p. 1.
93 Arthur Seldon (ed.), Crisis '75…? (London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 1975), p. 6. Contributors included Samuel Brittan, Alec Cairncross, Ralph Harris, James Meade, Peter Oppenheimer and Alan Walters. Meade warned that ‘there is now every prospect of a major economic crisis in the near future’, the results of which ‘will be catastrophic’, p. 28.
94 For an excellent series of essays on the politics of declinism, see L. Black, H. Pemberton and P. Thane (eds.), Reassessing 1970s Britain (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2013).
95 The Scotsman, 4 June 1975, p. 8; The Times, 19 May 1975, p. 2.
96 The Scotsman, 5 June 1975, p. 1.
97 Liverpool Daily Post, 12 May 1975, p. 6.
98 ‘Report on E.E.C.’, 29 May 1975, NOP/8580/03, Marten Papers, c.1133, ff. 34–68.
99 Benn, Against the Tide, p. 279 (5 December 1974).
100 Barry Hedges, ‘The Final Four Years: From Opposition to Endorsement’, in R. Jowell and G. Hoinville (eds.), Britain into Europe: Public Opinion and the EEC, 1961–75 (London: Croom Helm, 1976), pp. 41, 49, 68–9.
101 David Butler and Uwe Kitzinger, The 1975 Referendum (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1976); Philip Goodhart, Full-Hearted Consent: The Story of the Referendum Campaign – and the Campaign for the Referendum (London: Davis-Poynter, 1976); Anthony King, Britain Says Yes: The 1975 Referendum on the Common Market (Washington DC: American Institute for Public Policy Research, 1977).
102 Douglas Evans, While Britain Slept: The Selling of the Common Market (London: Victor Gollancz, 1975), p. 6.
103 The Brussels Treaty, which merged the three sets of institutions, was signed in April 1965 and came into force in July 1967. The full text is available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:11965F/TXT.
104 Hansard 736, 17 November 196, 652–3.
105 Hansard 888, 11 March 1975, 296 (Ted Short). As late as 1984, the distinguished Anglo-German historian Agatha Ramm disclaimed the ‘modern usage’ of ‘the United Kingdom’, preferring ‘a consistent use of “Britain”’; Europe in the Twentieth Century, 1905–1970 (London: Longman, 1984), p. xv.
1 Opportunity and Illusion: The Road to 1975
1 Speech to the Conservative Party Conference, Brighton, 16 October 1971, www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=118.
2 ‘The Prime Minister Says “Yes”’. Interview with Llew Gardner for This Week, 15 May 1975, MS Wilson c.1266, f. 133.
3 Hansard 323, 27 July 1971, 278.
4 Western Mail, 5 June 1975, p. 4; Liverpool Daily Post, 5 June 1975, p. 3; Yorkshire Post, 5 June 1975, p. 1; Daily Express, 5 June 1975, p. 1; The Times, 5 June 1975, p. 5.
5 Hedges, ‘The Final Four Years’, in Jowell and Hoinville (eds.), Britain into Europe, p. 49.
6 Anthony Nutting, Europe Will Not Wait: A Warning and a Way Out (New York: Hollis & Carter, 1960), p. 103; George Ball, quoted in Elisabeth Barker, Britain in a Divided Europe, 1945–1970 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971), p. 3.
7 Konrad Adenauer, Memoirs, 1945–53, translated by Beate Ruhm von Oppen (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966), p. 382; Derek W. Urwin, The Community of Europe: A History of European Integration since 1945, second edition (Harlow: Longman, 1995), pp. 31, 37; Michael Charlton, The Price of Victory (London: BBC, 1983), p. 9.
8 Sir Michael Palliser’, ‘Foreword’, in S. Dokrill, Britain's Retreat from East of Suez: The Choice between Europe and the World? (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), p. x.
9 Oliver J. Daddow, Britain and Europe since 1945: Historiographical Perspectives on Integration (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), pp. 5–6.
10 Charlton, Price of Victory, p. 11.
11 Hugo Young, This Blessed Plot: Britain and Europe from Churchill to Blair (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999), p. 1.
12 Ibid., p. 3.
13 King, Britain Says Yes, p. 38.
14 Sean Greenwood, Britain and European Cooperation since 1945 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), p. 2.
15 Charlton, Price of Victory, p. 307.
16 Roger Broad, ‘Cross-Channel or Transatlantic?’, in R. Broad and V. Preston (eds.), Moored to the Continent? Britain and European Integration (London: IHR, 2001), p. 1; Brian Brivati, ‘A Problem of Synchronicity: The Labour Party, European Integration and the Search for Modernization’ and I. Davidson, ‘Missing the Bus, Missing the Point: Britain's Place in the World since 1945’ in idem, pp. 193, 239.
17 Stephen George, An Awkward Partner: Britain in the European Community, third edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998); Stephen Wall, A Stranger in Europe: Britain and the EU from Thatcher to Blair (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008); David Gowland and Arthur Turner, Reluctant Europeans: Britain and European Integration, 1945–1998 (Harlow: Longman, 2000).
18 Alan S. Milward, The Rise and Fall of a National Strategy, 1945–1963: The United Kingdom and the Common Market, Volume 1 (London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 7–8, 13. For a critical engagement with Milward's argument (and its evolution over time), see James Ellison, ‘The European Rescue of Britain’, in F. Guirao, F. Lynch and S. Ramírez Pérez (eds.), Alan S. Milward and a Century of European Change (Abingdon: Routledge, 2012), pp. 444–58.
19 Bernard Porter, Britain, Europe and the World, 1850–1982: Delusions of Grandeur (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1983), pp. 123–4.
20 P. Speiser, The British Army of the Rhine: Turning Nazi Enemies into Cold War Partners (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2016), p. 1. The figure remained above 50,000 in 1975: ‘The Alliances and Europe’, The Military Balance, 75:1 (1975), p. 19.
21 For the pursuit of a Free Trade Area (FTA) that could encompass the Six, see James Ellison, Threatening Europe: Britain and the Creation of the European Community, 1955–58 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), who sees the FTA ‘developing from negative origins before eventually becoming an attempt to complement the Common Market’ (p. 222). Miriam Camps argued that the FTA, though ‘ineptly presented and badly negotiated’, marked a ‘real and substantial shift in the British Government's attitude towards Europe’; Miriam Camps, Britain and the European Community, 1955–1963 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964), pp. 509–10. For the argument that ‘EFTA was not a means to “sabotage” the Common Market’ but a ‘holding or balancing operation’, see Roland Maurhofer, ‘Revisiting the Creation of EFTA: The British and the Swiss Case’, Journal of European Integration History, 7:2 (2001), p. 82.
22 Adenauer, Memoirs, p. 388 (19 May 1951).
23 Barker, Britain in a Divided Europe, p. 15.
24 Ibid., p. 6.
25 21 March 1943, quoted in Charlton, Price of Victory, p. 19.
26 For the Schuman Declaration of 9 May 1950, see http://europa.eu/about-eu/basic-information/symbols/europe-day/schuman-declaration/index_en.htm.
27 For biographies of each of these figures, which emphasise their post-national credentials, see ‘The Founding Fathers of the EU’, http://europa.eu/about-eu/eu-history/founding-fathers/index_en.htm.
28 Charlton, Price of Victory, p. 34. For federalist movements, see M. Dedman, The Origins and Development of the European Union, 1945–95: A History of European Integration (London: Routledge, 1996), pp. 16–33.
29 Alan S. Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation-State, second edition (London: Routledge, 2000), p. 18. Martin Dedman agrees that ‘National interest, not Euro-federal idealism, propelled the schemes for economic integration’; Dedman, Origins and Development of the European Union, p. 31. For a series of case studies, see Alan S. Milward, Frances M.B. Lynch, Federico Romero, Ruggiero Ranieri and Vibeke Sørensen, The Frontier of National Sovereignty: History and Theory, 1945–1992 (London: Routledge, 1993).
30 See Piers Ludlow, ‘Challenging French Leadership in Europe: Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and the Outbreak of the Empty Chair Crisis of 1965–1966’, Contemporary European History, 8:2 (July 1999), pp. 231–48; Jean-Marie Palayret, Helen Wallace and Pascaline Winand (eds.), Visions, Votes and Vetoes: The Empty Chair Crisis and the Luxembourg Compromise Forty Years On (Brussels: Peter Lang, 2006). For the debate in France, see Frances B. Lynch, ‘Restoring France: The Road to Integration’, in Milward et al., The Frontier of National Sovereignty, pp. 72–87.
31 Milward, European Rescue of the Nation-State, p. 3.
32 Adenauer, Memoirs, pp. 387, 395–7.
33 Richard Toye, ‘Churchill and Britain's “Financial Dunkirk”’, 20th Century British History, 15:4 (2004), p. 329.
34 David Russell, ‘“The Jolly Old Empire”: Labour, the Commonwealth and Europe, 1945–51’, in Alex May (ed.), Britain, the Commonwealth and Europe: The Commonwealth and Britain's Application to Join the European Communities (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001), p. 22.
35 Porter, Britain, Europe and the World, p. 112.
36 Dedman, Origins and Development of the European Union, pp. 19–20.
37 Speech at the University of Zurich, 19 September 1946, www.churchill-society-london.org.uk/astonish.html.
38 Charlton, Price of Victory, p. 20.
39 Young, Britain and European Unity, p. 7.
40 For Bevin's position, see ibid., pp. 13–16.
41 Barker, Britain in a Divided Europe, p. 5.
42 Adenauer, Memoirs, p. 388 (19 May 1951).
43 Barker, Britain in a Divided Europe, p. 5.
44 Gowland and Turner, Reluctant Europeans, p. 84.
45 Milward, Rise and Fall of a National Strategy, p. 3; Young, Britain and European Unity, pp. 49–50.
46 Porter, Britain, Europe and the World, p. 118.
47 Milward, European Rescue of the Nation-State, p. 353; Gowland and Turner, Reluctant Europeans, p. 94.
48 Porter, Britain, Europe and the World, p. 113.
49 Greenwood, Britain and European Cooperation, p. 15.
50 Gowland and Turner, Reluctant Europeans, p. 75.
51 King, Britain Says Yes, p. 4.
52 K.O. Morgan, Labour in Power (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 420.
53 Porter, Britain, Europe and the World, p. 128.
54 Gowland and Turner, Reluctant Europeans, p. 5.
55 Reynolds, Britannia Overruled, p. 204.
56 Gowland and Turner, Reluctant Europeans, p. 116.
57 Harold Macmillan, Pointing the Way, 1959–1961 (London: Macmillan, 1972), p. 258. For the stormy debate in Parliament, see Hansard, 13 April 1960, 621: 1265–75, 1279–81.
58 Macmillan, Pointing the Way, p. 300; Ronald Hyam, ‘The Parting of the Ways: Britain and South Africa's Departure from the Commonwealth, 1951–61’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 26:2 (1998), p. 172.
59 Dean Acheson, Speech at the United States Military Academy, West Point, 5 December 1962, Vital Speeches of the Day, 29:6 (1 January 1963), pp. 162–6.
60 Reynolds, Britannia Overruled, p. 214; Edward Longinotti, ‘Britain's Withdrawal from East of Suez: From Economic Determinism to Political Choice’, Contemporary British History, 29:3 (2015), p. 323.
61 Hansard, 16 January 1968, 756: 1577, 1580–1. For the twin debates about ‘Europe’ and ‘East of Suez’, see Dockrill, Britain's Retreat from East of Suez.
62 Helen Parr, ‘Britain, America, East of Suez and the EEC: Finding a Role in British Foreign Policy, 1964–67’, Contemporary British History, 20:3 (2006), pp. 403–21, argues that withdrawal from ‘East of Suez’ accelerated the British embrace of the European Community; Longinotti, ‘Britain's Withdrawal from East of Suez’, pp. 318–40, reverses the story, arguing that the choice to withdraw was itself a product of the reordering of priorities around Europe.
63 James Ellison, The United States, Britain and the Transatlantic Crisis: Rising to the Gaullist Challenge (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), p. 118.
64 The British ambassador to the United States, Patrick Dean, warned in 1967 that ‘The continuing value of our relationship to [the US] will depend largely on the degree to which we can act as a force for stability, reason and responsibility, within … Europe’; ibid., pp. 126–7.
65 Ibid., p. 13.
66 Young, Britain and European Unity, p. 67.
67 Porter, Britain, Europe and the World, p. 116.
68 TheTimes, 9 October 1954, p. 9; 22 July 1957, p. 4.
69 Jim Tomlinson, The Politics of Decline: Understanding Post-War Britain (Pearson: Harlow, 2000). See also George L. Bernstein, The Myth of Decline: The Rise of Britain since 1945 (London: Pimlico, 2004).
70 Wall, From Rejection to Referendum, pp. 588–9.
71 Reynolds, Britannia Overruled, p. 195.
72 Report of the Productivity and Conditional Aid Committee, in Tomlinson, Politics of Decline, p. 19.
73 Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion, p. 58.
74 Reynolds, Britannia Overruled, p. 218.
75 See Douglas Jay, ‘The Free Trade Alternative to the EC: A Witness Account’, in Brian Brivati and Harriet Jones (eds.), From Reconstruction to Integration: Britain and Europe since 1945 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1993), pp. 125–7.
76 See Tomlinson, Politics of Decline, p. 23.
77 John Campbell, Edward Heath: A Biography (London: Pimlico, 1994), p. 398.
78 Evening Standard, 11 July 1967, quoted in Gowland and Turner, Reluctant Europeans, p. 158.
79 Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion, pp. 184–5.
80 Command Paper 4715, The United Kingdom and the European Communities (London: HMSO, 1971), p. 17.
81 Young, Britain and European Unity, p. 63.
82 George Thomson in ‘The Labour Committee for Europe’ [witness seminar, 12 June 1990], Contemporary Record, 7:2 (Autumn 1993), p. 393. The ‘folly’ remark was used by Richard Crosland and Denis Healey; Helen Parr, Britain's Policy towards the European Community: Harold Wilson and Britain's World Role, 1964–67 (London: Routledge, 2006), p. 121; Helen Parr, ‘Anglo-French Relations, Détente and Britain's Second Application for Membership of the EEC, 1964 to 1967’, in Piers Ludlow (ed.), European Integration and the Cold War: Ostpolitik–Weltpolitik, 1965–1973 (Abingdon: Routledge, 2007), p. 81.
83 Heath, Course of My Life, p. 372.
84 Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion, p. 147.
85 Heath, Course of My Life, p. 390.
86 Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion, p. 150.
87 Pompidou once told Heath that it was pointless to call on the telephone, as ‘I do not speak English and your French is awful.’ The most generous praise that Heath's French friends could offer was that ‘you were certainly trying’. Heath, Course of My Life, pp. 368, 389. David Croft subsequently claimed to have based Officer Crabtree's French on Heath: The Return of 'Allo 'Allo, BBC1, 28 April 2007.
88 Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion, p. 150; Heath, Course of My Life, p. 381. The reference was to Psalm 122.
89 Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 344.
90 Washington Post, 5 February 1973, p. 12.
91 Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 334–5.
92 For Heath's faith in the economic stimulus to be expected from membership, see George, Awkward Partner, p. 61; Greenwood, Britain and European Cooperation, p. 95.
93 Simon Heffer, Like the Roman: The Life of Enoch Powell (London: Phoenix, 1998), pp. 580, 585, 622–23, 669.
94 Hansard 809, 21 January 1971, 1376.
95 Enoch Powell, ‘Speech to the Lyon's Club of Brussels’, 24 January 1972, The Papers of Enoch Powell, Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge, GBR/0014/POLL [hereafter Powell Papers] 4/1/8 file 4.
96 Heffer, Like the Roman, p. 672.
97 The Times, 4 June 1975, p. 14.
98 European Communities Act, 1972, Part I, clause 2(1).
99 Dale (ed.), Conservative Party General Election Manifestos, p. 196.
100 David Butler and Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, The British General Election of 1970 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999), p. 440.
101 Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion, p. 153.
102 Heath, Course of My Life, pp. 359, 362.
103 Heffer, Like the Roman, p. 598.
104 Melissa Pine, Harold Wilson and Europe: Pursuing Britain's Membership of the European Community, revised edition (London: I.B.Tauris, 2012), p. 173.
105 Dale (ed.), Labour Party General Election Manifestos, pp. 156, 179.
106 B. Pimlott, Harold Wilson (London: Harper Collins, 1992), pp. 580–1; Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion, p. 271.
107 Hansard, 823, 25 October 1971, 1362 (Robert Carr).
108 Alf Lomas, The Common Market: Why We Should Keep OUT (London Co-operative Political Committee, 1970), pp. 5–6.
109 Hansard, 823, 21 October 1971, 936 (Healey), 955–65 (Lestor), 1010 (King Murray), 1057 (Pavitt); 25 October 1971, 1275 (Spearing).
110 Heffer, Like the Roman, pp. 639–40. In a further example of cross-bench bonhomie, the anti-Market Tory Alan Clark told Labour's Dennis Skinner that ‘I'd rather live in a socialist Britain than one ruled by a lot of fucking foreigners’; A. Clark, Diaries: Into Politics, 1972–1982, ed. I. Trewin (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000) (10 April 1975), p. 64.
111 Hansard 823, 25 October 1971, 1261.
112 Ibid., 1381 (Fernyhough).
113 Ibid., 1259 (Foot).
114 Labour and the Common Market: Report of a Special Conference of the Labour Party [26 April 1975] (London: Transport House, 1975) p. 7.
115 Bernard Donoughue, Downing Street Diary: With Harold Wilson in No. 10 (London: Pimlico, 2006), p. 402 (6 June 1975); see also Donoughue, ‘The Inside View from No. Ten’, in Mark Baimbridge (ed.), The 1975 Referendum on Europe: Volume 1: Reflections of the Participants (Exeter: Imprint-Academic, 2006), p. 132.
116 King, Britain Says Yes, p. 49.
117 For two studies that peer bravely into the gloom, see Parr, Britain's Policy towards the European Community; Pine, Harold Wilson and Europe.
118 Wilson's speech at the Guildhall, 13 November 1967, in favour of ‘a Technological Community’, is reprinted in U. Kitzinger, The Second Try: Labour and the EEC (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1968), pp. 307–10. See also S. Holland, ‘Alternative European and Economic Strategies’, in Black, Pemberton and Thane (eds.), Reassessing 1970s Britain, pp. 96–122. The possibilities for technological co-operation also inspired Tony Benn's support for membership in the 1960s; see Tony Benn, Speeches by Tony Benn, ed. J. Bodington [1974] (Nottingham: Spokesman, 2012), pp. 94–5.
119 Donoughue, ‘Inside View’, p. 128.
120 James Callaghan on the Common Market (London: Labour Committee for Safeguards on the Common Market, 1971), pp. 3–4.
121 Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion, p. 386.
122 The Guardian, 11 May 1971, p. 7.
123 For the division list, see Hansard 823, 28 October 1971, 2212–17.
124 Benn, Against the Tide, p. 305 (21 January 1975).
125 A. Brown, ‘A Ghost of Ramsay MacDonald’, Labour Monthly: A Magazine of Left Unity, 57:5 (May 1975), p. 193.
126 See, for example, Benn, Against the Tides, p. 351 (20 March 1975); Pimlott, Harold Wilson, p. 654.
127 P. Hennessy, The Prime Minister: The Office and its Holders since 1945 (London: Allen Lane, 2000), p. 365.
128 Barbara Castle, The Castle Diaries, 1974–76 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1980), p. 302 (4 February 1975).
129 He made similar remarks at a press conference in January 1970; Pine, Harold Wilson and Europe, pp. 17, 157.
130 ‘The Prime Minister Says “Yes”’: interview with Llew Gardner for This Week, 15 May 1975, MS Wilson c.1266, f. 135.
2 ‘A Device of Dictators and Demagogues’: Renegotiation to Referendum
1 The Sun, 5 June 1975, p. 2.
2 Hansard 835, 18 April 1972, 258.
3 Daily Mail, 20 March 1975, p. 6.
4 Castle Diaries, p. 248 (12 December 1974).
5 Goodhart, Full-Hearted Consent, p. 45.
6 Hansard 792, 25 November 1969, 199–200.
7 Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 11; Hansard 820, 8 July 1971, 1515.
8 The Times, 22 May 1945, p. 4.
9 New Statesman, 7 August 1970, p. 137.
10 Hansard 888, 11 March 1975, 314. She later claimed that a referendum on rearmament in 1936 would have produced a No vote; The Guardian, 24 April 1975, p. 5.
11 The Sun, 5 June 1975, p. 2; see also 19 March 1975, p. 2; 10 April 1975, p. 2; 26 April 1975, p. 2; Daily Mirror, 13 March 1975, p. 2.
12 Church Times, 4 April 1975, p. 3; The Tablet, 1 February 1975, p. 97.
13 Daily Mirror, 28 February 1975, p. 7.
14 Harold Wilson, Final Term: The Labour Government, 1974–1976 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1979), pp. 51, 85–6; Donoughue, Downing Street Diary, p. 263 (12 December 1974).
15 Greenwood, Britain and European Cooperation, p. 100; King, Britain Says Yes; David Sanders, Losing an Empire, Finding a Role: British Foreign Policy since 1945 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990), p. 158.
16 For the history of the referendum in British politics, see Vernon Bogdanor, The People and the Party System: The Referendum and Electoral Reform in British Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). See also Goodhart, Referendum.
17 For an overview, see Robert Saunders, ‘Democracy’, in David Craig and James Thompson (eds.), The Languages of Politics in Modern British History (London: Palgrave, 2013).
18 For the democratic argument against Home Rule, see Robert Saunders, ‘Tory Rebels and Tory Democracy: The Ulster Crisis, 1900–1914’, in R. Carr and B. Hart (eds.), The Foundations of Modern British Conservatism (London: Continuum, 2013).
19 Hansard 793, 10 December 1969, 442–50. A ‘Ten Minute Bill’ is a procedure by which backbenchers can table legislation and speak for ten minutes in its support. Such bills serve chiefly as a way to force debate on a subject.
20 For the debate and division list, see Hansard 835, 18 April 1972, 246–363, 367–407
21 Goodhart, Full-Hearted Consent, p. 19.
22 The Times, 1 August 1970, p. 13.
23 David Powell, Tony Benn: A Political Life (London: Continuum, 2001), p. 151.
24 Legal and Constitutional Implications of United Kingdom Membership of the European Communities, Cmnd 3301 (London: HMSO, 1967), p. 8 [paragraph 23]. My emphasis.
25 Hansard 888, 11 March 1975, 362–3 (Marten), 368 (MacFarquhar).
26 Hansard 823, 27 October 1971, 1762 (Benn).
27 Speeches by Tony Benn, pp. 202–5.
28 The Guardian, 21 May 1975, p. 13.
29 Hansard 835, 18 April 1972, 257–8.
30 Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion, pp. 248–50.
31 Max Weber, ‘Politics as a Vocation’ (1918), in H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (eds.), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (Abingdon: Routledge, 2009), p. 78.
32 The Times, 1 August 1970, p. 13.
33 Goodhart, Full-Hearted Consent, pp. 32–3.
34 Hansard 888, 11 March 1975, 311.
35 Enoch Powell, Speech at Tamworth, 15 June 1970, Powell Papers POLL 4/1/6 file 2.
36 ‘Minutes of the Meeting of the Party’, 12 April 1972, British Archives Online (Microform Academic Publishers, 2006–2016), www.britishonlinearchives.co.uk/.
37 Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion, p. 392.
38 Goodhart, Full-Hearted Consent, p. 32; New Statesman, 7 August 1970, pp. 137–8.
39 John Pinder, Danger: Referendum at Work (PEP/New Europe, n.d.), BIE 16/3.
40 Powell, Tony Benn, p. 152.
41 Tony Benn, ‘European Communities Bill: New Clause calling for a referendum’, 13 March 1972, minutes of the Shadow Cabinet, 15 March 1972, British Archives Online.
42 Speech to the annual meeting of the Christian Socialist Movement, 17 March 1972, Benn, Speeches, p. 113. www.cvce.eu/content/publication/1999/1/1/a3d116ff-3ebe-44ee-99b8-e2b038253def/publishable_en.pdf.
43 The Times, 24 March 1972, p. 15.
44 Benn, Speeches, p. 114.
45 Minutes of the Shadow Cabinet, 29 March 1972; ‘Minutes of the Meeting of the Party’, 12 April 1972, British Archives Online.
46 ‘Minutes of the Meeting of the Party’, 12 April 1972, British Archives Online.
47 ‘The Labour Committee for Europe’ [Witness Seminar], Contemporary Record, 7:2 (Autumn 1993), p. 397.
48 Tony Benn, ‘European Communities Bill: New Clause calling for a referendum’, 13 March 1972, minutes of the Shadow Cabinet, 15 March 1972, British Archives Online.
49 Dale (ed.), Labour Party General Election Manifestos, pp. 186–7.
50 Hansard 323, 27 July 1971, 278.
51 Speech to the Conservative Party Conference, 13 October 1973, www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=120.
52 Con O'Neill, Britain's Entry into the European Community: Report by Sir Con O'Neill on the Negotiations of 1970–1972 [1972], ed. with a Foreword by Sir David Hannay (London: Frank Cass, 2000), pp. 355–6.
53 Dale (ed.), Labour Party General Election Manifestos, pp. 186–7.
54 Grob-Fitzgibbon, Continental Drift, p. 388.
55 Aoife Collins, ‘The Cabinet Office, Tony Benn and the Renegotiation of Britain's Terms of Entry into the European Community, 1974–1975’, Contemporary British History, 24:4 (2010), p. 477.
56 ‘The EEC Renegotiations: A Note on the Commitments’ (TUC–Labour Party Liaison Committee, March/April 1975), Labour History Archive and Study Centre, People's History Museum, Manchester (hereafter LHASC) 7/1974/75 f. 81.
57 Benn recognised the danger but failed to reverse the position: see Collins, ‘Cabinet Office’, pp. 477–8.
58 Grob-Fitzgibbon, Continental Drift, p. 381; Speech to the Labour Party Conference, 17 July 1971, www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=169.
59 Wall, From Rejection to Referendum, pp. 511–12.
60 Ibid., pp. 558–9.
61 Ibid., p. 522.
62 Mathias Haeussler, ‘A “Cold War European”? Helmut Schmidt and European Integration, c.1945–1982’, Cold War History, 15:4 (2015), p. 437.
63 Ibid.; Wall, From Rejection to Referendum, p. 527.
64 Gowland and Turner, Reluctant Europeans, p. 191.
65 M. Haeussler, ‘A Pyrrhic Victory: Harold Wilson, Helmut Schmidt, and the British Renegotiation of EC Membership, 1974–5’, International History Review, 37:4 (2015), p. 774.
66 Wilson, Final Term, p. 94.
67 Wall, From Rejection to Referendum, pp. 524–5. The text of the Paris communiqué can be found at www.cvce.eu/content/publication/1999/1/1/b1dd3d57-5f31-4796-85c3-cfd2210d6901/publishable_en.pdf.
68 Wall, From Rejection to Referendum, p. 546.
69 Wilson, Final Term, pp. 94–5; Castle, Castle Diaries, p. 249 (12 December 1974); see also Benn, Against the Tide, p. 341 (17 March 1975).
70 Hansard 883, 16 November 1974, 1128, 1139. Wilson attributed the ‘quick geographical correction’ to ‘the fact that hell is not a Parliamentary expression, outside strictly germane theological debates’; Wilson, Final Term, p. 97.
71 See Chapter 10. Paper by Callaghan on the progress of the renegotiations, 21 March 1975, NEC Papers, LHASC NEC 7/1974/75.
72 Paper by Callaghan on the progress of the renegotiations, 21 March 1975, LHASC NEC 7/1974/75, f. 59; Wall, From Rejection to Referendum, p. 545.
73 Minutes of a meeting between Roy Hattersley and Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski, 17 February 1975 (with Castle's annotations); Benn to Wilson, 24 February 1975; Callaghan to Wilson, 26 February 1975; MS Castle 306, ff. 59–61, 63–4. The Economist, 1 March 1975, p. 34. For the Cabinet discussion, see Castle, Castle Diaries, p. 323 (1 March 1975); Benn, Against the Tide, p. 321 (21 February 1975).
74 Wall, From Rejection to Referendum, pp. 520, 537.
75 Donoughue, Downing Street Diary, p. 257 (6 December 1974).
76 One hopes that he had washed his hands. Wilson Final Term, p. 102; Donoughue, Downing Street Diary, pp. 329–30 (10–11 March 1975).
77 Wall, From Rejection to Referendum, p. 3. See also Membership of the European Community: Report on Renegotiations, Command Paper 6003 (HMSO: London, 1975). For a detailed insider account, written by the head of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Referendum Unit in 1975, see Nigel Spreckley, The Common Market Renegotiation and Referendum: 1974–1975 [1975], with a Foreword by Stephen Wall (FCO: London, 2014), https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/1_spreckley_report_-_part_1, https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/2_spreckley_report_-_part_2, https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/3_spreckley_report_-_part_3_appendi.
78 Wall, From Rejection to Referendum, p. 553.
79 Paper by Callaghan on the progress of the renegotiations, 21 March 1975, LHASC, NEC 7/1974/75, f. 41.
80 Cabinet, 2 July 1974, TNA, CAB 128/54 CC(74) 22nd Conclusions, point 3.
81 Wall, From Rejection to Referendum, p. 544.
82 Wilson, Final Term, p. 102; Callaghan paper, 21 March 1975, f. 37; Fred Peart to Harold Wilson, 20 November 1974, MS Castle 306, ff. 30–3; Press statement by J.A. Walding, 19 November 1974, MS Castle 306, ff. 35–6; Wall, From Rejection to Referendum, pp. 569–71, 576.
83 Callaghan Paper, 21 March 1975, f. 39.
84 Harold Wilson, ‘Speech at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, Kingston, Jamaica’, 1 May 1975, MS Wilson c. 1266, f. 20.
85 ‘“New economic order” is endorsed’, Financial Times, 7 May 1975, p. 4. For the text of the statement, see ‘Text of Commonwealth Heads of Government Statement on the European Community’, May 1975, MS Castle 306, f. 324.
86 Wilson, Final Term, p. 96.
87 King, Britain Says Yes, pp. 76–7.
88 George, An Awkward Partner, p. 53.
89 Wall, From Rejection to Referendum, p. 513.
90 Wilson, Final Term, p. 93.
91 Callaghan, Time and Chance, p. 314.
92 Labour Committee for Europe, ‘Summary of the Renegotiations’, 12 March 1975, MS Castle 306, f. 86.
93 Wall, From Rejection to Referendum, pp. 564–5.
94 Hansard 888, 18 March 1975, 1465.
95 Speech at Bedworth, 31 May 1975, MS Wilson c.1267, f. 40.
96 See Labour's Programme 1973 (London: Transport House, 1973); King, Britain Says Yes, p. 82.
97 ‘The Common Market: Why we object. Statement by Dissenting Ministers’, 26 March 1975, MS Castle 306, f. 216.
98 New Statesman, 17 January 1975, p. 64.
99 Speech at the Confederation of British Industry Dinner, 20 May 1975, MS Wilson c. 1266, f. 187.
100 Philip Lynch, ‘The Conservatives and the Wilson Application’, in Oliver J. Daddow (ed.), Harold Wilson and European Integration: Britain's Second Application to Join the EEC (London: Routledge, 2003), p. 60.
101 Speech at Manchester, 1 June 1975, MS Wilson, c. 1267, f. 102.
102 Speech at Dewsbury, 27 May 1975, MS Wilson c.1266, ff. 255–6.
103 Labour and the Common Market, p. 6.
104 Daily Mail, 12 March 1975, p. 1. Its political editor was more cynical, writing that the ‘unacceptable “Tory terms” now modified by the Community's natural progress, have been refurbished with a coat of the famed Harold Wilson patent political gloss’. A cartoon showed a box of soap powder, with the label ‘Wilson's EEC Re-negotiation’ pasted over the words ‘Ted Heath's EEC’; Daily Mail, 13 March 1975, p. 6.
105 Daily Mirror, 12 March 1975, pp. 1–2.
106 New Statesman, 14 March 1975, p. 327.
107 Labour Committee for Europe, ‘Summary of the Renegotiations’, 12 March 1975, MS Castle 306, f. 90.
108 The Guardian, 18 March 1975, p. 14.
109 The Economist, 15 March 1975, p. 11.
110 James Spence, ‘Movements in the Public Mood: 1961–75’, in Jowell and Hoinville (eds.), Britain into Europe, p. 33.
111 Robert Worcester, ‘Public Opinion and the 1975 Referendum’, in Baimbridge (ed.), The 1975 Referendum, vol. 1, pp. 77–8.
112 Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 250.
113 See, for example, Speech at Bedworth, 31 May 1975, MS Wilson c.1267, ff. 18–64.
114 King, Britain Says Yes, p. 92.
115 Labour and the Common Market.
116 Hansard 888, 11 March 1975, 326–7 (Thorpe) and 337–8 (Rose).
117 Ibid., 311.
118 Ibid., 296.
119 Ibid., 296.
120 Ibid., 329 (Hughes), 343 (Molyneaux), 348 (Hurd).
121 Ibid., 343.
122 Alan Watkins, ‘A Whiter than White Paper’, New Statesman, 28 February 1975, p. 262.
123 ‘Record of a meeting between the Foreign and Commonwealth Secretary and members of the International Committee of the Trades Union Congress’, 4 February 1975, MS Castle 306, ff. 56–7.
124 Hansard 888, 11 March 1975, 300 (Short), 301 (Powell), 365 (Marten), 373 (Ewing), 388 (Thomas).
3 ‘Support Your Local Continent!’ Britain in Europe
1 Irene Fekete, The How and Why Wonder Book of the Common Market (London: Transworld Publishers, 1974), p. 2.
2 Labour and the Common Market, p. 16.
3 Speech at the Winter Gardens, Blackpool, 31 May 1975, Powell Papers POLL 4/1/11/5.
4 The Sun, 27 March 1975, p. 2.
5 For a full list, see Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 88.
6 Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 102; Douglas Jay, Change and Fortune: A Political Record (London: Hutchinson, 1980), p. 484.
7 Ernest Wistrich, Recollections of a Federalist: My Life (London: Bettany Press, 2013); Harriet Wistrich, ‘Ernest Wistrich Obituary’, The Guardian, 12 June 2015; Roy Jenkins, ‘Gore, (William) David Ormsby, fifth Baron Harlech (1918–1985)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), www.oxforddnb.com.
8 Wistrich, Recollections, pp. 110–19. For the campaign before accession, see Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion.
9 For the ‘early campaign’, see BIE 17/1–4, from which the following paragraphs are chiefly drawn.
10 Ernest Wistrich, ‘The Irish, Norwegian and Danish Referenda: The Lessons for Britain’, New Europe, 3:1 (Winter 1974/75), pp. 7–32; Wistrich, Recollections, pp. 124–5.
11 Wistrich, Recollections, pp. 122–8; list of correspondents, BIE 17/2.
12 See correspondence in BIE 17/11.
13 Wistrich, Recollections, p. 126.
14 The Scotsman, 14 May 1975, p. 6.
15 Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, pp. 70–2.
16 Ibid., p. 120.
17 BIE press release, ‘Brighton and Hove in Europe Group’, 2 May 1975, BIE 19/49(b).
18 The precise sum raised by BIE is unclear. The formal accounts, published after the referendum, list contributions totalling £996,508. However, only donations received after 27 March had to be declared. Donations not recorded in this list include £200,000 from the clearing banks, and numerous donations in the tens of thousands. A list of contributions actually received totals £1,789,645, but runs only to 2 May. With a month still to go, it seems safe to assume that contributions totalled more than £2 million. Referendum on United Kingdom Membership of the European Community. Accounts of Campaigning Organisations, Command Paper 6251 (London: HMSO, 1975), pp. 3–18, 18–20; ‘Actual Cash Contributions Paid’, 2 May 1975, BIE 11/2.
19 In October 1975, BIE reported a surplus of £100,000: Minutes of BIE Executive Committee, 15 Oct 1975, BIE 28/1. For business contributions, see below, Chapter 5.
20 Referendum on United Kingdom Membership of the European Community; Harlech to O'Neill, 31 January 1975, BIE 1/4.
21 Anthony Smith, ‘Broadcasting’, in Butler and Kitzinger (eds.), 1975 Referendum, pp. 198–9; The Guardian, 2 June 1975, p. 13.
22 ‘Strategy for the Campaign’, February 1975, BIE 1/9.
23 Referendum on United Kingdom Membership of the European Community; Cecil Dawson [secretary to the Budget Committee], ‘Budget Control’, 17 July 1975, BIE 28/2.
24 John Campbell, Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life (London: Jonathan Cape, 2014), p. 444.
25 ‘Running Scared into the Market’, The Spectator, 24 May 1975, p. 625.
26 Louis Harris, ‘British Attitudes to EEC Membership’, LHI 47502, March 1975, p. 9, BIE 26/1.
27 Brandreth, Something Sensational, p. 318 (27 March 1975). For the posters, see BIE 18/23.
28 Brandreth, Something Sensational, pp. 319–20 (20 May 1975); interview with Gyles Brandreth, 2 February 2016.
29 ‘Britain's European Successes’, BIE 17/30; ‘Sport for Europe: Statement of the Case’, BIE 17/24.
30 ‘List of supporters in Sport attending the London meeting’, 2 June 1975, BIE 17/27; for messages, see BIE 17/27.
31 Evening Standard, 3 June 1975, p. 41.
32 Glasgow Herald, 27 May 1975, p. 6; The Times, 2 June 1975, p. 24. See also BIE 17/14 (actors) and 17/23 (musicians).
33 ‘Strategy for the Campaign’, February 1975, BIE 1/9.
34 Baroness Birk to Baroness Emmet of Amberley, 24 April 1975, BIE 26/2.
35 ‘Britain in Europe/Public Opinion Summary 20th May 1975’, BIE 26/1.
36 Tribune, 18 April 1975, p. 6; 30 May 1975, p. 5; Yorkshire Post, 3 June 1975, p. 9. Clarke was technically president-elect at this time, but featured prominently in coverage.
37 ‘Youth Department: Campaign Responsibilities’, BIE 14/1.
38 ‘Youth Revolt: The Next Stages’ and ‘The Occupation of Britain in Europe’, n.d. [mid-May], BIE 27/2.
39 Students for a United Europe (SUE) National Committee minutes, 1 March 1975, BIE 27/1.
40 Glasgow Herald, 30 May 1975, p. 2.
41 Students for a United Europe (Cambridge) to Archie Kirkwood, 6 May 1975, and reply, 14 May 1975, BIE 27/4/2.
42 Memorandum from Con O'Neill: ‘Organization of the Youth Campaigns’, 1 April 1975, BIE 27/1.
43 Students for a United Europe (SUE) National Committee minutes, 1 March 1975, BIE 27/1.
44 Piers Gardner memorandum, 9 April 1975, BIE 27/2; see also memo by Anthony Speaight, 27 May 1975, BIE 27/2.
45 Liverpool Daily Post, 28 May 1975, p. 5.
46 ‘Boat will Blazon EEC Benefits’, Express & Star, 17 April 1975, BIE 27/4/2; ‘Young Europeans Afloat: Narrow Boat Scheme’, 9 April 1975, BIE 27/4/2; 10.4.75: Memo on ‘Manpower’, n.d., BIE 27/4/2.
47 The Times, 8 February 1975, p. 1; Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, pp. 76, 78.
48 Minutes of the Shadow Cabinet, 2 December 1974, discussing a paper on ‘Problems of Public Decision on Britain's EEC membership’, Conservative Party Archive, LSC (74) 19; Margaret Thatcher, ‘Europe: The Choice Before Us’, Daily Telegraph, 4 June 1975, www.margaretthatcher.org/document/102701.
49 30 March 1975, quoted in Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 78.
50 Conservative Campaign Committee minutes, 21 April 1975, BIE 14/1; Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, pp 77–8.
51 The Sun, 30 May 1975, p. 2.
52 Wistrich, Recollections, pp. 131–2; Birmingham Post, 7 June 1975, p. 3.
53 The Times, 5 June 1975, p. 15; Financial Times, 31 May 1975, p. 11; The Sun, 6 May 1975, p. 2.
54 Castle Diaries, p. 405 (1–6 June 1975).
55 Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 75.
56 Wall, From Rejection to Referendum, p. 584.
57 ‘Labour Campaign for Europe 1975’, 10 February 1975, BIE 15/50.
58 ‘Budget for Labour Committee for Europe Referendum Campaign, March–June 1975’, Colin Beever Papers, LHASC 3/2/2; Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 79.
59 ‘The Socialist Case for Joining Europe: A Statement by the Labour Committee for Europe’ (no date, c. 1971), Colin Beever Papers, LHASC 3/2/2.
60 Jim Cattermole, ‘The Labour Committee for Europe: Planning Report’, 12 February 1975, BIE 14/1.
61 Young European Left, Labour's Programme and Europe (London: YEL, 1974), pp. 4–5.
62 Labour and the Common Market, pp. 15, 20.
63 Interview with John Timpson, BBC Today programme, 29 May 1975, MS Wilson c.1266, f. 340; ‘The Prime Minister Says “Yes”’: interview with Llew Gardner for This Week, 15 May 1975, MS Wilson c.1266, f. 137.
64 Labour and the Common Market, p. 5.
65 Speech at Dewsbury, 27 May 1975, MS Wilson c. 1266, f. 281.
66 Speech at the Confederation of British Industry Dinner, 20 May 1975, MS Wilson c.1266, ff. 183, 189.
67 Speech at Dewsbury, 27 May 1975, MS Wilson c.1266, ff. 242, 247, 253; Speech at Manchester, 1 June 1975, MS Wilson c.1267, f. 85.
68 ‘The Prime Minister Says “Yes”’, 15 May 1975, MS Wilson c.1266, ff. 136–7; Speech at the Confederation of British Industry Dinner, 20 May 1975, MS Wilson c.1266, f. 182.
69 The Guardian, 13 March 1975, p. 12.
70 Financial Times, 14 May 1975, p. 12.
71 ‘HAROLD WILSON Says…’, Labour Weekly, 5 June 1975, p. 2.
72 Wall, From Rejection to Referendum, p. 588.
73 Bristol Evening Post, 3 June 1975, p. 3.
74 Financial Times, 22 May 1975, p. 12;15 May 1975, p. 11.
75 Hedges, ‘The Final Four Years’, in Jowell and Hoinville (eds.), Britain into Europe, p. 66.
76 The Liberal Manifesto for Europe, 1975 (London: Liberal Europe Campaign, 1975), pp. 3–4, 11–14, BIE 16/3.
77 David Torrance, David Steel: Rising Hope to Elder Statesman (London: Biteback, 2012), p. 71.
78 ‘Report From Campaign Director’, 8 April 1975, BIE 16/5.
79 ‘Report From the Director of Policy Promotion’, 25 April 1975, BIE 16/5.
80 ‘European Referendum Campaign in the North of England’, c. 12 December 1974, BIE 16/4.
81 ‘Liberal Party Europe Campaign, 1975’ [briefing for Lord Banks], 6 February 1975; ‘Notes for a speech to be made by Richard Wainwright, M.P. in Leeds on 24th January, 1975’, BIE 16/4; Press release, ‘Eastern Region Liberal Seminar for Europe at Churchill College’, 22 April 1975, BIE 16/3.
82 March 1975; quoted in Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 130.
83 ‘European Referendum Campaign in the North of England’, c. 12 December 1974, BIE 16/4.
84 Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 130; The Guardian, 10 May 1975, p. 5.
85 Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 87.
86 Goodhart, Full-Hearted Consent, p. 149.
87 O'Neill to Hutchinson, 26 March 1975, BIE 18/1; O'Neill to local campaign groups, 4 April 1975, BIE 18/2.
88 Referendum on United Kingdom Membership, pp. 3–18; Worcester, ‘Public Opinion and the 1975 Referendum’.
89 For the Research and Information Department, see BIE 22/1-151. For the weekly briefing, see Minutes of the Campaign Committee, 17 April 1975, BIE 14/1.
90 See BIE 19/71-87 (‘Daily sequence files’) and BIE 19/88-142 (‘Subject files’).
91 ‘Policy Guidance Document for Publications and Speaker Briefing’, 5 March 1975, BIE 15/49.
92 Heath, ‘Speech for Trafalgar Square Rally’, Sunday 4 May 1975, BIE 19/49(b).
93 Thatcher, ‘Europe: The choice before us’, Daily Telegraph, 4 June 1975, www.margaretthatcher.org/document/102701.
94 Western Mail, 4 June 1975, p. 6.
95 Prentice, Speech at Ealing, 13 May 1975, BIE 19/49(b); The Guardian, 2 June 1975, p. 12. Wilson dismissed his remarks as ‘balderdash’: ‘The Prime Minister Says “Yes”’: interview for This Week, 15 May 1975, MS Wilson c. 1266, f. 137.
96 Scottish Daily News, 23 May 1975, p. 5; speech by Smith at Clapham County School, 29 April 1975, BIE 19/49(b); speech by Prentice at Trafalgar Square, 4 June 1975, BIE 19/49(b); speech by Ennals at Dover (no date), BIE 19/49(b).
97 Speech by Jenkins in Manchester, 10 May 1975, MS Jenkins 304/213; speech by Prentice at Ealing, 13 May 1975, BIE 19/49(b); speech by Bill Rodgers at Wigan, 2 June 1975, BIE 19/49(a); speech by Winston Churchill at Withington, Manchester, 8 May 1975, BIE 19/49(b).
98 Benn, Against the Tide, pp. 369–70 (27 April 1975).
99 Evening Standard, 24 March 1975, p. 12.
100 The Sun, 2 May 1975, p. 2; BIE 18/23.
101 Harris Poll, 1–6 April 1975, reproduced in Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 256.
102 Reg Prentice, Speech at Ealing, 13 May 1975, BIE 19/49(b); Western Mail, 4 June 1975, p. 6; Heath, ‘Speech for Trafalgar Square Rally’, Sunday 4 May 1975, BIE 19/49(b).
103 Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 76.
104 See British Business For World Markets (Yorkshire Group), ‘The Press and the Common Market’, 15 May 1975, Marten Papers, MS 1132, ff. 24–5.
105 Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 82.
106 Scottish Daily News, 13 May 1975, p. 5.
107 Financial Times, 30 May 1975, p. 12.
108 Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion, pp. 204–5.
109 Christopher Serpell to Con O'Neill, Memorandum: ‘Uses of a Broadcasting Officer’, 10 June 1975, BIE 1/5.
110 Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion, p. 205.
111 ‘“Britain in Europe” Broadcasting Department (Monitoring)’, 10 June 1975, BIE 1/5.
112 Ibid.; Campaign Committee Minutes, 10 April 1975, BIE 1/9.
113 Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, pp. 74–5.
114 D.R. Thorpe, Supermac: The Life of Harold Macmillan (London: Pimlico, 2010), p. 281.
115 Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, pp. 90–2; Wistrich, Recollections, p. 130.
116 The Times, 2 June 1975, p. 2.
117 Colin S. Deans, Campaign Organiser, Radical Youth for Europe, 5 May 1975, BIE 27/4/2; ‘Youth Revolt: The Next Stages’, n.d. [mid May 1975], BIE 27/2.
118 Minutes of a meeting at the Waldorf Hotel, 21 May 1975, BIE 27/2; Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 172.
119 McIntosh, Challenge to Democracy, p. 120 (30 June 1974).
120 Thorpe's biographer speculates that he suffered a breakdown in the summer of 1975. Michael Bloch, Jeremy Thorpe (London: Abacus, 2016), pp. 425–6.
4 ‘Better Out Than In’: The National Referendum Campaign
1 Speech at Banbury, no date (c. 30 May 1975), Marten Papers c.1132, f. 363.
2 ‘Common Market: Vote NO’, no date, CIB 10/2 GBO.
3 Sunday Times, 4 May 1975, p. 17.
4 Goodhart, Full-Hearted Consent, pp. 168–9.
5 The surviving archives of BIE fill 869 boxes; those of the National Referendum Campaign fill just two.
6 For an excellent study, see David Richardson, ‘Non-Party Organizations and Campaigns on European Integration in Britain, 1945–1986: Political and Public Activism’, unpublished Ph.D. thesis (Birmingham, 2013).
7 Sunday Times, 11 May 1975, p. 32.
8 Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion, p. 247; The Times, 31 May 1976, p. 3.
9 Sunday Telegraph, 16 March 1975, p. 19.
10 The Guardian, 17 April 1972, pp. 1–2; Daily Express, 17 April 1972, p. 9; Daily Mirror, 17 April 1972, p. 2; Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion, pp. 246–8. For KBO and the ACML, see Robert F. Dewey Jr., British National Identity and Opposition to Membership of Europe, 1961–63: The Anti-Marketeers (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009), pp. 118–30.
11 Ron Leighton to Don Martin, 23 February 1973, CIB 1/3, folder 1.
12 The correspondence can be found in CIB 1/3, folder 2.
13 See correspondence from Francis D'Aft to Robin Williams and Margaret Conybeare, CIB 7/17.
14 CMSC Executive Committee, Minutes, 16 December 1974, CIB 1/3, folder 3.
15 Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion, p. 242.
16 Williams to Jay, 15 July 1974, CIB 9/2; Financial Times, 23 May 1975, p. 29; Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, pp. 102–3.
17 Castle Diaries, 1974–76, p. 374 (21 April 1975).
18 CMSC Executive Committee, Minutes, 16 December 1974, CIB 1/3, folder 3.
19 Referendum on United Kingdom Membership, pp. 18–20; Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 102. This owed something to disdain for the media. As Ron Leighton cheerfully acknowledged in 1971, ‘it never occurred to us to tell the press what we were doing’. Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion, p. 237.
20 ‘National Referendum Campaign Financial Summary’, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 156. This includes contributions made before the official accounting period, so is higher than in the published accounts. Bob Harrison, head of the TGWU Research Department, worked full time from mid-April, while ASTMS loaned GBO its head of research, Barry Sherman, the pollster Sally Kellner and the future minister Hilary Benn. Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 102.
21 Typed accounts for GBO, 31 July 1975, Marten Papers c.1132, ff. 157–8; Guardian, 15 May 1975, p. 8.
22 Ron Leighton, ‘Why you should vote “No” to the Common Market’, Land Worker, April 1975, p. 83.
23 Douglas Jay to Neil Marten, 4 February 1975, CIB 9/2(2).
24 Sunday Telegraph, 16 March 1975, p. 19. For the correspondence between Frere-Smith and Con O'Neill, see BIE 1/18. O'Neill replied icily that ‘your continual harping on the question of the funds available to Britain in Europe’ suggests ‘that you lack confidence in the strength of your other arguments’; 18 April 1975, BIE 1/18.
25 Shaun Stewart, ‘Television Programmes’, 6 May 1975, Marten Papers c. 1132, f. 5.
26 Sunday Times, 4 May 1975, p. 17.
27 The Times, 24 April 1975, p. 4.
28 Louis Harris poll, 1–6 April 1975, quoted in Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 256.
29 Daily Mirror, 23 May 1974, p. 7. Tynan called the EEC ‘the greatest historical vulgarity since Hitler's 1,000-year Reich’; John Lahr (ed.), The Diaries of Kenneth Tynan (Bloomsbury: London, 2002), p. 49 (13 May 1971).
30 ‘Referendum Campaign’, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 174; Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 110.
31 Sunday Times, 13 April 1975, p. 1.
32 [Robin Williams?] to Douglas Jay, 15 July 1974, CIB 9/2(2); Richardson, ‘Non-Party Organizations’, p. 197.
33 CMSC Executive, Minutes, 16 December 1974, CIB 1/3 folder 3.
34 ‘Referendum Campaign’, no date, Marten Papers c.1132, ff. 171–6.
35 Victor Montagu to Christopher Frere-Smith, no date, CIB 9/2; Daily Telegraph, 15 April 1975, p. 8.
36 Castle Diaries, pp. 402–3 (30–31 May 1975).
37 See the cache of letters in BIE/22, and BIE 1/18: ‘Enemy Action’.
38 Camilla Schofield, Enoch Powell and the Making of Postcolonial Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), p. 284; J. Enoch Powell, Speech at Northfield, Birmingham, 13 June 1970, p. 16, Powell Paper POLL 4/1/6 file 2.
39 Goodhart, Full-Hearted Consent, pp. 132, 177–8.
40 Sunday Times, 4 May 1975, p. 17; The Sun, 17 April 1975, p. 6.
41 Benn, Against the Tide, p. 340 (15 March 1975).
42 Judith Hart to Harold Wilson and the Cabinet, 14 March 1975, MS Castle 306 ff. 100–1.
43 For the Dissenting Ministers’ declaration, see ‘Labour united against the Common Market!’ Tribune, 21 March 1975, p. 1. A fuller statement was issued on 26 March 1975: ‘The Common Market: Why we object. Statement by Dissenting Ministers’, MS Castle 306, ff. 216–18. For the Early Day Motion and signatories, see MS Castle 306, ff. 111–12.
44 Castle Diaries, 1974–76, p. 345 (19 March 1975).
45 Wilson, ‘To Ministers who are members of the NEC’, 24 March 1975, MS Castle 306, ff. 182–3.
46 NEC Agenda and Minutes, 26 March 1975, LHASC, NEC 5/1975/75; The Observer, 23 March 1975, p. 1.
47 Labour and the Common Market, pp. 14 (Lawrence Daly, Jack Jones), 15 (Roy Hughes).
48 The battle for control of the NEC is best traced through the diaries of Tony Benn and Barbara Castle.
49 Wilson, ‘To Ministers who are members of the NEC’, 24 March 1975, enclosing a minute circulated on 14 May 1974, MS Castle 306, ff. 182–6.
50 Castle Diaries, 1974–76, p. 349 (20 March 1975).
51 Ibid., pp. 381, 395 (29 April and 21 May 1975).
52 Minutes of the special meeting of the NEC, 30 April 1975, LHASC, NEC 8/1974/75.
53 Castle Diaries, 1974–76, p. 383 (1 May 1975).
54 ‘Referendum Campaign’, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 174.
55 Benn, Against the Tide, pp. 285–6 (17 December 1974).
56 Tribune, 18 April 1975, p. 1.
57 Benn, Against the Tide, p. 362 (11 April 1975); Glasgow Herald, 3 June 1975, p. 1.
58 Castle Diaries, 1974–76, p. 403 (1–6 June 1975).
59 ‘Anti-Common Market Activities’, No. 76, 10 May 1975, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 2h–i; Coventry Telegraph, 24 May 1975, p. 8. The stunt bore a curious similarity to an episode of Dad's Army, broadcast five months earlier: ‘The Godiva Affair’, Dad's Army, series 7 episode 4, written by Jimmy Perry and David Croft, first broadcast 6 December 1974.
60 For a photo, see Sunday Times, 1 June 1975, p. 1. The Guardian, 20 May 1975, p. 8; Daily Telegraph, 27 May 1975, p. 6.
61 John Mills to local organisers, 29 May 1975, Marten Papers, c.1132, f. 67.
62 The Sun, 11 April 1975, p. 6.
63 ‘Television Programmes’, 6 May 1975, Marten Papers c.1132, fs 7, 9.
64 ‘Common Market Vote No’, CIB 10/2 GBO.
65 Transcript of NRC Referendum Broadcast, BBC1, 23 May 1975, National Referendum Campaign Archive, Parliamentary Archive, NRC [hereafter: NRC]/1.
66 The ‘faceless man’ featured prominently in GBO posters.
67 ‘On the Doorstep’ in GBO/ NRC, Talking Points no. 16 (4 June 1975), CIB 9/2; Morning Star, 1 May 1975, p. 3; John Mills to activists, 29 May 1975, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 67. For the ‘Independence Day’ theme, see also Marten Papers c.1132, ff. 341–4; ‘An eve of poll statement by the dissenting Ministers’, 4 June 1975, MS Castle 307, f. 52.
68 Scottish Daily News, 26 May 1975, p. 4.
69 Speech at Devizes, ‘Saturday night’, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 366.
70 Marten, ‘Article for NATSOPA’ [draft], 12 May 1975, Marten Papers c.1132, f.13b.
71 Marten, Speech at Conway Hall, London, 12 April 1975; speech at Oxford, 16 May 1975; speech at Banbury, ‘Friday night’, Marten Papers c.1132, ff. 341–2, 359, 363.
72 Stickers and fliers, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 215.
73 TGWU Record (February 1975), pp. 8–9; Tribune, 30 May 1975, p. 6.
74 GBO memo, ‘possible discussion points’, CIB 10/2 GBO; The Guardian, 2 June 1975, p. 13.
75 GBO Talking Points, No. 12 (23 May 1975), Marten Papers c.1132, f. 57.
76 ‘Europe's Food Mountains’, in GBORC, Talking Points, no. 10 (20 May 1975), Marten Papers c.1132, f. 34.
77 GBORC, ‘A Vote YES to the Common Market is a Vote NO to Jobs’, Feb. 1975, Marten Papers c.1132, fs 183–5.
78 GBO Talking Points, No. 12 (23 May 1975), Marten Papers c.1132, f. 56.
79 Jay, Change and Fortune, p. 485.
80 Glasgow Herald, 3 June 1975, p 1; Liverpool Daily Post, 3 June 1975, p. 4.
81 Morning Star, 4 June 1975, p. 1.
82 ‘The Points to Punch Home’, GBO Talking Points, No. 9 (May 1975), Marten Papers c.1132, f. 69.
83 Judith Hart, Aid and Liberation: A Socialist Study of Aid Politics (Gollancz: London, 1973); Duncan Sutherland, ‘Hart, Judith, Baroness Hart of South Lanark (1924–1991)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2004); online edition, May 2008.
84 Hart, Speech to the Fire Brigades Union, Bridlington, 7 May 1975, Hart Papers, HART/10/11.
85 Morning Star, 1 May 1975, p. 3.
86 Neil Marten, ‘Out of Europe and into the World’, proof of article, c. 30 May 1975, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 72.
87 Tribune, 28 February 1975, p. 1; 18 April 1975, p. 5; Marten, ‘Unite to Fight’, n.d., Marten Papers c.1132 f. 149; ‘Scotland and the EEC. Province or Nation?’, 6 March 1975, SNP Papers, National Library of Scotland, Acc. 7295/24.
88 The Scotsman, 13 May 1975, p. 8.
89 ‘Television Programmes’, 6 May 1975, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 7.
90 Transcript of NRC Referendum Campaign Broadcast, BBC1, 3 June 1975, NRC/1.
91 Tribune, 7 March 1975, p. 7.
92 Marten, ‘Out – and into the World’, proof of article, c. 30 May 1975, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 72.
93 Financial Times, 20 May 1975, p. 2.
94 S. Stewart to Marten and the NRC ‘O’ Group, Marten Papers c.1132, ‘Statement of Policy’, May 1975, f. 90; ‘Trade and the Alternative’, no date, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 329.
95 Manchester Evening News, 4 June 1975, p. 8.
96 Daily Mail, 27 May 1975, p. 6; Castle Diaries, 1974–76, p. 392 (18 May 1975).
97 Harold Wilson interviewed by Peter Jay for Weekend World, 11 May 1975, MS Wilson, c. 1266, f. 86.
98 The Guardian, 2 June 1975, p. 13.
99 Castle Diaries, 1974–76, p. 302 (4 February 1975).
100 Glasgow Herald, 27 May 1975, p. 1.
101 Financial Times, 19 May 1975, p. 7; Bristol Evening Post, 10 May 1975, p. 2.
102 Bristol Evening Post, 10 May 1975, p. 2; The Guardian, 2 June 1975, p. 13; Bristol Evening Post, 30 May 1975, p. 2.
103 The Sun, 28 May 1975, p. 2; Glasgow Herald, 27 May 1975, p. 1.
104 Bristol Evening Post, 29 May 1975, p. 1; The Guardian, 2 June 1975, p. 13.
105 Castle Diaries, 1974–76, pp. 378 (25 April 1975), 391 (16 May 1975), 392 (18 May 1975).
106 Jowell and Hoinville, Britain into Europe, p. 88.
107 The Guardian, 2 June 1975, p. 13; Glasgow Herald, 7 June 1975, p. 1. For the Benn effect, see NOP, ‘A Summary Report Prepared for the National Referendum Campaign: The E.E.C.’, 16 May 1975, NOP/8580, MS Castle 306, f. 349.
108 Jay, Change and Fortune, pp. 484, 490; Daily Telegraph, 7 June 1975, p. 30; Morning Star, 7 June 1975, p. 1.
5 ‘The Boardroom Must Lead!’ Employers, Unions and the Economy
1 The Director, 27:10 (April 1975), p. 3.
2 R. McIntosh, Challenge to Democracy: Politics, Trade Union Power and Economic Failure in the 1970s (London: Politico's, 2008), p. 226.
3 Financial Times, 29 May 1975, p. 1.
4 The Scotsman, 24 May 1975, p. 5.
5 The Economist, 3 May 1975, p. 41.
6 ‘Barrie Heath, GKN Group Chairman, to all GKN employees and their families’, 30 May 1975, NRC/1.
7 Referendum on United Kingdom Membership, pp. 3–18; ‘Actual Cash Contributions Paid’, 2 May 1975, BIE 11/2.
8 The Director, 27:8 (February 1975), p. 147; 27:11 (May 1975), p. 135; John Davan Sainsbury, ‘The Challenge of Confidence: Speech to the Institute of Grocery Distribution Convention, 28 April 1975’, Sainsbury Archive, Museum of London Docklands, SA/PR/1/1/5.
9 Financial Times, 12 May 1975, p. 18; 29 May 1975, p. 1.
10 The Spectator, 10 May 1975, p. 595.
11 See, for example, Scottish Daily News, 23 May 1975, p. 5.
12 Financial Times, 22 May 1975, p. 12.
13 Scottish Daily News, 15 May 1975, p. 6; Financial Times, 16 May 1975, p. 16.
14 Financial Times, 30 May 1975, p. 10.
15 Press release by Food and Drink Industry Council, 14 April 1975, BIE 12/1.
16 ‘Members of the Fund-Raising Committee’, BIE 11/1.
17 Referendum on United Kingdom Membership; ‘Actual Cash Contributions Paid’, 2 May 1975, BIE 11/2.
18 Financial Times, 13 May 1975, p. 14; Daily Telegraph, 13 March 1975, p. 19; Coventry Telegraph, 30 May 1975, p. 24.
19 The Economist, 3 May 1975, p. 41.
20 Financial Times, 4 June 1975, p. 12.
21 CBI, ‘Talking Points No. 8. Industry Speaks Out’, CBI Archive, Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick [hereafter: CBI] MSS.200/C/3/INT/3/50/6; The Director, 27:11 (May 1975), pp. 208–11.
22 British Industry and Europe: A Report by the CBI Europe Committee, March 1975 (London: CBI, 1975), p. 1.
23 Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion, p. 260.
24 British Industry and Europe, p. 1; ‘Correspondence relating to CBI Impact Europe train’, CBI MSS.200/C/3/INT/3/24; CBI Impact Europe: Annotated Transcript (London: CBI, 1972), pp. 1, 4, CBI MSS.200/C/3/INT/3/50/5.
25 British Industry and Europe, p. 3.
26 Gary Waller [Campaign Organiser], ‘CBI Europe Campaign’, 19 February 1975, BIE 1/9; Gary Waller to ‘Mr Europe's, February 1975; ‘Meeting of “Mr Europes” of Larger Companies Supporting the CBI Campaign’, 20 February 1975; Waller, ‘Analysis of 104 Replies to First Letter to “Mr Europes”’, 4 March 1975; Waller to ‘Mr Europe’, 10 April 1975, CBI MSS.200/C/4/1975/12.
27 The Economist, 17 May 1975, p. 44; Scottish Daily Express, 4 June 1975, p. 2; Birmingham Post, 3 June 1975, p. 3; ‘Midlands firms say: “Stay in Community”’, Birmingham Express and Star, 17 April 1975, BIE 27/4/2; S.G. Sperryn to Aza Pinney, 28 May 1975, BIE 16/3; Bristol Evening Post, 3 June 1975, p. 3 and 4 June 1975, p. 7.
28 The Director, 27:11 (May 1975), pp. 208–11.
29 The Economist, 1 March 1975, p. 11.
30 Waller, ‘CBI Europe Campaign’.
31 ‘Metrication and the EEC’; ‘Some Comments on the National Referendum Campaign's “No” Leaflet’, 8 May 1975; ‘Quit the Market, May 1975’; CBI MSS.200/C/4/1975/12.
32 ‘Europe Campaign Bulletin No. 1’, 14 March 1975; ‘Europe Campaign Bulletin No. 4’, 19 May 1975; ‘Europe Campaign Bulletin No. 6’, 30 May 1975, CBI MSS.200/C/4/1975/12.
33 ‘Meeting of “Mr Europe”s’; Waller, ‘Extracts From Letters Received Up to 22nd February 1975 From Companies Supporting the Campaign’; ‘Analysis of 104 Replies’. Christopher Frere-Smith warned that ‘The EEC may be good for big business – but for small traders it will be slow torture, and then death’; Financial Times, 23 May 1975, p. 13.
34 The Economist, 17 May 1975, pp. 44–5.
35 Financial Times, 9 May 1975, p. 13.
36 British Industry and Europe, p. 2.
37 Financial Times, 17 May 1975, p. 9.
38 Ibid., 27 May 1975, p. 29.
39 Get Britain Out/National Referendum Campaign, Talking Points No. 13 (29 May 1975), p. 3.
40 Financial Times, 2 June 1975, p. 7.
41 British Industry and Europe, p. 31.
42 CBI leaflet, ‘Europe – what it means to British industry’, CBI MSS.200/C/3/INT/3/50/6.
43 British Industry and Europe, pp. iii, 6; ‘Europe: Questions & Answers’, CBI MSS.200/C/3/INT/3/50/6.
44 Margaret Thatcher, Speech to the London University Conservative Association, 7 March 1975, http://margaretthatcher.org/document/102647.
45 CBI, ‘Europe – what it means to British industry’; British Industry and Europe, p. ii.
46 ‘Why should Britain vote to stay as a member of the European Economic Community?’, CBI MSS.200/C/3/INT/3/50/6; British Industry and Europe, pp. ii, 9.
47 Interview with Betty Boothroyd, 18 June 2014.
48 The Economist, 24 May 1975, p. 34; The Scotsman, 16 May 1975, p. 9; 23 May 1975, p. 4; Financial Times, 16 May 1975, p. 16; The Sun, 1 April 1975, p. 6;28 May 1975, p. 2.
49 CBI, ‘Europe – what it means to British industry’.
50 The Sun, 28 May 1975, p. 2.
51 Financial Times, 12 May 1975, p. 22.
52 Ibid., 16 May 1975, p. 21.
53 The Director, 27:11 (May 1975), p. 156 ; ‘Why Sainsbury's says Yes to the Common Market’, JS Journal, April 1975.
54 The Director, 27:7 (January 1975), p. 4; St Michael News, 3 (June 1975), p. 1.
55 Financial Times, 12 May 1975, p. 18.
56 Ibid., 27 May 1975, p. 6; The Director, 27:11 (May 1975), pp. 208–11.
57 The Director, 27:11 (May 1975), pp. 208–11.
58 CBI ‘Talking Points No. 3: Trade’, CBI MSS.200/C/3/INT/3/50/6. See also The Economist, 31 May 1975, p. 8.
59 The Economist, 24 May 1975, p. 34.
60 Financial Times, 12 May 1975, p. 19; British Industry and Europe, p. 25.
61 Financial Times, 12 May 1975, p. 19; British Industry and Europe, pp. 7, 27–8.
62 British Industry and Europe, p. 8.
63 Yorkshire Post, 2 June 1975, p. 3.
64 Yorkshire Post, 4 June 1975, p. 5. See also Yorkshire Post, 23 May 1975, p. 8; 3 June 1975, p. 8.
65 Financial Times, 21 May 1975, p. 11.
66 Men's Wear, 29 May 1975, p. 12; Evening Standard, 4 June 1975, p. 20.
67 Financial Times, 21 May 1975, p. 11;, 2 June 1975, p. 14. See also Advertisement placed by P.J.D. Marshall, managing director of Wilkinson Warburton Ltd, Pudsey, Yorkshire Post, 2 June 1975, p. 9.
68 Financial Times, 1 May 1975, p. 18; 2 June 1975, p. 14.
69 Ibid., 2 June 1975, p. 14; The Scotsman, 23 May 1975, p. 6; The Economist, 3 May 1975, p. 41.
70 Financial Times, 10 May 1975, p. 23.
71 Financial Times, 30 May 1975, p. 10; ‘Actual Cash Contributions Paid’.
72 Industry in Europe, p. 6.
73 CBI, ‘Europe – what it means to British industry’.
74 Industry in Europe, p. 6.
75 British Industry and Europe, p. 6.
76 CBI, ‘Europe – what it means to British industry’.
77 Financial Times, 3 June 1975, p. 13.
78 CBI, ‘Why should Britain vote to stay as a member of the European Economic Community?’, CBI MSS.200/C/3/INT/3/50/6.
79 Financial Times, 1 May 1975, p. 16; 20 May 1975, p. 12; ‘Europe: Why it must be Yes’, Barclays Bank Briefing – 29: A Quarterly Information Service on Money Matters, 11 April 1975, pp. 1, 4, BIE 16/3; The Economist, 19 April 1975, pp. 26, 140; 26 April 1975, p. 84.
80 The Scotsman, 21 May 1975, p. 4; Financial Times, 3 June 1975, p. 1.
81 Financial Times, 27 May 1975, p. 29.
82 The Director, 27:7 (January 1975), p. 108; 27:8 (February 1975), p. 148.
83 Financial Times, 7 May 1975, p. 23;, 12 May 1975, p. 18.
84 Ibid., 12 May 1975, p. 18.
85 For the emergence of the Eurobond market and the hope that financial integration would promote political unity, see N. Ferguson, High Financier: The Life and Times of Siegmund Warburg (London: Allen Lane, 2010), pp. 201–32.
86 Financial Times, 27 May 1975, p. 29.
87 ‘Europe: Why it must be Yes’, Barclays Bank Briefing – 29, 11 April 1975, p. 4; The Times, 15 March 1975, p. 21; CBI, ‘Talking Points No. 8. Industry Speaks Out’, CBI MSS.200/C/3/INT/3/50/6.
88 Financial Times, 20 May 1975, p. 12.
89 Ibid., 12 May 1975, p. 18.
90 Ibid., 15 May 1975, p. 10.
91 Ibid., 27 May 1975, p. 29.
92 Ibid., 7 May 1975, p. 23.
93 The Sun, 29 May 1975, p. 7.
94 The Scotsman, 14 May 1975, p. 11; ‘Extracts from letters received up to 22nd February 1975 from companies supporting the campaign’, CBI MSS.200/C/4/1975/12. Even in Scotland, however, 73.4 per cent of companies polled thought withdrawal either damaging or disadvantageous. Only 5.6 per cent favoured leaving.
95 Castle Diaries, p. 388 (8 May 1975); Financial Times, 9 May 1975, p. 13; 19 May 1975, p. 2.
96 Speech at the Winter Gardens, Blackpool, 31 May 1975, Powell Papers, POLL 4/1/11/5.
97 Resistance News, 14 (January–February 1975), p. 2; TGWU Record, February 1975, p. 10. Yorkshire Post, 2 June 1975, p. 8.
98 Tribune, 7 March 1975, p. 5; Morning Star, 2 May 1975, p. 1.
99 The Director, May 1975, p. 202.
100 Douglas Jay, The Better Alternative for Britain (London: CMSC, 1975), pp. 1–2; The Spectator, 7 June 1975, p. 681.
101 ‘The Economic Consequences of the Treaties’, 4 May 1975, MS Castle 306, ff. 316–19; Castle Diaries, p. 383 (1 May 1975).
102 The Miner, May–June 1975, p. 3. The Nottinghamshire county executive took a neutral line, anticipating its later break with the NUM leadership; The Guardian, 2 June 1975, p. 6.
103 Financial Times, 29 May 1975, p. 11.
104 The Miner, May–June 1975, pp. 4–5.
105 ASTMS Journal, March–April 1975, p. 6.
106 The Economist, 7 June 1975, p. 23.
107 Financial Times, 16 May 1975, p. 16. See also Morning Star, 3 June 1975, p. 1.
108 Financial Times, 29 May 1975, p. 10; ‘Statement by Michael Meacher MP at the National Referendum Campaign Press Conference’, 28 May 1975, Marten Papers c.1132, ff. 62–4.
109 GBO/NRC, Talking Points no. 12, 23 May 1975, CIB 9/2; ‘Defeat the Common Market – Vote No! Statement by Oxford and District Trades Council’, NRC/1.
110 ASTMS Journal (March–April 1975), p. 6. See also TGWU Record, February 1975, p. 7.
111 TGWU Record (April 1975), p. 10.
112 Financial Times, 2 June 1975, p. 7.
113 TGWU Record, February 1975, p. 7; ASTMS Journal, January–February 1975, p. 5; ASTMS Journal, March–April 1975, p. 7.
114 Bristol Evening Post, 10 May 1975, p. 2; The Sun, 29 May 1975, p. 7.
115 Statement by the Get Britain Out Referendum Campaign, ASTMS Journal, January–February 1975, p. 5.
116 ‘The Scales are Weighted Against Us’, Special Edition of the TUC's Information Broadsheet, May 1975, Marten Papers c.1155/21.
117 ASTMS Journal, January–February 1975, p. 5; March–April 1975, p. 5.
118 The Economist, 15 March 1975, p. 13.
119 Financial Times, 13 May 1975, p. 17.
120 TGWU Record, March 1975, p. 11.
121 Financial Times, 22 May 1975, p. 12.
122 King, Britain Says Yes, p. 115; Goodhart, Full-Hearted Consent, p. 128.
123 The Scotsman, 2 May 1975, p. 7.
124 The Sun, 29 May 1975, p. 7.
125 GMW Herald, 5 (June 1975), p. 2.
126 Workers' Voice [published by TUAFE], p. 1, BIE 15/2.
127 ‘First speech by George Thomson, as President of the Young European Left, at launch of YEL manifesto’, 18 April 1975, BIE 15/1.
128 GMW Herald, 5 (June 1975), p. 2.
129 The Scotsman, 24 May 1975, p. 5; Morning Star, 2 May 1975, p. 3.
130 CBI Talking Points: ‘Feedback from the Shopfloor’.
131 Financial Times, 3 June 1975, p. 13.
132 Ibid., 4 June 1975, p. 13.
133 The only union donation of more than £100 during the campaign seems to have been £1,377.30 from the TGWU; Referendum on United Kingdom Membership, p. 19. The TGWU had also given £1,000 before the start of the campaign: handwritten accounts, LSE CIB 9/2/2; see also unsigned letter to Jack Jones, 3 January 1975, CIB 9/1.
134 R. Broad and T. Geiger (eds.), ‘Witness Seminar: The 1975 British Referendum on Europe’, Contemporary British History, 10:3 (Autumn 1996), pp. 101–2. When IPSOS-MORI began polling on the subject in October 1975, they found that 75 per cent of respondents (including 65 per cent of union members) agreed that ‘Trade Unions have too much power in Britain today’, while 64 per cent (including 56 per cent of unionists) agreed that ‘Most trade unions are controlled by extremists and militants’. www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/attitudes-trade-unions-1975-2014.
135 Financial Times, 3 June 1975, p. 13. The Labour Campaign for Britain in Europe saw the support of Wilson and Callaghan as crucial in winning ‘manual workers and trade unionists’; ‘Notes on state of public opinion, 28 May 1975’, BIE 15/49.
136 Financial Times, 16 May 1975, p. 16; The Sun, 28 May 1975, p. 2; The Miner, May–June 1975, p. 5.
137 Bristol Evening Post, 3 June 1975, p. 4; 4 June 1975, p. 7; Western Mail, 27 May 1975, p. 5.
138 Yorkshire Post, 21 May 1975, p. 7; ‘European Community Financial Aid’ leaflets, BIE 26/7.
139 Yorkshire Post, 2 June 1975, p. 3.
140 Financial Times, 3 June 1975, p. 13.
141 ‘Report on E.E.C., 29th May 1975’, NOP/8580/03, Marten Papers, c.1133, f. 46.
6 ‘Women and Children First!’
1 The Sun, 27 May 1975, p. 7.
2 Daily Mirror, 2 June 1975, pp. 14–15.
3 ‘Shoppers – How you answer these questions is how you should vote’, BIE 18/26.
4 ‘Miss World: My Protest at 1970 Beauty Pageant’, BBC Witness, 5 March 2014, www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-26437815.
5 Women's trade union membership increased by 73 per cent from 1966 to 1979; see Tara Martin López, The Winter of Discontent: Myth, Memory and History (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2014), pp. 30–3 and passim. In 1975, women constituted 38.8 per cent of the civilian workforce in Britain, higher than in Belgium (34.4 per cent), France (37.2 per cent), Germany (37.7 per cent), Ireland (27.4 per cent) or Italy (28.1 per cent). See Catherine Hoskyns, Integrating Gender: Women, Law and Politics in the European Union (London: Verso, 1996), p. 31.
6 For International Women's Year, see Helen McCarthy, ‘The Diplomatic History of Global Women's Rights: The British Foreign Office and International Women's Year, 1975’, Journal of Contemporary History, 50:4 (2015), pp. 833–53.
7 See, for example, Elizabeth Wilson, ‘An Opposing Image’, Socialist Woman, Winter 1974/5, pp. 24–5.
8 See Laura Beers, ‘Thatcher and the Women's Vote’, in Ben Jackson and Robert Saunders (eds.), Making Thatcher's Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 113–31. See also R. Saunders, ‘The Many Lives of Margaret Thatcher’, English Historical Review, forthcoming (2017).
9 Regina v. Morgan, HL 30 April 1975. See, for example, ‘MP raps “crazy charter for rapists”’, The Sun, 2 May 1975, p. 2.
10 The two women's officers were paid £985 and £795, significantly more than the £750 paid to the regional organisers for Scotland and Northern Ireland. Referendum on United Kingdom Membership, pp. 3–18.
11 The Sun, 27 May 1975, p. 7.
12 Louis Harris International, British Attitudes to the EEC/Panel Survey (April 1975), BIE 26/1; ‘Britain in Europe/Public Opinion Summary 20th May 1975’, BIE 26/1; ‘Table drawn from Glasgow Herald’, BIE 26/1.
13 ‘Britain in Europe/Public Opinion Summary 20th May 1975’, p. 4, BIE 26/1; NOP Market Research, ‘A Summary Report Prepared for The National Referendum Campaign’ (NOP/8580: 16 May 1975), p. 6, Marten Papers, c.1133.
14 ‘Table drawn from Glasgow Herald’, BIE 26/1; Birmingham Post, 4 June 1975, p. 1.
15 Avebury's husband, Eric Lubbock, was a Liberal peer who had won a sensational by-election in Orpington in 1962.
16 The following paragraphs draw extensively on ‘Draft Outline of Campaign Geared to Women’ [no date/ author], BIE 26/6 and Kina Avebury and Ann Money-Coutts, ‘Resumé of Women's Officers' Activities: 3 April–5 June 1975’, BIE 29/11. I am grateful to Lady Avebury for sharing her memories of the Women's Section in an interview, 10 July 2015.
17 The Guardian, 8 May 1975, p. 5.
18 Letter, 18 May 1975, BIE 26/8. The same picture subsequently appeared with the words ‘and the girls!’ added. Our Europe, no date [but probably May 1975], Marten Papers c.1155/1.
19 For the sexualisation of the newspaper industry, see Adrian Bingham, Family Newspapers? Sex, Private Life and the British Popular Press, 1918–1978 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
20 Daily Mirror, 20 May 1975, p. 3; 7 June 1975, p. 3. See also Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion, p. 346.
21 Coventry Telegraph, 24 May 1975, p. 8; Coventry Telegraph, 31 May 1975, p. 1.
22 For the national costumes, see ‘Girls to Wear European Costumes’, 10 April 1975, BIE 27/4/2; see also press cutting from Chelmsford Weekly News, 29 May 1975, BIE 27/1. For ‘Miss Europe’, see Students for a United Europe (SUE) National Committee minutes, 1 March 1975, BIE 27/1.
23 Kina Avebury and Ann Money-Coutts, ‘Resumé of Women's Officers' Activities: 3 April–5 June 1975’, BIE 29/11.
24 For press releases, see BIE 26/10.
25 ‘Confidential report from the Women's Section’, 22 May 1975, 23 May 1975, BIE 26/4.
26 For media correspondence, see BIE 26/5.
27 ‘Press conference for women journalists and editors of women's pages as well as representatives from radio and television programmes’, 14 May 1975, BIE 26/10.
28 See, for example, Kina Avebury and Ann Money-Coutts to Western Morning News, 6 May 1975, BIE 26/10.
29 Single printed sheet, no date, reporting ORC/Harris poll, BIE 26/1.
30 To Avebury, 18 April 1975, BIE 26/4.
31 See, for example, Avebury to the Chairmen of Women's Liberal Associations, 23 April 1975, BIE 26/8; Ann Money-Coutts to all Branch Secretaries and Chairmen, European Union of Women, 7 May 1975, BIE 26/8.
32 Caitriona Beaumont, Housewives and Citizens: Domesticity and the Women's Movement in England, 1928–64 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2013), pp. 3–4, 8, 40, 216.
33 More than 6,000 women attended a forum of non-governmental organisations organised alongside the UN conference on the status of women at Mexico City in 1975. See McCarthy, ‘Diplomatic History of Global Women's Rights’, p. 834.
34 Minutes of the Women's European Committee, 19 April 1972, p. 2, LSE Women's Library, LSE 5/WFM/C21. For correspondence relating to the organisation, see LSE Women's Library, LSE 5FWI/D/2/2/47. The committee went through a variety of names, but was known colloquially as the Women's European Committee. It played no part in the referendum, as its grant expired at the end of the 1974/5 financial year. It was formally wound up on 3 June 1975.
35 For examples of the sums disbursed, see WEC Minute Book, LSE Women's Library, LSE 5/WFM/C21.
36 Avebury to Mrs Sandra Brooks (Chairman of the National Housewives Association), 15 April 1975, BIE 26/8; Entwistle to Avebury, 9 April 1975, BIE 26/7.
37 Entwistle to Avebury, 9 April 1975, BIE 26/7.
38 See ‘NFWI Accounts for Block Grant by Women's European Committee, 1974/75’, LSE Women's Library, LSE 5FWI/D/2/2/47.
39 Home and County: Journal of the National Federation of Women's Institutes, July 1975, p. 253.
40 Townswoman, 42:4 (April 1975), p. 128; Birmingham Federation of Townswomen's Guilds to Ann Money-Coutts, 16 May 1975, BIE 26/8.
41 Townswoman, 42:4 (April 1975).
42 Ibid., pp. 127, 128.
43 Black, who was now working in public relations for Debenham's, advised him ‘that the strongest factor for women was the stability that remaining in the Common Market could represent and the upheaval involved in withdrawal’. Harold Hutchinson, ‘Report on Britain in Europe Campaign Publicity, Feb–June 1975’, 11 June 1975, BIE 18/3.
44 Bristol Evening Post, 31 May 1975, p. 5.
45 Christopher Morgan to Tom Spencer, 14 April 1975, BIE 18/1; Kina Avebury to the Chairmen of Women's Liberal Associations, 23 April 1975, BIE 26/8; Ann Money-Coutts to all Branch Secretaries/Chairmen, European Union of Women, 7 May 1975, BIE 26/8.
46 ‘Britain in Europe/Public Opinion Summary, 20th May 1975’, BIE 26/1.
47 Betty Boothroyd, The Autobiography (London: Century, 2001), esp. pp. 109, 126–9; Paul Routledge, Madam Speaker: A Biography (London: Harper Collins, 1995), pp. 121–3, 30; interview with Lady Boothroyd, 18 June 2014.
48 Interview with Lady Boothroyd, 18 June 2014; minutes of meeting of female MPs and Peers in the House of Lords, 29 April 1975, BIE 26/2.
49 Betty Boothroyd to Kina Avebury, 7 May 1975, BIE 26/2.
50 Boothroyd to Avebury, 13 May 1975, BIE 26/2.
51 Sunday Telegraph, 2 March 1975, p. 8.
52 Ibid., 2 March 1975, p. 8.
53 South Wales Echo, 4 April 1975, p. 14.
54 Sunday Telegraph, 2 March 1975, p. 8.
55 Daily Mirror, 2 June 1975, pp. 14–15; ‘We women care about …’, flier, BIE 18/25.
56 Diana Elles, The Housewife and the Common Market (London: CPC, 1971) [reissued in 1975], pp. 3, 6.
57 South Wales Argus, 30 April 1975, p. 6.
58 Woman's Own, 31 May 1975, p. 53.
59 Louis Harris International, ‘British Attitudes to the EEC’, BIE 26/1.
60 Advert in The Federalist, 1 May 1975, no. 3, BIE 26/13. See also ‘For Their Future, As Well As Yours, Vote Yes on Thursday’ [advert], Daily Mirror, 2 June 1975, p. 10.
61 Sunday Mail (Glasgow), 25 May 1975, p. 24.
62 Daily Mirror, 5 June 1975, pp. 16–17; ‘Let's fight with both hands’, Labour Newssheet, NRC/1.
63 ‘Britain in Europe/Public Opinion Summary 20th May 1975’, BIE 26/1. This was also the experience of activists; see, for example, Lynda Chalker to Kina Avebury, 23 April 1975, BIE 26/2.
64 Financial Times, 10 April 1975, p. 27; ‘Community Saved British Housewives £139 million’, BIE weekly briefing no. 12, 19 May 1975, p. 2, BIE 22/5.
65 ‘Referendum Campaign Broadcast on Behalf of the National Referendum Campaign’, 22 May 1975, Radio 2, NRC/1.
66 See, for example, David Jarvis, ‘Mrs Maggs and Betty: The Conservative Appeal to Women Voters in the 1920s’, Twentieth Century British History, 5:2 (1994), 129–52.
67 Elles, Housewife and the Common Market, pp. 6, 12–13.
68 ‘Statement by Mrs Barbara Castle and Mrs Neil Marten’ [29 May 1975], NRC/1.
69 The Guardian, 2 June 1975, p. 13.
70 The Sun, 30 May 1975, p. 7; The Guardian, 30 May 1975, p. 8; The Times, 30 May 1975, p. 4; Financial Times, 30 May 1975, p. 12.
71 ‘Summary of the Talk Given by Mrs V. Crankshaw, Secretary of the Women's European Committee, to the Women's Forum AGM, 10 December 1974: “Women's European Committee: A Personal View”’, LSE Women's Archive, 5FWI/D/2/2/47. The European Movement was so keen to secure her services that, when she declined the post, it wrote again asking her to reconsider. Minutes of the WEC, 3 July 1974, p. 6 and 23 July 1974, p. 1 (‘European Movement Referendum Campaign Women's Officer’), LSE 5/WFM/C21.
72 ‘Rallying cry from Vicki’, Liverpool Daily Post, 31 May 1975, p. 3. The use of first names in journalism was also more common for women than for men.
73 Vicki Crankshaw to Ann Money-Coutts, 14 May 1975, BIE 26/8.
74 Interview with Kina Avebury, 10 July 2015.
75 Minutes of the meeting of female MPs and Peers in the House of Lords, 29 April 1975, BIE 26/2; Baroness Birk to Baroness Emmet of Amberley, 24 April 1975, BIE 26/2. Birk's letter was read aloud at the meeting.
76 Spare Rib, 35 (May 1975), pp. 26–7. The article, by Jean Gardiner, claimed to investigate ‘the arguments on both sides’, but – as a subsequent correspondent pointed out – was a straightforward assault on the principle of membership.
77 For the origins of Article 119, the struggle to enforce it and the drafting of the 1975 directive, see Hoskyns, Integrating Gender, chs. 3–5.
78 Beatrix Campbell, The Iron Ladies: Why Do Women Vote Tory? (London: Virago, 1987), p. 206.
79 Alan Clark, Diaries: In Power, 1983–1992 (London: Phoenix, 2001 edition), pp. 28–32 (22 July 1983); Hansard 46, 20 July 1983, 481.
80 ‘We Women Care About…’, BIE 18/25.
81 ‘The European Community’, BIE 26/6.
82 ‘Women's Briefings’, BIE 26/3.
83 ‘The European Community’, BIE 26/6; ‘What does the Common Market mean to women?’, The Star Women's Magazine, 19 May 1975, BIE 26/9.
84 Irene Fekete, The How and Why Wonder Book of the Common Market (London: Transworld Publishers, 1974), p. 35.
85 Article by Avebury for ‘Gingerbread’, c. April 1975, BIE 26/8.
86 Birmingham Post, 4 June 1975, p. 1; The Sun, 2 June 1975, p. 1.
87 Richardson, ‘Non-Party Organizations’, pp. 132–5, 146.
88 Diana Villiers, ‘Report on the Anti-Common Market Campaign’, 27 March 1975, BIE 26/14. The minutes of the NRC executive for 21 January 1975 record that ‘The affiliation of Women Against the Common Market was not accepted’, which suggests that the organisation was still formally extant, but I have found no evidence of WACM activity in 1975. After the referendum, Uwe Kitzinger wrote to a large number of organisations in preparation for the book he co-wrote with David Butler. He received a choleric reply on ‘Women Against the Common Market’ notepaper, but the letter makes no reference to any campaigning activities of its own. NRC minutes, 21 January 1975, Marten Papers c.1131, f. 153; Barbara Fellowes, Betty Hunt and Mary Stanton to Uwe Kitzinger, 30 July 1975, NRC 1.
89 CMSC, minutes of the Executive Committee, 27 March 1973, 18 April 1973 and 16 May 1973, CIB 1/3, folder 1.
90 See, for example, Housewives Today, 27:3 (December 1974), p. 8; 27:4 (January 1975), pp. 3–4; 27:6 (March 1975), p. 6; 27:7 (April 1975), pp. 1–2; 27:7 (April 1975), pp. 3–5; 27:8 (May 1975), pp. 3–5; 27:9 (June 1975), p. 2.
91 Elizabeth Ward to Diana Villiers, 14 April 1975, BIE 22/1; Hansard 860, 18 July 1973, 538.
92 See, for example, Jarvis, ‘Mrs Maggs and Betty’; David Thackeray, ‘From Prudent Housewife to Empire Shopper: Party Appeals to the Female Voter, 1918–1928’, in J. Gottlieb and R. Toye (eds.), The Aftermath of Suffrage (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2013); H. McCarthy, The British People and the League of Nations: Democracy, Citizenship and Internationalism, c.1918–48 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2011), esp. ch. 7.
93 For the politics of unmarried motherhood, see Pat Thane and Tanya Evans, Saints, Sinners, Scroungers? Unmarried Motherhood in Twentieth-Century England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), esp. chs. 7–8.
94 Kina Avebury and Ann Money-Coutts, ‘Resumé of Women's Officer's Activities: 3 April–5 June 1975’, BIE 29/11.
7 ‘Come to Pray on Referendum Day’
1 Prayer circulated by ‘Christians for Europe’ for use on Sunday 1 June 1975; Church Times, 30 May 1975, p. 11.
2 Methodist Recorder, 6 March 1975, pp. 6–7.
3 Quoted in Noel Salter and John Selwyn Gummer, Britain in Europe: The Social Responsibilities of the Church (London: Board of Social Responsibility, 1972), p. 5.
4 The Tablet, 31 May 1975, p. 15; South Wales Argus, 5 June 1975, p. 1. For Boniface, see I.N. Wood, ‘Boniface [St Boniface]’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
5 Church Times, 27 March 1975, pp. 1, 20.
6 Sam Brewitt-Taylor, ‘The Invention of a “Secular Society”? Christianity and the Sudden Appearance of Secularization Discourses in the British National Media, 1961–4’, 20th Century British History, 24:3 (2013), pp. 327–50.
7 J. Matheson and C. Summerfield (eds.), Social Trends 30 (London: Office of National Statistics, 2000 edition), p. 219.
8 Philip M. Coupland, Britannia, Europa and Christendom: British Christians and European Integration (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), p. 189.
9 Coupland, Britannia, Europa, pp. 172–3, 179, 183, 190–1. Going into Europe: Implications of Britain's Membership of the Common Market. A Study Kit for British Christians (London: British Council of Churches, 1972).
10 Britain in Europe: The Social Responsibilities of the Church, p. 3. As part of its preparations for entry, the Church of England also overhauled its arrangements for Anglicans in northern and central Europe, expanding the responsibilities of the Bishop of Gibraltar and reviewing its administrative and pastoral structures. ‘Church Commissioners General Purposes Committee Working Party on Europe: Note by the Secretary’, 2 May 1974, Church of England Record Centre, Bermondsey, [hereafter: CERC] GP (74) 27.
11 Going into Europe, ‘Suggestions i: WORSHIP: Bible Readings, Prayer and Hymns’ and ‘Suggestions ii: WORSHIP: Sermon Outline’ [not paginated].
12 Christians and the European Community: Reports and Papers of Conference, 1974, 16–20 April, Roehampton, London (London, 1974). For the Roehampton conference, see Lucian N. Leustean, The Ecumenical Movement and the Making of the European Community (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 162–6.
13 B. Milligan, The Bridge: Reflections of an Unreconstructed Ecumaniac (London: Christians Aware, 2011), p. 42.
14 Hugh Hanning to Giles Ecclestone, ‘Ecumenical Meeting at Farm Street’, 30 January 1975, CERC BSR/IAC/EUR/2/2.
15 Press release: ‘Bishop launches Europe Campaign on St George's Day’, 23 April 1975, BIE 17/17.
16 Gummer was elected for Lewisham West in 1970, but lost his seat in 1974. He re-entered the Commons in 1979, later serving as Conservative Party chairman, minister of agriculture, fisheries and food, and environment secretary.
17 Britain in Europe: The Social Responsibilities of the Church (London: Board of Social Responsibility, 1972), pp. 5, 18. The report was signed by Bishop Ronald Williams, but he credits Gummer and Salter as authors, p. 19. It was subsequently referred to in correspondence as ‘the John Gummer “Britain in Europe” document’; e.g. Hugh Hanning to Giles Ecclestone, 30 January 1975, CERC, BSR/IAC/EUR/2/2. The reference was to Psalm 127.
18 ‘Synod calls for vote against the EEC’, The Scotsman, 23 May 1975, p. 15.
19 Gummer, ‘The Churches and the Referendum – a Preliminary Report’ (no date, 1974), BIE 19/53’; ‘Second Report on the Churches and the Referendum’, 23 January 1975, BIE 1/10. Interview with Lord Deben (John Selwyn Gummer), 10 June 2014.
20 Gummer, ‘The Churches and the Referendum; ‘Second Report on the Churches and the Referendum’.
21 Church of England Newspaper, 21 March 1975, p. 1.
22 Gummer, ‘The Churches and the Referendum’; ‘Second Report on the Churches and the Referendum’.
23 Ibid.
24 Referendum on United Kingdom Membership of the European Community, pp. 3–18.
25 Church Times, 4 April 1975, p. 3; Church of England Newspaper, 9 May 1975, p. 4. See also The Tablet, 1 February 1975, p. 97.
26 Church Times, 30 May 1975, p. 11.
27 Church of England Newspaper, 2 May 1975, p. 1.
28 ‘Vision of Europe’: day seminar at Coventry Cathedral organised by the Coventry Council of Churches, 22 May 1975, BIE 1/10. Letter from Gordon Landreth, general secretary of the Evangelical Alliance, Church of England Newspaper, 30 May 1975, p. 9; Church Times, 30 May 1975, p. 12.
29 Advert, Church of England Newspaper, 30 May 1975, p. 1.
30 ‘Anti-Marketeers in Scotland: Enemy Action’, 22 April 1975, BIE 1/79.
31 Methodist Recorder, 24 April 1975, p. 7.
32 ‘Resolution passed at meeting of the Assembly of the British Council of Churches’, 23 April 1975’, BIE 1/10.
33 The debate, he added, ‘is about the Common Market and not Europe and I am surprised that Christians condone this misleading propaganda’. Neil Marten to Archbishop of Canterbury, no date, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 190.
34 Matthew 22:21; Mark 12:17; Luke 20:25.
35 J. Enoch Powell, No Easy Answers (Sheldon Press: London, 1973), pp. 56–7.
36 For Powell's account of his own religious history, see No Easy Answers, pp. 2–6; J. Enoch Powell, The Evolution of the Gospel: A New Translation of the First Gospel, with Commentary and Introductory Essay (London: Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 205–7. Powell thought it more likely that Jesus had been killed by stoning.
37 J. Enoch Powell, ‘Crown and Canon: An Address to the Annual General Meeting of the Prayer Book Society’ [26 June 1993], The Churchman, 107:3 (1993), p. 269.
38 Alan M. Suggate, ‘The Christian Churches in England since 1945: Ecumenism and Social Concern’, in S. Gilley and W.J. Sheils (eds.), A History of Religion in Britain: Practice and Belief from pre-Roman Times to the Present (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), p. 478.
39 Church Times, 3 September 1971, p. 11. Milligan later became the Archbishop of Canterbury's special representative to the European Institutions in Strasburg. See Milligan, The Bridge.
40 [Catholic Institute for International Relations,] Comment 5: Church and Politics [no date].
41 Methodist Recorder, 6 March 1975, pp. 6–7.
42 Church Times, 30 May 1975, pp. 11, 13.
43 For Edwards and his milieu, see Sam Brewitt-Taylor, ‘“Christian Radicalism” in the Church of England, 1957–70’, unpublished Oxford D.Phil. thesis (2012).
44 Church Times, 4 April 1975, p. 3; Methodist Recorder, 6 March 1975, pp. 6–7.
45 Christians and the Common Market: A Report Presented to the British Council of Churches (London, 1967), pp. 10–11.
46 ‘God is for Europe’, The Economist, 26 April 1975, p. 42.
47 Methodist Recorder, 6 March 1975, pp. 6–7.
48 Comment 25: Britain & Europe (1971).
49 Christians and the Common Market, p. 17.
50 Church Times, 30 May 1975, p. 10.
51 Ronald Williams, quoted in Church of England Newspaper, 2 May 1975, p. 1.
52 The Tablet, 31 May 1975, pp. 499–500.
53 Britain in Europe: The Social Responsibility of the Church, pp. 3–4.
54 Jewish Chronicle, 30 May 1975, p. 14. The rival Jewish Telegraph provided almost no coverage of the referendum.
55 Britain in Europe: The Social Responsibility of the Church, pp. 12, 17.
56 Milligan, The Bridge, pp. 57–61; Church Times, 1 December 1978, p. 2.
57 Church of England Newspaper, 30 May 1975, p. 5.
58 Britain in Europe: The Social Responsibility of the Church, pp. 3, 17.
59 ‘Which Way Now?’, enclosed with Kenneth Johnstone to Con O'Neill, 20 May 1975, BIE 1/10.
60 Church Times, 27 March 1975, pp. 1, 20.
61 Going Into Europe.
62 John Selwyn Gummer, ‘The Churches and the Referendum – a Preliminary Report’, 1974, BIE 19/53.
63 Church of England Newspaper, 7 March 1975, p. 1.
64 Ibid., 2 May 1975, p. 1.
65 Church Times, 30 May 1975, p. 10.
66 Church of England Newspaper, 23 May 1975, p. 1.
67 Church Times, 30 May 1975, p. 11.
68 ‘Methodists Urged to Back EEC’, Hull Daily Mail, 6 May 1975, in BIE 19/53.
69 Ward, ‘Europe Preserved’, pp. 499–500.
70 Church Times, 30 May 1975, p. 1.
71 Ibid., p. 11.
72 Ibid., 7 March 1975, p. 1; Church of England Newspaper, 7 March 1975, p. 1.
73 Christopher Hill and E.J. Yarnold (eds.), Anglicans and Roman Catholics: The Search for Unity (London: SPCK, 1994), pp. 3–11.
74 Methodists voted for unity in 1969 and 1972, but the proposals failed to achieve the necessary majority in the Anglican synod. See David Carter, ‘Methodists and the Ecumenical Task’, in J. Morris and N. Sagovsky, The Unity We Have and the Unity We Seek: Prospects for the Third Millennium (London: T & T. Clark, 2003), pp. 54–5.
75 For the long relationship between ecumenism and the European movement – and the hopes vested in European institutions as a focus for ecumenical activity – see Leustean, Ecumenical Movement.
76 Church Times, 27 March 1975, pp. 1, 20; Church of England Newspaper, 2 May 1975, p. 1.
77 John Selwyn Gummer: ‘Second Report on the Churches and the Referendum’, BIE 1/10, 23 January 1975.
78 H. van Dusen, ‘General Introduction’ to The Universal Church in God's Design: an Ecumenical Study Prepared under the Auspices of the World Council of Churches (London: WCC, 1948), pp. 9–10, quoted in Brewitt-Taylor, ‘“Christian Radicalism”’, pp. 215–16.
79 Christians and the Common Market, p. 18.
80 Church Times, 27 March 1975, pp. 1, 20.
81 Methodist Recorder, 6 March 1975, pp. 6–7.
82 Church Times, 4 April 1975, p. 3.
83 Rev. Cyprian Dymoke-Marr, Church Times, 12 April 1975, p. 12.
84 The role of the churches in the later Cold War remains understudied; for the earlier period, see Ian Jones, ‘The Clergy, the Cold War and the Mission of the Local Church; England, ca. 1940–60’, in Dianne Kirby (ed.), Religion and the Cold War (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002/2013); Dianne Kirby, ‘Ecclesiastical McCarthyism: Cold War Repression in the Church of England’, Contemporary British History, 19:2 (2005), 187–203.
85 Church of England Newspaper, 23 May 1975, p. 1.
86 The Tablet, 15 March 1975, p. 241. Cold War influences also weighed heavily with some evangelical groups, who might otherwise have been wary of the Community's Catholic populations. The Prophetic Witness Movement, for example, hailed the Community as a ‘bulwark against Communism’. Church of England Newspaper, 30 May 1975, p. 3.
87 Jewish Chronicle, 3 January 1975, p. 5; 31 January 1975, p. 3; 16 May 1975, pp. 1, 16; 30 May 1975, p. 14. For Arab states’ anger at the treaty, see The Economist, 24 May 1975, p. 33.
88 Church of England Newspaper, 30 May 1975, p. 5; ‘Preface’, Crockford's Clerical Directory, 1973–74, 85th issue (Oxford: Church Commissioners, 1975), pp. xvi–xvii. The (anonymous) authors claimed that Labour had abandoned ‘the kind of socialism which was taught by Christian thinkers such as F.D. Maurice, Bishops Westcott and Gore, Scott Holland and Archbishop Temple’, in favour of an emphasis ‘on conflict and on restricting freedom of choice’. Church of England Newspaper, 2 May 1975, p. 5.
89 Liverpool Daily Post, 28 May 1975, p. 5.
90 The Scotsman, 23 May 1975, p. 15. For Paisleyism, see Chapter 11.
91 Barry Lynch, Church Times, 4 April 1975, p. 12.
92 Ibid.
93 Resistance News, no. 17 (May, 1975), p. 3.
94 Catholic Herald, 30 May 1975, p. 1.
95 Edward Charles, Church Times, 16 May 1975, p. 13.
96 Church of England Newspaper, 30 May 1975, p. 9.
97 Catholic Herald, 30 May 1975, p. 1.
98 Barry Lynch, Church Times, 4 April 1975, p. 12.
99 Canon Edward Charles, Church Times, 16 May 1975, p. 13; Church of England Newspaper, 30 May 1975, p. 3.
100 Catholic Herald, 30 May 1975, p. 1.
101 Liverpool Daily Post, 28 May 1975, p. 5.
102 Matthew Grimley, ‘Anglican Evangelicals and Anti-Permissiveness: The Nationwide Festival of Light 1971–1983’, in A. Atherstone and J. Maiden (eds.), Evangelicalism and the Church of England in the Twentieth Century: Reform, Resistance and Renewal (London: Boydell Press, 2014), pp. 192–3.
103 Bernard Palmer to Hugh Hanning, 6 February 1975, CERC, BSR/IAC/EUR/2/2. For claims of bias, see letter from Canon Edward Charles, Church Times, 16 May 1975, p. 13.
104 Catholic Herald, 23 May 1975, p. 1.
105 The Tablet, 15 February 1975, p. 147; 31 May 1975, p. 499; Catholic Herald, 23 May 1975, p. 1; 30 May 1975, p. 4.
8 ‘No Good Talking About Sovereignty’
1 Speech at Withington, Manchester, 8 May 1975, BIE 19/49(b).
2 Labour and the Common Market, p. 40.
3 Manchester Evening News, 21 May 1975, p. 10.
4 Hansard 596, 9 June 2015, 1047.
5 Hansard 596, 9 June 2015, 1047–8. (Hammond was actually nineteen at the time.) See also Ken Clarke, Kind of Blue: A Political Memoir (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2016), pp. 86–8.
6 Nigel Farage, ‘A Referendum Stitch-Up? How the EU and British Elites are Plotting to Fix the Result’ (2012), p. 8, www.ukipmeps.org/uploads/file/ReferendumStichUp.pdf; Juliet Lodge, ‘Britain and the EU: Exit, Voice and Loyalty Revisited – Public Diplomacy Failure?’ in Baimbridge (ed.), 1975 Referendum, vol. 1, p. 92.
7 Chris Gifford, The Making of Eurosceptic Britain, second edition (Farnham: Ashgate, 2014), p. 71.
8 Hansard 888, 11 March 1975, 366.
9 Morning Star, 5 June 1975, p. 1.
10 Speech in Hendon, 19 May 1975, http://margaretthatcher.org/document/102692.
11 Speech at Withington, Manchester, 8 May 1975, BIE 19/49(b).
12 Broad and Geiger, ‘Witness Seminar’, p. 99.
13 Ibid., p. 100 (quoting Patrick Nairne, who led the Cabinet Office European Unit).
14 William Pickles, Where Do We Come In? Your Rights and the Common Market (London: GBO, [1975?]), NRC/1. Pickles was a lecturer at the London School of Economics and the author of Not with Europe: The Political Case for Staying Out (Fabian Tract 336; London: Fabian International Bureau, 1962).
15 Bristol Evening Post, 4 June 1975, p. 4.
16 Sunday Telegraph, 16 March 1975, p. 19.
17 A.V. Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution [1885], eighth edition (London: Macmillan, 1915), p. 38. The latter quote was attributed to Lord Burleigh by Algernon Sidney; Angus Hawkins, Victorian Political Culture: ‘Habits of Heart and Mind’ (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 29. For a brief survey of Victorian constitutional thought, see Robert Saunders, ‘Parliament and People: The British Constitution in the Long Nineteenth Century’, Journal of Modern European History, 6 (2008); Hawkins, Victorian Political Culture; Pavlos Eleftheriadis, ‘Parliamentary Sovereignty and the Constitution’, Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No. 45 (2009).
18 Saunders, ‘Parliament and People’.
19 A.V. Dicey, A Fool's Paradise: Being A Constitutionalist's Criticism on the Home Rule Bill of 1912 (London: Macmillan, 1913), p. 117. For the constitutional arguments against Home Rule, see Saunders, ‘Tory Rebels and Tory Democracy’.
20 Dale (ed.), Labour Party General Election Manifestos, p. 199.
21 See, for example, Housewives Today, 27:4 (January 1975), pp. 4–5.
22 GBO, ‘Possible discussion points’, CIB 10/2 GBO; The Guardian, 2 June 1975, p. 13.
23 ‘The Common Market: Why We Object. Statement by Dissenting Ministers’, 17 March 1975, MS Castle 306, f. 217.
24 Questions & Answers For Speakers (London: NRC, 1975), p. 1 (‘What does sovereignty mean?’), NRC/1.
25 Minutes of a meeting of female MPs and Peers, 29 April 1975, BIE 26/2.
26 South Wales Echo, 4 April 1975, p. 14.
27 Hansard 831, 15 February 1972, 278, cited in F.A. Trindade, ‘Parliamentary Sovereignty and the Primacy of European Community Law’, Modern Law Review, 35:4 (1972), p. 375.
28 ‘What is Sovereignty?’, BIE, Weekly Briefing, No. 1 (3 March 1975), BIE 22/5.
29 The Sun, 11 April 1975, p. 6.
30 TGWU Record (February 1975), pp. 8–9.
31 Ralph Miliband, Parliamentary Socialism: A Study in the Politics of Labour [1972] (Pontypool: Merlin, 2009), p. 13.
32 Bristol Evening Post, 30 May 1975, p. 2.
33 1975 Referendum: The Common Market: IN or OUT (Labour Research Department, March 1975), p. 30; ‘The Common Market: Why We Object’, MS Castle 306, ff. 216–17.
34 Statement by the Get Britain Out Referendum Campaign, ASTMS Journal (January–February 1975), p. 5.
35 ‘The Scales are Weighted Against Us’, TUC Information Broadsheet, May 1975, Marten Papers, c.1155/21.
36 Labour and the Common Market, p. 41.
37 Referendum campaign broadcast by the NRC, BBC1, 3 June 1975, NRC/1.
38 Benn, Against the Tide, 18 March 1975, pp. 329 (27 February 1975), 343 (18 March 1975).
39 Judith Hart, Speech to the Fire Brigades Union, Bridlington, 7 May 1975, Hart Papers, HART/10/11; TGWU Record, April 1975, p. 7. See also Financial Times, 2 June 1975, p. 7.
40 Benn, Against the Tide, pp. 253 (31 October 1974), 292 (31 December 1974), 343 (18 March 1975).
41 T. Benn, Arguments for Democracy, ed. Chris Mullin (London: Cape, 1981), p. 6; The Independent, 27 June 1999.
42 Benn, Against the Tide, pp. 253 (31 October 1974), 264 (15 November 1974), 270 (21 November 1974), 276 (28 November 1974).
43 Speech at West Bromwich, 17 May 1975, Powell Papers POLL/4/1/11/5.
44 Speech at Hornsey, 22 February 1975, Powell Papers POLL/4/1/11/6.
45 ‘True history is concerned with the life of nations, with their birth, their fortunes, and their death. All else is chronicle’: Enoch Powell and Angus Maude, Biography of a Nation, second edition (London: John Baker, 1970), p. 7.
46 Speech at Sidcup, 4 June 1975, Powell Papers, POLL/4/1/11/4.
47 Powell and Maude, Biography of a Nation, p. 238.
48 Speech at Iveagh, County Down, 25 January 1975, Powell Papers, POLL/4/1/11/6.
49 Speech at Bournemouth, 10 May 1975, Powell Papers, POLL/4/1/11/5.
50 Speech at the Reform Club, 31 January 1975, Powell Papers, POLL/4/1/11/6.
51 Sunday Telegraph, 16 March 1975, p. 19.
52 NRC, ‘Concerned about your FREEDOM?’, LSE CIB 9/2.
53 Air Vice-Marshal Don Bennett, ‘10 Points on the Common Market’ [flier] NRC/1.
54 On Target [British League of Rights], 6:23, 10 May 1975, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 2a.
55 The Tablet, 31 May 1975, pp. 499–500; Birmingham Post, 5 June 1975, p. 8; A Question of Europe, BBC1, 3 June 1975.
56 Britain in Europe, Weekly Briefing, no. 14 (26 May 1975), p. 6.
57 Lord Denning, ‘H.P. Bulmer Ltd and another v. J. Bollinger SA and others’ (22 May 1974), All England Law Reports (1974), vol. 2, pp. 1231–2.
58 Roy Hattersley, speech in Bristol, 6 January 1975, BIE 18/1, p. 18.
59 Britain in Europe, Weekly Briefing, No. 14 (26 May 1975), p. 6 (‘Lord Chancellor says Parliament's Sovereignty not Affected’), BIE 22/5.
60 Liverpool Daily Post, 4 June 1975, p. 6.
61 Speaking Notes: Britain in Europe (Conservative Central Office, 1975), BIE 14/2.
62 Peter Blaker, ‘Labour's “Renegotiation” Policy: A Conservative View’, 28 June 1974, Conservative Party Archive, Bodleian Library, Oxford, LCC/74/27, p. 7.
63 The Economist, 15 March 1975, p. 25.
64 ‘Women's Section Briefing Notes’, BIE 26/3.
65 ‘George Thomson Says Scotland Says YES to Europe’, BIE 1/79.
66 ‘Young European Federalists’ [flyer], BIE 15/1. YEF was an alliance made up of Students for a United Europe, Young European Left, Young European Democrats and Radical Youth for Europe.
67 The Scotsman, 31 May 1975, p. 5.
68 Quoted in P. Ludlow, ‘Safeguarding British Identity or Betraying It? The Role of British “Tradition” in the Parliamentary Great Debate on EC Membership, October 1971’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 53:1 (2015), p. 29.
69 Hattersley, ‘Speech to the Annual Meeting of the Association of Contemporary European Studies’, BIE 1/81, p. 4.
70 Western Mail (Wales edition), 4 June 1975, p. 6.
71 Hansard 889, 9 April 1975, 1282.
72 The Times, 1 August 1970, p. 13.
73 The Economist, 1 March 1975, pp. 11–12; 31 May 1975, p. 8; ‘Labour's Case for Europe’ [flyer], BIE 15/1; ‘George Thomson Says Scotland Says YES to Europe’, p. 6, BIE 1/79.
74 Geoffrey Rippon, Our Future in Europe (CPC: September 1974), quoted in Ben Patterson, The Conservative Party and Europe (London: John Harper, 2011), p. 88.
75 Margaret Thatcher, ‘Our duty is to make it “Yes”’, Conservative Monthly News, April 1975, p. 7.
76 Max Weber, ‘Politics as a Vocation’ (1918), in H.H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (eds.), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (Abingdon: Routledge, 2009), p. 78.
77 Christopher Soames, The Director, January 1975, p. 102.
78 TUC–Labour Party Liaison Committee. ‘The EEC Renegotiations. A Note on the Commitments’ (Labour Party Research Department, 1975), f. 164. This paper was circulated to all delegates at Labour's Special Conference in April.
79 NRC, Questions & Answers for Speakers (NRC, 1975), NRC/1, p. 1; GBORC, Talking Points No: 10, 20 May 1975, Marten Papers, c.1132, ff. 34–41.
80 J. Enoch Powell, ‘The Nature of Sovereignty’, in Douglas Evans and Richard Body (eds.), Freedom and Stability in the World Economy (London: Croom Helm, 1976), p. 89.
81 Labour and the Common Market, pp. 16, 40–1.
82 The Times, 27 March 1975, p. 8.
83 GBORC, Talking Points No. 10, 20 May 1975, p. 8, Marten Papers 1132, 34–41; NRC, Questions & Answers For Speakers, NRC/1.
84 ‘Poll Assessment, 25 May 1975’, Marten Papers 1133, ff. 99–100.
85 ‘Notes on NOP survey’, Marten Papers 1133, ff. 97–8.
86 Broad and Geiger (eds.), ‘Witness Seminar’, p. 98, quoting a memorandum written by Worcester on 16 May 1975.
87 Broad and Geiger (eds.), ‘Witness Seminar’, pp. 98–100.
88 James Callaghan, ‘EEC Referendum: The Campaign as we Move into the Last Week’, 28 May 1975, BIE 15/49.
89 Birmingham Post, 2 June 1975, p. 6.
90 ‘Television Programmes’, 6 May 1975, Marten Papers, c.1132, f. 12.
91 Powell, ‘Nature of Sovereignty’, p. 88.
92 ‘Draft for Discussion’, NRC Memorandum [n.d. 1975], quoted in Richardson, ‘Non-Party Organisations’, p. 193.
93 For food prices, see Chapter 10.
94 Benn, Against the Tide, 5 November 1974, p. 259; 9 February 1975, p. 313; see also 17 November 1975, p. 265.
95 Church Times, 27 March 1975, p. 1.
96 The Sun, 11 April 1975, p. 6; ORC poll, conducted 24–27 May 1975, published in the Scotsman, 3 June 1975, p. 11.
97 Young Conservatives, ‘Keep Britain in Europe – Don't Pull Out’, BIE 26/13.
98 Powell, ‘Nature of Sovereignty’, p. 88.
9 ‘The New British Empire’
1 The Sun, 10 March 1975, p. 9.
2 The Guardian, 5 June 1975, p. 9.
3 ‘Prime Minister's Press Conference, Kingston’, 4 May 1975, Department of Foreign Affairs News Release, Transcript 3729, https://pmtranscripts.pmc.gov.au/release/transcript-3729.
4 Max Beloff, ‘The Commonwealth as History’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 1:1 (1972), pp. 107, 111. My emphasis. S. Dubow, ‘The Commonwealth and South Africa: From Smuts to Mandela’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 45:2 (2017), p. 285.
5 Hansard 645, 31 July 1961, 928.
6 Speech at Brighton, 19 January 1975, quoted in Grob-Fitzgibbon, Continental Drift, p. 390.
7 NRC, Why You Should Vote No, reproduced in Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 303.
8 The Sun, 4 June 1975, p. 6.
9 Belfast Newsletter, 16 May 1975, p. 2.
10 See, for example, Nadine El-Enany, ‘Brexit as Nostalgia for Empire’, Compass, 21 June 2016, www.compassonline.org.uk/brexit-as-nostalgia-for-empire/; Evan Smith and Steven Gray, ‘Brexit, Imperial Nostalgia and the “White Man's World”’, History & Policy, 20 June 2016, www.historyandpolicy.org/opinion-articles/articles/brexit-imperial-nostalgia-and-the-white-mans-world; Shaj Matthew, ‘Brexit exposes Britain's massive inferiority complex’, New Republic, 22 June 2016, https://newrepublic.com/article/134513/brexit-exposes-britains-massive-inferiority-complex.
11 Schofield, Enoch Powell, pp. 113, 172.
12 For ‘de-dominionisation’ (a term coined in the 1970s), see A.G. Hopkins, ‘Rethinking Decolonization’, Past & Present, 200 (2008), 211–47; Philip Murphy, Monarchy and the End of Empire: The House of Windsor, the British Government, and the Postwar Commonwealth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), ch. 9; J. Davidson, ‘The De-Dominionisation of Australia’, Meanjin, 38:2 (1979), 139–53.
13 John Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation: The Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1988), p. 324.
14 Quoted in Schofield, Enoch Powell, p. 76.
15 This is not to say that those effects were not real or profound. The impact of decolonisation is a fiercely contested topic that lies beyond the remit of this study, but notable contributions include: David Cannadine, Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire (London: Penguin, 2001); Catherine Hall and Sonya O. Rose (eds.), At Home with the Empire: Metropolitan Culture and the Imperial World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006); Stephen Howe, ‘Internal Decolonization? British Politics since Thatcher as Post-Colonial Trauma’, 20th Century British History, 14:3 (2003); John M. Mackenzie (ed.), Imperialism and Popular Culture (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989); Bernard Porter, The Absent-Minded Imperialists: Empire, Society and Culture in Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004); Bill Schwarz, The White Man's World (Memories of Empire, volume 1) (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2011); Andrew Thompson, The Empire Strikes Back? The Impact of Imperialism on Britain from the Mid-Nineteenth Century (London: Pearson, 2005); Andrew Thompson (ed.), The British Experience of Empire in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
16 Clement Attlee, Empire into Commonwealth: The Chichele Lectures (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), p. 1.
17 ‘News Talk’, BBC Radio, 15 August 1947, quoted in Wendy Webster, Englishness and Empire, 1939–1965 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 60.
18 Yorkshire Post, 12 March 1947; Sunday Times, 10 August 1947; quoted in Webster, Englishness and Empire, p. 60.
19 Schofield, Enoch Powell, pp. 15–16.
20 Rudyard Kipling, ‘The White Man's Burden’, was published in 1899; Arnold published ‘Heine's Grave’ in 1867.
21 ‘The Myth of Empire’, in J. Enoch Powell, Reflections of a Statesman: The Writings and Speeches of Enoch Powell (London: Bellew Publishing, 1991), p. 594.
22 Bill Schwarz, ‘“Englishry”: The Histories of G.M. Trevelyan’, in Catherine Hall and Keith McClelland (eds.), Race, Nation and Empire: Making Histories, 1750 to the Present (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2010), p. 128.
23 The Spectator, 7 June 1975, p. 675.
24 Ashley Jackson, The British Empire and the Second World War (London: Hambledon, 2006), p. 1. For the forgetting of the war in the Far East, see Connelly, We Can Take It! pp. 248–55.
25 For the sterling area, see Catherine Schenk, Britain and the Sterling Area: From Devaluation to Convertibility in the 1950s (London: Routledge, 1994). For the role of the sterling area in the European debate, see S. Newton, ‘Britain, the Sterling Area and European Integration, 1945–50’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 13:3 (1985), pp. 163–82.
26 CBI, Industry in Europe (May 1975), p. 6.
27 R.A.C. Parker, ‘British Perceptions of Power: Europe between the Superpowers’, in Josef Becker and Franz Knipping (eds.), Power in Europe? Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany in a Postwar World, 1945–1950 (New York: De Gruyter, 1986), p. 456.
28 C. Cotton, ‘The Labour Party and European Integration, 1961–1983’, Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge University (2010), p. 40.
29 Gaitskell, speech to the Labour Party Conference, 3 October 1962, www.cvce.eu/content/publication/1999/1/1/05f2996b-000b-4576-8b42-8069033a16f9/publishable_en.pdf.
30 Dubow, ‘Commonwealth and South Africa’, p. 301.
31 Sunday Mail (Glasgow), 11 April 1975, p. 8.
32 See, for example, Murphy, Monarchy and the End of Empire; Simon Potter, Broadcasting Empire: The BBC and the British World, 1922–1970 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012); J.F. Wilkinson, ‘The BBC and Africa’, African Affairs, 71:283 (1972), pp. 176–85; Allen Warren, ‘Citizens of the Empire: Baden-Powell, Scouts and Guides, and an Imperial Ideal’, in Mackenzie, Imperialism and Popular Culture. For the Church of England, see Chapter 7.
33 CBI, Industry in Europe (May 1975), p. 6. The decline was particularly marked in the Dominions: between 1950 and the early 1970s, the share of imports accounted for by Britain fell from 60 per cent to 28 per cent in New Zealand; from 50 per cent to 20 per cent in Australia; and from 41 per cent to 20 per cent in South Africa. Hopkins, ‘Rethinking Decolonization’, pp. 224, 237–8.
34 Labour and the Common Market, p. 7.
35 Clement Attlee had foreseen this problem in 1960: Attlee, Empire into Commonwealth, p. 50.
36 Murphy, Monarchy and the End of Empire, p. 108.
37 Phillip R. Alexander, ‘The Labour Government, Commonwealth Policy and the Second Application to Join the EEC, 1964–67’, in Alex May (ed.), Britain, the Commonwealth and Europe: The Commonwealth and Britain's Applications to Join the European Communities (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001), p. 141.
38 Dubow, ‘Commonwealth and South Africa’, p. 301.
39 Murphy, Monarchy and the End of Empire, pp. 10–11.
40 Cotton, ‘Labour Party’, p. 53.
41 Schofield, Enoch Powell, p. 158.
42 1971 White Paper, ‘The United Kingdom and the European Communities’, in Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 324.
43 Brown, In My Way, p. 201.
44 For a case study, see Lindsay Aqui, ‘Macmillan, Nkrumah and the 1961 Application for European Economic Community Membership’, International History Review, 39:4 (2017), pp. 575–91. For earlier visions of ‘Eurafrica’, see Robert Heywood, ‘West European Community and the Eurafrica Concept in the 1950s’, Journal of European Integration, 4:2 (1981), pp. 199–210; P. Hansen and S. Jonsson, ‘Bringing Africa as a “Dowry to Europe”: European Integration and the Eurafrica Project, 1920–1960’, Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, 13:3 (2011), pp. 443–63; P. Hansen and S. Jonsson, Eurafrica: The Untold History of European Integration and Colonialism (London: Bloomsbury, 2014).
45 Alexander, ‘The Labour Government’, pp. 144–5. For the shift from Yaoundé to Lomé, see Obadiah Mailafia, Europe and Economic Reform in Africa: Structural Adjustment and Economic Diplomacy (London: Routledge, 1997), chs. 3–4.
46 Letter from Norman Hart, Tribune, 29 June 1961, quoted in Cotton, ‘Labour Party’, p. 48. Hart repeated the allegation in 1969, accusing anti-Marketeers of ‘latter day imperialism’ (p. 103). See also Christopher Cotton, ‘Labour, European Integration and the Post-Imperial Mind, 1960–75’, in B. Frank, C. Horner and D. Stewart (eds.), The British Labour Movement and Imperialism (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Press, 2010).
47 Cotton, ‘Labour Party’, p. 49; The Guardian, 2 June 1975, p. 12.
48 Scottish Daily Express, 3 May 1975, p. 8.
49 Roy Jenkins, A Life at the Centre (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991), pp. 224–5.
50 Brown, In My Way, p. 209.
51 The Sun, 10 March 1975, p. 9.
52 Referendum Information Unit, ‘Advantages of Staying in the Common Market’, May 1975, BIE 15/72.
53 Quoted in Grob-Fitzgibbon, Continental Drift, p. 384.
54 Press cutting from [Slough] Evening Mail, 19 May 1975, BIE 26/9.
55 Speech at Sutton, Ashfield (Notts), 27 May 1975, BIE 19/49a. Owen did, however, acknowledge that in the shift from empire to Common Market, ‘Britain has had to shatter some of her most precious illusions about herself.’
56 Daily Mail, 4 June 1975, p. 31.
57 Speech to London University Conservative Association, House of Commons, 7 March 1975, Conservative Central Office News Service, 206/75. Strikingly, when Thatcher gave the famous ‘Bruges speech’ in 1988, she chose Europe's colonial heritage as one of the few areas for praise: ‘the story of how Europeans explored and colonised – and yes, without apology – civilised much of the world is an extraordinary tale of talent, skill and courage’; ‘Speech to the College of Europe’, 20 September 1988, www.margaretthatcher.org/document/107332.
58 The Ideals of Empire: Political and Economic Thought, 1903–1911 (6 volumes), edited and introduced by Ewen Green (London: Routledge, 1998), volume 1, p. x.
59 Speech in Glasgow, 2 June 1975, MS Wilson c.1267, ff. 134–5.
60 Margaret Thatcher, Speech to London University Conservative Association, 7 March 1975, Conservative Central Office News Service, 206/75; Shirley Williams, BBC Midweek, 10 April 1975, quoted in Cotton, ‘Labour Party’, p. 63.
61 Benn, Against the Tide, p. 143 (25 April 1974).
62 Belfast Newsletter, 13 May 1975, p. 4.
63 The Spectator, 7 June 1975, p. 675.
64 Webster, Englishness and Empire, p. 178; Schofield, Enoch Powell, pp. 55, 78.
65 The Times, 2 April 1964, p. 13; Schofield, Enoch Powell, pp. 101, 113, 172, 198.
66 Quoted in Schofield, Enoch Powell, p. 277.
67 Schofield, Enoch Powell, p. 288.
68 The Times, 2 April 1964, p. 13.
69 Speech to the 1964 Committee, Trinity College, Dublin, 13 November 1964, Powell Papers, POLL/4/1/1/3.
70 Schofield, Enoch Powell, p. 149.
71 Speech to the 1964 Committee, Trinity College, Dublin, 13 November 1964, Powell Papers, POLL/4/1/1/3.
72 Speech at the St George's Day Banquet, 22 April 1961, Powell Papers POLL/4/1/1/6.
73 Schofield, Enoch Powell, p. 162.
74 Speech to the 1964 Committee, Trinity College, Dublin, 13 November 1964, Powell Papers, POLL/4/1/1/3.
75 Speech at Blackpool, 31 May 1975; speech at Bournemouth; Powell Papers, POLL 4/1/11/5; Schofield, Enoch Powell, p. 161.
76 Schofield, Enoch Powell, p. 31.
77 Powell, ‘The Great American Dilemma’, Sunday Telegraph, 17 March 1968, in Schofield, Enoch Powell, p. 73.
78 Schofield, Enoch Powell, pp. 84, 294.
79 Speech at the St George's Day Banquet, 22 April 1961, Powell Papers POLL/4/1/1/6.
80 Schofield, Enoch Powell, p. 168. For the character of this nationhood – whether English, British or Ulster – see Paul Corthorn, ‘Enoch Powell, Ulster Unionism and the British Nation’, Journal of British Studies, 51:4 (2012), 967–97.
81 Webster, Englishness and Empire, p. 174.
82 Quoted in Aqui, ‘Macmillan, Nkrumah’, p. 579.
83 Stuart Ward, ‘A Matter of Preference: The EEC and the Erosion of the Old Commonwealth Relationship’, in May (ed.), Britain, the Commonwealth and Europe, pp. 162, 168.
84 ‘Policy Guidance Document for Publications and Speaker Briefing’, 5 March 1975, BIE 15/49.
85 Hedges, ‘The Final Four Years’, in Jowell and Hoinville (eds.), Britain into Europe, p. 59.
86 For the cinematic tendency to portray the imperial contribution in wartime as mainly white, see Webster, Englishness and Empire, esp. chs. 1–2.
87 For Trudeau, see the Guardian, 10 March 1975, p. 3; 12 March 1975, p. 3; for Rowling, see Chapter 2 above. For Whitlam, see ‘Prime Minister's Press Conference, Kingston’, 4 May 1975, Department of Foreign Affairs News Release, Transcript 3729, https://pmtranscripts.pmc.gov.au/release/transcript-3729.
88 The pamphlets are reprinted in Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, pp. 290–304.
89 NOP surveyed 500 people by phone, 20–22 May 1975; typescript, Marten Papers c.1132; see also ‘ANZAC Appeal for Britain to come out of the Common Market’, On Target, 6:23 (10 May 1975), Marten Papers c.1132, ff. 2a–b.
90 Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 303.
91 See Mailafia, Europe and Economic Reform, ch. 3.
92 See, for example, Shirley Williams, Speech to the National Council of Women, 7 May 1975, BIE 19/49(b); George Thomson, Speech at Bristol, 17 May 1975, BIE 19/49(b); West Indian World, 5–12 June 1975, p. 10.
93 Cotton, ‘Labour Party’, p. 51.
94 Judith Hart, The New Realities of Development: The Fourth Annual Tom Mboya Lecture, Ruskin College, Oxford, February 1975 (Dorking: Ariel Foundation, 1975), p. 6.
95 Judith Hart Cabinet memorandum, 14 March 1975, MS Castle 306, ff. 100–1; Judith Hart, Speech to the Joint Students Union, Cardiff, 12 April 1975, Hart Papers, People's History Museum, Hart/10/11; Hart, New Realities, pp. 7–8; Judith Hart, ‘Renegotiation: The Commonwealth and Developing Countries’ (no date), Marten Papers, c.1132, ff. 294–9. Neil Marten underlined the reference to a ‘paternalistic and colonial approach’.
96 Castle Diaries, 1974–76, p. 406 (1–6 June 1975).
97 Criticism remained fairly subdued until after the referendum, but for an example see The Scotsman, 5 June 1975, p. 5.
98 The Guardian, 2 June 1975, p. 12.
99 The Scotsman, 30 May 1975, p. 7.
100 Cotton, ‘Labour Party’, p. 63.
101 India Weekly, 5 June 1975, p. 8; Morning Star, 3 June 1975, p. 3; 4 June 1975, p. 3; Coventry Telegraph, 30 May 1975, p. 4.
102 West Indian World, 30 May–5 June 1975, p. 8.
103 Coventry Telegraph, 30 May 1975, p. 4.
104 Morning Star, 3 June 1975, p. 3.
105 India Weekly, 12 June 1975, p. 1; West Indian World, 25 April–1 May 1975, p. 2.
106 West Indian World, 30 May–5 June 1975, p. 8.
107 West Indian World, 30 May–5 June 1975, p. 8; for a Muslim view, see West Indian World, 5–12 June 1975, p. 6.
108 See ‘Immigration to and from EEC countries’, briefing note by Jack Straw, 15 May 1975, MS Castle 306, f. 335.
109 Coventry Telegraph, 30 May 1975, p. 4; The Guardian, 3 June 1975, p. 28.
110 ‘EEC poll leaflets in Urdu’, Daily Telegraph, 27 May 1975, p. 6; Ernest Wistrich to Con O'Neill, 15 April 1975, ‘Asians for Europe’, BIE 17/18; Caroline de Courcy-Ireland to Lord Harris and Geoffrey Tucker, 22 April 1975, ‘Professional Groups’, BIE 17/11; de Courcy-Ireland to Rana Ashraf and to Glyn Roberts, 17 April 1975, BIE 17/18; press release: ‘Leicester in Europe Commonwealth Rally’, 31 May 1975, BIE 22/147; Coventry Telegraph, 30 May 1975, p. 4. For translations, see BIE 19/55. ‘Common Market Reggae’ was written by Rudy Otter and Roger Darvill, and can be found in BIE 20/18. For its genesis, see Asian Voice, 31 May 2016: www.asian-voice.com/Opinion/That%E2%80%99s-our-song-again.
111 Press release: ‘Leicester in Europe Commonwealth Rally’, 31 May 1975, BIE 22/147.
112 ‘Commonwealth Heads of Government Statement on the European Community’, May 1975, MS Castle 306, f. 324.
113 Britain's New Deal in Europe, reprinted in Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 297.
114 Daily Telegraph, 16 April 1975, p. 6.
115 West Indian World, 5–12 June 1975, p. 10. The speech was delivered on 4 May 1975.
116 Daily Telegraph, 16 April 1975, p. 6. I lack the language skills to test this assertion.
117 European Communities Commission, press release: ‘European Social Fund Gives £2½m aid to Commonwealth Immigrants’, 15 January 1975, BIE 22/147.
118 Speech to the Annual General Meeting of the West Midlands Area Conservative Political Centre, 20 April 1968, Powell Papers, POLL 4/1/3 file 3.
119 West Indian World, 7–13 March 1975, p. 1.
120 Ibid., 30 May–5 June 1975, p. 2. An editorial the following week blamed ‘an unfortunate printing error’, while acknowledging that the mistake ‘revealed the deep heart-searching among the editorial team on the coming referendum. There was a point where we almost decided for Europe’; West Indian World, 5–12 June 1975, p. 2.
121 The Guardian, 3 June 1975, p. 28.
122 See, for example, West Indian World, 12–27 February 1975, p. 1; 7–13 March 1975, p. 1. The former article noted that Jenkins ‘knows something about class discrimination which was as bad as race discrimination’ and praised his ‘very civilised achievements in the race-relations field’.
123 Benn, Against the Tide, pp. 368–9 (24 and 25 April 1975).
124 ‘Text of Commonwealth Heads of Government Statement on the European Community’, 6 May 1975, MS Castle 306, f. 324.
125 ‘The Prime Minister Says “Yes”’: interview with Llew Gardner, ITV, 15 May 1975, MS Wilson c.1266, ff. 133–4; Speech at Bedworth, 31 May 1975, MS Wilson c.1267, ff. 37–9.
126 Financial Times, 7 May 1975, p. 4.
127 Hedges, ‘The Final Four Years’, in Jowell and Hoinville (eds.), Britain into Europe, p. 59.
128 ‘The Strategy of Withdrawal’, 20 April 1975, MS Castle 306, ff. 278–9.
129 Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, pp. 325–6.
130 Hansard 891, 6 May 1975, 1227–8.
131 David Russell, ‘“The Jolly Old Empire”: Labour, the Commonwealth and Europe, 1945–51’, in May (ed.), Britain, the Commonwealth and Europe, p. 22.
132 Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 334.
133 The Economist, 8 February 1975, p. 12; The Sun, 29 May 1975, p. 7.
134 Ashley Jackson, ‘Empire and Beyond: The Pursuit of Overseas National Interests in the Late Twentieth Century’, English Historical Review, 123:499 (December 2007), p. 1366.
10 ‘Think of It as the Common Supermarket’
1 CBI, Talking Points no. 6: Food, CBI MSS. 200/C/3/INT/3/50/6. James Goldsmith, chairman of Cavenham Foods Ltd, was a major fundraiser for BIE in 1975. In the 1990s he founded the Referendum Party, which campaigned for a referendum to get Britain out of the European Union.
2 Daily Mirror, 2 June 1975, pp. 14–15.
3 Margaret Thatcher, ‘Europe: The Choice Before Us’, Daily Telegraph, 4 June 1975, www.margaretthatcher.org/document/102701.
4 The Times, 24 August 1974, p. 1; Hansard 880, 7 November 1974, 1230–1.
5 The Times, 27 August 1974, p. 1; The Guardian, 9 July 1974, p. 6. In theory, Britain enjoyed privileged access to Caribbean produce under the Commonwealth Sugar Agreement. By 1974, however, the agreed price had fallen to less than a third of the level being paid on world markets. Not surprisingly, suppliers chose – in Tebbit's words – to ‘rat’ on the agreement, selling their sugar for the best price available. The Times, 27 August 1974, p. 11; Hansard 880, 7 November 1974, 1230–1. Bernard Donoughue, head of the Number 10 Policy Unit, used a diplomatic visit to Paris to stock up on sugar in case of rationing; Donoughue, Downing Street Diary, p. 261 (10 December 1974).
6 Advert by the Anti-Dear Food League, The Guardian, 2 June 1975, p. 5.
7 Thatcher, ‘Remarks about Hoarding’, 28 November 1974, www.margaretthatcher.org/document/101832.
8 John Martin, The Development of Modern Agriculture: British Farming since 1931 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), p. 139.
9 This account of the CAP is drawn chiefly from Martin, Development, pp. 134–6; NFU, A Review of the Common Agricultural Policy (London: NFU, September 1973), pp. 8–9.
10 Martin, Development, p. 139.
11 Greenwood, Britain and European Cooperation, p. 69.
12 NFU, British Agriculture and the Common Market (London: NFU, July 1971), p. 6.
13 Lorena Ruano, ‘Elites, Public Opinion and Pressure Groups: The British Position in Agriculture during Negotiations for Accession to the EC, 1961–1975’, Journal of European Integration History, 5:1 (1999), pp. 11–12.
14 Ibid., p. 13.
15 Dale (ed.), Labour Party General Election Manifestos, pp. 186, 200.
16 Hansard 889, 7 April 1975, 827; see also 18 March 1975, 1456–9.
17 Hansard 889, 7 April 1975, 827; Yorkshire Post, 2 June 1975, p. 9; see also The Spectator, 7 June 1975, p. 675.
18 Speech by Sir John Winnifrith, 12 April 1975, NRC/1; see also ‘Notes on Food and Food Prices’, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 326; GBO ‘Talking Points No. 9, May 1975’, Marten Papers c.1132, ff. 68–70.
19 ‘Food and Drink Industry Council Attitude Survey to European Community’, 23 April 1975, BIE 2/3.
20 NOP, ‘The EEC: A Summary Report Prepared for the National Referendum Campaign’, 16 May 1975, Marten Papers c.1133, ff. 7, 11, 41.
21 For example, Daily Mirror, 5 June 1975, p. 13.
22 ‘Referendum Campaign Broadcast on Behalf of the National Referendum Campaign’, 23 May 1975, BBC 1, NRC/1.
23 Get Britain Out Referendum Campaign, ‘EEC Makes Many Foods Dearer’, NRC/2; ‘CAP: Your Joint is Worth Beefing About’, in GBO, Talking Points, No. 12 (23 May 1975), p. 5, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 58.
24 The Guardian, 2 June 1975, p. 13.
25 See ‘Europe's Food Mountains’, in GBORC, Talking Points, no. 10 (20 May 1975), p. 1, Marten Papers c.1132 f. 34.
26 Written answer, Hansard 892, 20 May 1975, 395W; Marten, speech at Kensington Town Hall, ‘Wednesday evening’ (no date), Marten Papers c.1132, f. 364; Tribune, 23 May 1975, p. 8; 30 May 1975, p. 3.
27 Enoch Powell, speech at Hornsey, 22 February 1975, Powell Papers POLL 4/1/11/6. See also the NRC's claim that ‘The Six will be among the first to sell us foodstuffs at far below the cost at which they can be bought inside the EEC’; ‘Statement of Policy’, Shaun Stewart to NRC ‘O’ Group, May 1975, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 91.
28 ‘Notes on Food and Food Prices’, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 325. See also Peter Shore, Barbara Castle, Tony Benn, John Silkin and Judith Hart, ‘The Economic Consequences of the Treaties’, 4 May 1975, MS Castle 306, f. 317.
29 The Guardian, 30 May 1975, p. 8.
30 Financial Times, 23 May 1975, p. 13; 2 June 1975, p. 7.
31 Tribune, 23 May 1975, p. 1.
32 British Farmer and Stockbreeder, 4:99 (29 March 1975), p. 10; Liverpool Daily Post, 7 May 1975, p. 7; Liverpool Daily Post, 5 May 1975, p. 7.
33 NFU press release: ‘Presidential Message to the Annual General Meeting of the National Farmers’ Union at the London Hilton Hotel, Tuesday 21 January 1975’, BIE 1/3; G.H.B. Cattell to members, 17 April 1975, BIE 17/20.
34 Christine Johnson to Ernest Wistrich, 26 July 1974, BIE 17/2.
35 Daily Mail, 5 June 1975, p. 9; Financial Times, 22 May 1975, p. 12.
36 British Farmer and Stockbreeder, 4:97 (1 March 1975), pp. 9–10.
37 NFU, British Agriculture and the Common Market (London: NFU, July 1971), pp. 3, 5, 29; British Farmer and Stockbreeder, 4:96 (15 February 1975), p. 3.
38 Financial Times, 24 May 1975, p. 12.
39 NFU, Review of the Common Agricultural Policy, p. 14.
40 National Farmers' Union press release: ‘Presidential Message to the Annual General Meeting of the National Farmers’ Union at the London Hilton Hotel, Tuesday 21 January 1975’, BIE 1/3.
41 ‘We did better than the Six’, British Farmer and Stockbreeder, 4:97 (1 March 1975), pp. 9–10. In fact, Peart became a ‘prize convert’ to British membership; ‘Why Peart changed his mind to vote Yes’, The Sun, 27 May 1975, p. 7.
42 For the strongest statement of NUAAW opposition, see Land Worker, June 1975, p. 122. Previous articles and editorials had rarely come to firm conclusions, with hostile pieces tending to rely on boilerplate left-wing arguments with little connection to agriculture. See, for example, Land Worker, March 1975, p. 62; May 1975, p. 99.
43 Morning Star, 3 May 1975, p. 3; John A. Montgomery, British Farmer and Stockbreeder, 4:100 (12 April 1975), p. 7.
44 It was claimed in 1978 that ‘not a single day passes when someone from the Ministry is not in negotiation with someone from the NFU’; quoted in Alun Howkins, The Death of Rural England: A Social History of the Countryside since 1900 (London: Routledge, 2003), p. 157.
45 British Farmer and Stockbreeder, 4:100 (12 April 1975), p. 37; Ruano, ‘Elites’, p. 19.
46 Financial Times, 24 May 1975, p. 12; British Farmer and Stockbreeder, 4:99 (29 March 1975), p. 10; Wynn Grant, ‘The Politics of the Green Pound, 1974–79’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 19:4 (June 1981), 313–29.
47 British Farmer and Stockbreeder, 4:102 (10 May 1975), p. 15.
48 Martin Collins, ‘Who Voted What?’, in Jowell and Hoinville (eds.), Britain into Europe, p. 102.
49 Minutes of the Executive Committee, 7 May 1975, BIE 28/1; ‘Europe Campaign Bulletin No. 3’, 8 May 1975, CBI MSS. 200/C/4/1975/12.
50 Weekly Briefing, no. 11, 14 May 1975, BIE 22/5.
51 ‘Food and Drink Industry Council Attitude Survey to European Community’, 23 April 1975, BIE 2/3.
52 For the work of the women's office, see Chapter 6.
53 See Beers, ‘Thatcher and the Women's Vote’, pp. 118–19.
54 See, for example, JS Journal, April 1975; St Michael's News, May 1975.
55 For the membership, see minutes in BIE 12/2.
56 FDIC Press Release: ‘“Truth About Food” to be Re-established’, 14 April 1975, BIE 12/1.
57 The Times, 7 May 1975, p. 4; Con O'Neill to Roy Jenkins, 1 May 1975, ‘BIE and the Food Campaign’, BIE 2/3; Invoice for Mr T. Fortescue, Food and Drink Industries Council, 22 April 1975, for ‘Beliefs about the effects of the Common Market on British food’, BIE 2/3.
58 Which? (May 1975), p. 130. The academic study was conducted by a Federal Trust for Education and Research Study Group, led by Tim Josling, Professor of Agricultural Economics at Reading University; Yorkshire Post, 21 May 1975, p. 6. The Economist, likewise, calculated that Britain had paid £25 million less for its grain in 1974 than it would have done outside the Community. ‘The pluses and minuses for Britain from the CAP’, it concluded, ‘just about cancel each other out’. Quoted in CBI, Talking Points no. 6: Food, CBI MSS.200/C/3/INT/3/50/6.
59 Harold Wilson, speech at Manchester, 1 June 1975, MS Wilson c.1267, f. 85.
60 Financial Times, 29 May 1975, p. 10.
61 The Times, 14 March 1975, p. 8.
62 James Callaghan, paper on the renegotiations, 21 March 1975, circulated with NEC Minutes, 23 April 1975, LHASC, NEC 7/1974/75, f. 41.
63 The Scotsman, 30 May 1975, p. 7.
64 Women's Section Briefing Notes, BIE 26/3; New Scientist, 12 June 1975, p. 621.
65 ‘Food and Drink Industry Council Attitude Survey to European Community’, 23 April 1975, BIE 2/3.
66 James Spence, ‘Movements in the Public Mood: 1961–75’, in Jowell and Hoinville (eds.), Britain into Europe, p. 34.
67 Hedges, ‘The Final Four Years’, in Jowell and Hoinville (eds.), Britain into Europe, pp. 54–5.
68 Con O'Neill to Roy Jenkins, ‘BIE and the Food Campaign’, 1 May 1975, BIE 2/3. My emphasis.
69 McIntosh, Challenge to Democracy, p. 184 (19 December 1974).
70 ‘Think of it as the Common Supermarket’, BIE 18/26. For a wider study of consumer politics, which shows just how deeply embedded such approaches were in British political advertising, see Frank Trentmann, Free Trade Nation: Commerce, Consumption and Civil Society in Modern Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
71 ‘Policy Guidance Document for Publications and Speaker Briefing’, 5 March 1975, BIE 15/49; Con O'Neill, speech at Edinburgh, 17 March 1975, BIE 1/79.
72 Liverpool Daily Post, 5 June 1975, p. 4.
73 The Sun, 31 May1975, p. 7; The Scotsman, 21 May 1975, p. 7.
74 Yorkshire Post, 2 June 1975, p. 10.
75 ‘YOU CAN'T TAKE YOUR FOOD FOR GRANTED ANY LONGER!’, BIE 18/25.
76 FDIC, ‘The Referendum Debate. Brief for speakers on behalf of the Food Industry’ (May 1975), BIE 26/13.
77 Yorkshire Post, 2 June 1975, p. 10.
78 CBI, Talking Points no. 6: Food, CBI MSS. 200/C/3/INT/3/50/6; Roy Jenkins, speech in Manchester, 10 May 1975, MS Jenkins 304/213.
79 The Sun, 31 May 1975, p. 7.
80 The Scotsman, 31 May 1975, p. 5.
81 JS Journal, April 1975; CBI, Talking Points no.6: Food, CBI MSS.200/C/3/INT/3/50/6.
82 Margaret Thatcher, ‘Europe: The Choice Before Us’, Daily Telegraph, 4 June 1975, www.margaretthatcher.org/document/102701.
83 Neil Marten, speech at Worcester, 3 May 1975, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 354; GBO/NRC, Talking Points no. 16, 4 June 1975, p. 3, LSE CIB 9/2.
84 ‘FDIC Attitude Survey to European Community’, 23 April 1975, BIE 2/3.
85 See, for example, Jo Byrne, ‘After the Trawl: Memory and Afterlife in the Wake of Hull's Distant-Water Fishing Industry’, International Journal of Maritime History, 27:4 (2015), pp. 816–22. I am enormously grateful to Jo Byrne and Martin Wilcox for generously sharing their expertise on post-war fisheries.
86 O'Neill, Britain's Entry into the European Community, p. 246. For the accession negotiations, see pp. 242–79.
87 Sir David Hannay, ‘Foreword’, in O'Neill, Britain's Entry, p. xiv.
88 Wall, Rejection to Referendum, pp. 410–11.
89 Hansard 888, 8 April 1975, 1111 (Winifred Ewing); The Times, 25 March 1975, p. 17.
90 As John Silkin later noted, fishing was ‘a disparate industry, or perhaps a series of industries’; Hansard 967, 18 May 1979, 643.
91 The Times, 1 April 1975, p. 1.
92 The Times, 2 April 1975, p. 1. The Convention was expected to extend the right of states to declare an exclusive economic zone 200 nautical miles beyond their coastlines. This would inevitably require reform of the fisheries policy, first, because member states would lose some of their rights in more distant waters; second, as the territorial waters of member states would themselves change; and third, because third-parties fishing less than 200 miles out would require increased regulation. See K. Seidel, ‘Creating a “Blue Europe”: The Common Fisheries Policy’, in The European Commission, 1973–86: History and Memories of an Institution (Brussels: European Commission, 2014), pp. 329–30.
93 For previous ‘Cod Wars’, see G. Jóhannesson, ‘Troubled Waters. Cod War, Fishing Disputes, and Britain's Fight for the Freedom of the High Seas, 1948–1964’, Ph.D. thesis, Queen Mary University of London (2004).
94 The Times, 4 April 1975, pp. 1, 4.
95 Scottish Sea Fisheries Statistics 2007 (Edinburgh: Scottish Government, 2007), p. 9, www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/237232/0065067.pdf; The Scottish Government's Response to the European Commission's Green Paper on Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy (Edinburgh: Scottish Government, 2009), p. 1, www.gov.scot/Publications/2009/12/21104310/10.
96 Interview with Jim Sillars, 10 November 2015.
97 Hansard 888, 8 April 1975, 1083 (Russell Fairgreave).
98 Jay, Change and Fortune, p. 485.
11 ‘Ulster Says Yes!’
1 Advert published by the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, printed in Belfast Newsletter, 4 June 1975, p. 2.
2 Belfast Newsletter, 29 May 1975, p. 8.
3 Speech at Newtownards, 29 May 1975, Powell Papers, POLL/4/1/11/5.
4 D. McKittrick, S. Kelters, B. Feeney, C. Thornton and D. McVea (eds.), Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles (revised edition: Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 2007), p. 545.
5 Ibid., pp. 545–6.
6 Telegram from Idi Amin to Harold Wilson and Arnold Smith, 28 May 1974, The National Archives, PREM 16/148.
7 Brendan O'Leary, ‘Northern Ireland’, in Kevin Hickson and Anthony Seldon (eds.), New Labour, Old Labour: The Wilson and Callaghan Governments, 1974–79 (London: Routledge, 2004), p. 242.
8 Voters had been called on in 1973 for a Border Poll, Local Government elections and Assembly elections; for two general elections in 1974; and for elections to the Constitutional Convention in 1975.
9 Turnout in Northern Ireland was just 47.5 per cent, compared to a UK average of 64.5 per cent.
10 The Official Unionists reiterated the position set out in their 1974 manifesto, which objected to the existing terms of membership, but declined to campaign in order to avoid a split. Belfast Newsletter, 19 May 1975, p. 1.
11 ‘Unionists for Europe’ shared an address with a body called ‘Socialists for Europe’, whose adverts appeared in the Nationalist press. It was probably little more than a letterhead, or at best an office operating from within the ‘Northern Ireland in Europe’ campaign. An official for the latter told me that the advert was ‘probably’ funded by ‘Keep Northern Ireland in Europe’ (private information). ‘No: “Rebels” ask for break’, Belfast Newsletter, 5 June 1975, p. 8.
12 ‘UWC Strike – Text of Broadcast Made by Harold Wilson, 25 May 1974’, CAIN web service, http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/uwc/docs/hw25574.htm.
13 D. McKittrick and D. McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles: A History of the Northern Ireland Conflict, revised edition (London: Penguin, 2012), p. 131.
14 Belfast Newsletter, 26 May 1975, p. 4.
15 E. Moxon-Browne, ‘Northern Ireland’, in M. Kolinsky (ed.), Divided Loyalties: British Regional Assertion and European Integration (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1978), pp. 30, 33.
16 D. Ferriter, Ambiguous Republic: Ireland in the 1970s (London: Profile, 2012), p. 389; Gary Murphy, ‘“A Measurement of the Extent of Our Sovereignty at the Moment”: Sovereignty and the Question of Irish Entry to the EEC, New Evidence from the Archives’, Irish Studies in International Affairs, 12 (2001), 191–202, p. 199.
17 ‘Freedom or Bondage for Britain’, Combat: The Voice of the Ulster Volunteer Force (May 1975), Northern Ireland Political Literature: Periodicals, 1966–1989 (Belfast: Linen Hall Library, 1993) [hereafter: NIPL], fiche 7.
18 Speech to the AGM of the Iveagh Unionist Association, 25 January 1975, Powell Papers, POLL 4/1/11/6. For Powell's insistence on a British, rather than Ulster, identity, see Corthorn, ‘Enoch Powell’, 967–97.
19 See, for example, speech at Bambridge, 26 May 1975, Powell Papers, POLL 4/1/11/5.
20 Speech at Newtownards, 29 May 1975, Powell Papers, POLL 4/1/11/5; Belfast Newsletter, 27 May 1975, p. 7; 30 May 1975, p. 8.
21 Speech at Bambridge, 26 May 1975, Powell Papers, POLL 4/1/11/5; Protestant Telegraph, 7 June 1975, p. 5.
22 Corthorn, ‘Enoch Powell’, pp. 973–4. For Powell's constitutional, rather than theological, suspicion of Catholicism, see J. Enoch Powell, ‘Crown and Canon: An Address to the Annual General Meeting of the Prayer Book Society’ [26 June 1993], Churchman, 107:3 (1993).
23 Belfast Newsletter, 27 May 1975, p. 7.
24 Advertisement for day of prayer and fasting at Martyrs’ Memorial Free Presbyterian Church, Belfast Newsletter, 31 May 1975, p. 9; ‘TONIGHT: Massive car cavalcade’, Belfast Newsletter, 3 June 1975, p. 5.
25 Paisley was a founder member of the Free Presbyterian Church in 1951 acting as Moderator for the next 57 years. He founded the Protestant Telegraph in 1966 (closing it in 1982) and the Democratic Unionist Party in 1971.
26 Protestant Telegraph, 4 January 1975, p. 7; Advert published by the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, printed in Belfast Newsletter, 4 June 1975, p. 2; Protestant Telegraph, 1 March 1975, p. 12.
27 Protestant Telegraph, 4 January 1975, p. 7.
28 Ibid., 29 March 1975, pp. 6–7; 24 May 1975, p. 2. In the British Library, the Protestant Telegraph is bound together with Knitting News and the Golden Wonder Times, which suggests an archivist with a sense of humour.
29 Protestant Telegraph, 8 June 1975, p. 8.
30 Loyalist News, 8 February 1975, NIPL fiche 8.
31 Belfast Newsletter, 21 May 1975, p. 5.
32 Loyalist News, 15 February 1975, NIPL fiche 8.
33 Patrick Mitchel, Evangelicalism and National Identity in Ulster, 1921–1998 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 181, 197.
34 Belfast Newsletter, 29 May 1975, p. 8. Erskine Holmes, who ran the Northern Ireland in Europe campaign, recalls canvassing a major Catholic employer in Belfast, who engaged him for some time in discussion. When asked how Paisley would be voting. Holmes confessed that he favoured leaving. ‘That's good enough for me,’ came the reply; ‘I'll vote to stay in.’ A generous donation followed. Interview with Erskine Holmes, 27 February 2014.
35 Loyalist News, 15 February 1975, NIPR f. 8.
36 Protestant Telegraph, 1 March 1975, p. 12.
37 Ibid., 24 May 1975, p. 2.
38 Belfast Newsletter, 3 June 1975, pp. 5, 7.
39 Loyalist News, 24 May 1975, NIPL, fiche 9.
40 National Front, n.d. [February? 1975], NIPL fiche 5; British Ulsterman, no. 4, n.d. [April? 1975], NIPL fiche 5.
41 Protestant Telegraph, 1 February 1975, p. 2.
42 Ibid., 24 May 1975, p. 2.
43 Moxon-Browne, ‘Northern Ireland’, p. 27.
44 ‘The Common Market – Why we should come out!’, UWC 1:2 (n.d), NIPL fiche 16.
45 Statement by Ulster Workers’ Council, Belfast Newsletter, 14 May 1975, p. 9.
46 Loyalist News, 15 February 1975, NIPL fiche 8.
47 Loyalist News, 14 June 1975, NIPL fiche 10.
48 ‘Can Ulster Survive?’, UWC Journal, n.d. issue 1, NIPL fiche 16. See also Moxon-Browne, ‘Northern Ireland’, p. 27.
49 Loyalist News, 14 June 1975, NIPL fiche 10.
50 Ibid.
51 Belfast Newsletter, 15 May 1975, p. 2; 2 June 1975, p. 3.
52 Belfast Newsletter, 14 May 1975, p. 9; 3 June 1975, p. 2. Named after the hill where the High Kings of Ireland had once been crowned, Tara was an ultra-Loyalist organisation led by the evangelical millenarian William McGrath.
53 ‘EEC Referendum – Correction’, Unfree Citizen: The Newspaper of People's Democracy, 4: 29, NIPL fiche 34.
54 Irish Catholic, 6 March 1975, p. 3.
55 ‘Provisional Sinn Féin Anti-EEC Press Conference’, Irish Republican Information Service [IRIS], 23 May 1975, p. 5, NIPL fiche 29; Republican News, 7 June 1975, p. 1, NIPL fiche 21.
56 An Phoblacht, 23 May 1975, p. 1.
57 ‘Provisional Sinn Féin Anti-EEC Press Conference’, IRIS, 23 May 1975, p. 5; NIPL fiche 29. See also Martyn Frampton, ‘Sinn Féin and the European Arena: “Ourselves Alone” or “Critical Engagement”?’, Irish Studies in International Affairs, 16 (2005), pp. 236–7.
58 Republican News, 7 June 1975, p. 1, NIPL fiche 21. For Scotland and Wales, see chs. 12–13.
59 ‘Why the Provisional Republican Movement Oppose the E.E.C.’, IRIS, 23 May 1975, pp. 6–7, NIPL fiche 29. This also worried the Conservative leadership, which partly explains its resistance to a referendum. See Shadow Cabinet minutes 2 December 1974, Conservative Party Archive, Bodleian Library, Oxford, LSC (74) 19.
60 For Sinn Féin's European thought, see Frampton, ‘Sinn Féin and the European Arena’, pp. 235–53.
61 An Phoblacht, 2 May 1975, p. 6. The essays centred on the ‘Laudabiliter’ controversy, referencing the papal bull issued by Adrian IV in 1155, which gave Henry II of England the right to govern Ireland and to reform the Irish church.
62 ‘Why the Provisional Republican Movement Oppose the E.E.C.’, IRIS, 23 May 1975, pp. 6–7, NIPL fiche 29.
63 Statement of the Belfast Comhairle Ceantair (district executive) of Sinn Féin: ‘Republicans to Vote “No” in North's E.E.C. Referendum: Antithesis of Proposed New Ireland’, IRIS, 16 May 1975, pp. 5–7, NIPL fiche 28; Republican News, 31 May 1975, p. 1, NIPL fiche 21.
64 ‘Irish Republican Socialist Party: Press Statement’, 13 December 1974, NIPL fiche 40; Starry Plough [magazine of the IRSP], June 1975, p. 2, NIPL fiche 40.
65 Letter to the Belfast Newsletter, 29 May 1975, p. 4.
66 An Phoblacht, 30 May 1975, p. 2.
67 For the relationship between ‘Republicanism and Imperialism’, see Richard Bourke, Peace in Ireland: The War of Ideas, second edition (London: Pimlico, 2012), Part One.
68 Republican News, 7 June 1975, p. 4, NIPL fiche 21; 7 June 1975, p. 1; 7 June 1975, p. 8; NIPL fiche 21.
69 ‘Republicans to vote “No” in North's E.E.C. Referendum’, IRIS, 16 May 1975, pp. 5–7.
70 Republican News, 7 June 1975, p. 8, NIPL fiche 21; Starry Plough, vol. 1 no. 3 (June 1975), p. 2, NIPL fiche 40. For the willingness of some politicians in the South to reopen the commitment to neutrality, see Ferriter, Ambiguous Republic, p. 388. This was a key concern for Sinn Féin: see Frampton, ‘Sinn Féin and the European Arena’, p. 238.
71 This constituted nearly a quarter of the £8,500 spent by Northern Ireland in Europe: Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 156.
72 Belfast Newsletter, 22 May 1975, p. 3. The stickers can be found in BIE 18/27.
73 For pro-Market opinion pieces, printed with a disclaimer, see ‘The Case for Retaining Membership, by a pro-Euro, pro-British Loyalist’, Combat, June 1975, NIPL fiche 7; ‘Inside Europe – Prosperity. Outside Europe – Poverty’, UWC Journal, 1:2, NIPL fiche 16.
74 Protestant Telegraph, 9:25, 7 June 1975, p. 5.
75 For the debate in the Republic, see Ferriter, Ambiguous Republic, ch. 34, and Murphy, ‘Measurement’.
76 Interview with Erskine Holmes, 27 February 2014.
77 Moxon-Browne, ‘Northern Ireland’, pp. 31–2.
78 Belfast Newsletter, 21 May 1975, p. 5.
79 Belfast Newsletter, 21 May 1975, p. 5; 30 May 1975, p. 8; 31 May 1975, p. 6; 3 June 1975, p. 6; 4 June 1975, p. 9.
80 Ibid., 4 June 1975, p. 7.
81 John Hume, Personal Views: Politics, Peace and Reconciliation in Ireland (Dublin: Town House, 1996), pp. 47, 74, 114.
82 Email from Berrie O'Neill to the author, 25 June 2017. O'Neill was also a leading figure in the Irish Association for Cultural, Economic and Social Relations, an all-Ireland body that sought to promote ‘reconciliation, mutual trust and respect’, so that ‘reason and goodwill’ might ‘take the place of passion and prejudice’. www.irish-association.org/
83 Ulster, the Left and the Future of Europe: A Manifesto (Belfast: Northern Ireland Labour Committee for Europe and Northern Ireland Young Europe League, 1975), p. 2; BIE 18/27.
84 Interview with Erskine Holmes, 27 February 2014.
85 ‘The Officials and the EEC’, Workers’ Weekly (Workers’ Association Bulletin), 22 March 1975, NIPL fiche 3; ‘VOTE YES!’ Workers’ Weekly, 31 May 1975, p. 1, NIPL fiche 4. The Workers' Association had rejected Bolshevism after the Russian Revolution, so was less inclined than the Communist Party of Ireland to adopt Moscow's opposition to the EEC. Publications routinely attacked the ‘Stalinism’ of the CPI and its faith in ‘socialism in one country’.
86 Belfast Newsletter, 2 June 1975, p. 6; 3 June 1975, p. 8.
87 Goodhart, Full-Hearted Consent, p. 168.
88 ‘They are going to give Europe a sporting chance’, Northern Ireland in Europe [promotional newspaper], pp. 4–5, BIE 18/27.
89 Belfast Newsletter, 13 May 1975, pp. 1–2; interview with Erskine Holmes.
90 Ibid., 8 May 1975, p. 1.
91 Combat, June 1975, NIPL fiche 7.
92 Belfast Newsletter, 17 May 1975, p. 2.
93 Ibid., 1 May 1975, p. 4.
94 Ibid., 23 May 1975, p. 13; 13 May 1975, p. 2.
95 Ibid., 15 May 1975, p. 1; 2 June 1975, p. 3. For concerns that the CAP would damage Ulster farming, see Ulsterman, February 1975, NIPL fiche 15.
96 According to Diarmaid Ferriter, the CAP ‘resulted in increased output and incomes for one-third of Irish farms. It also gave some breathing space for those farms that were struggling to survive’; Ferriter, Ambiguous Republic, p. 388.
97 Belfast Newsletter, 3 June 1975, p. 7; 4 June 1975, p. 9; 5 June 1975, p. 8.
98 Ibid., 5 May 1975, p. 5.
99 ‘Women in Europe Together’, Northern Ireland in Europe [promotional newspaper], p. 8, BIE 18/27. Sadie Patterson was another veteran of the NIPL. She had been an active trade unionist before the Second World War and campaigned for Labour in 1945. Margaret Ward, Celebrating Belfast Women (Belfast: WRDA, 2012), p. 3.
100 Belfast Newsletter, 13 May 1975, p. 1.
101 Ibid., 17 May 1975, p. 2.
102 Combat, June 1975, NIPL fiche 7.
103 Belfast Newsletter, 26 May 1975, p. 6.
104 Combat, June 1975, NIPL fiche 7.
105 Belfast Newsletter, 7 June 1975, p. 1. A total of 259,251 people voted Yes while 237,911 voted No.
106 I differ here from Moxon-Browne, who writes that ‘these groups … probably carried less weight with the voters than did the political parties, since the latter were able, in some cases, to capitalise on the affective ties of religion’; Moxon-Browne, ‘Northern Ireland’, p. 29.
107 Belfast Newsletter, 7 June 1975, p. 6.
108 Protestant Telegraph, 21 June 1975, p. 8; Orange Cross, no. 78 (n.d.), NIPL fiche 13.
109 Belfast Newsletter, 9 June 1975, p. 1.
12 Cymru yn Ewrop: Wales in Europe
1 Financial Times, 2 June 1975, p. 7.
2 Press conference for the ‘Labour Campaign for Britain in Europe’, 3 June 1975, BIE 1/89.
3 South Wales Argus, 4 June 1975, p. 3.
4 Ibid., 5 June 1975, p. 1; Western Mail, 6 June 1975, p. 2.
5 Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, pp. 266–9.
6 Western Mail, 9 June 1975, p. 6; Liverpool Daily Post (Wales), 4 June 1975, p. 6.
7 Power for Wales: Plaid Cymru Election Manifesto (Cardiff: Plaid Cymru, 1974).
8 M. Johnes, Wales since 1939 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2012), pp. 247–8, 251, 255.
9 Ibid., pp. 283, 294. For rugby and the singing of the anthem, see also John Morris, Fifty Years in Politics and the Law (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2011), p. 104.
10 Wil Edwards to Diana Villiers, 24 April 1975, BIE 1/89; Denis Balsom and P. J. Madgwick, ‘Wales, European Integration and Devolution’, in Kolinsky (ed.), Divided Loyalties, p. 81.
11 [Signature illegible] to Jock Bruce-Gardyne, 29 May 1975, BIE 11/4.
12 Wil Edwards to Diana Villiers, 24 April 1975, BIE 1/89.
13 Ibid.
14 Anwen Elias, Minority Nationalist Parties and European Integration: A Comparative Study (Oxford: Routledge, 2009), p. 48.
15 Laura McAllister, Plaid Cymru: The Emergence of a Political Party (Bridgend: Seren, 2001), pp. 44–53; Elias, Minority Nationalist Parties, pp. 45–9.
16 McAllister, Plaid Cymru, p. 54.
17 Elias, Minority Nationalist Parties, p. 48; McAllister, Plaid Cymru, p. 145.
18 Gwynfor Evans, A National Future for Wales (Swansea: Plaid Cymru, 1975), p. 9. See also See Rhys Evans, Gwynfor: Portrait of a Patriot (Talybont: Y Lolfa, 2008).
19 Power for Wales: Plaid Cymru Election Manifesto.
20 Evans, National Future, p. 101; Welsh Nation, 28 March 1975, p. 4.
21 Evans, National Future, pp. 100–2; Welsh Nation, 4 April 1975, p. 2.
22 Welsh Nation, 25 April 1975, pp. 4–5; R. Griffith, ‘Industry and Capital in the E.E.C.’, in Wales and the Common Market (Cardiff: Plaid Cymru Research Group, 1975), p. 10.
23 Welsh Nation, 28 March 1975, p. 4.
24 Welsh Nation, ‘Referendum Special: Part 1’, 16 May 1975, p. 3; ‘Referendum Special: Part 2’, 23 May 1975, p. 3. Evans predicted a 50 per cent cut in Welsh coal production over the next decade: Welsh Nation, 28 February 1975, p. 1.
25 Ieuan Wyn Jones, ‘Agriculture’, in Wales and the Common Market, p. 5.
26 Welsh Nation, 28 March 1975, p. 4. See also O. James, ‘The EEC and Migrant Development’, in Wales and the Common Market, p. 6.
27 Transcript of a broadcast for the National Referendum Campaign, 31 May 1975, BBC Wales, NRC/1.
28 G. Evans, ‘No Voice, No Entry’, Welsh Nation, 4 April 1975, p. 9; Evans, National Future, p. 101.
29 Welsh Nation, ‘Referendum Special: Part 1’, 16 April 1975, p. 7; Welsh Nation, ‘Referendum Special: Part 2’, 23 May 1975, p. 3; Phil Williams, ‘Defence Policy and the E.E.C.’, in Wales and the Common Market.
30 McAllister, Plaid Cymru, p. 147.
31 Welsh Nation, 9 May 1975, p. 12.
32 Wales and the Common Market.
33 Balsom and Madgwick, ‘Wales, European Integration and Devolution’, p. 79.
34 Welsh Nation, ‘Referendum Special: Part 1’, 16 May 1975, pp. 1–2.
35 James, ‘Now's the time’, p. 1; Elias, Minority Nationalist Parties, p. 52.
36 McAllister, Plaid Cymru, p. 148.
37 Robin Reeves, ‘Only way for small nation to get big voice’, Welsh Nation, 4 April 1975, p. 4. See also Geraint Talfan Davies, At Arm's Length: Recollections and Reflections on the Arts, Media and a Young Democracy (Bridgend: Seren, 2008), pp. 60–1. Talfan Davies recalled a meeting with the Irish foreign minister and future taoiseach, Garret FitzGerald, who ‘painted for us a sophisticated picture that interwove British membership of the EEC, Ireland's aspirations for its own economy and for European regional policy, devolution in the UK and a distant resolution of the troubles in the north’ (p. 61).
38 McAllister, Plaid Cymru, p. 57.
39 Welsh Nation, ‘Referendum Special: Part 2’, 23 May 1975, pp. 1, 3.
40 Phil Richards, ‘Bureaucracy and Democracy in the E.E.C.’, in Wales and the Common Market, p. 12.
41 Evans, Gwynfor, pp. 342–5.
42 [Signature illegible] to Jock Bruce-Gardyne, 29 May and 2 June 1975, BIE 11/4.
43 Interview with David Peter, 22 May 2014. The Yes vote was 70.6 per cent in Gwynedd and 74.3 per cent in Powys. The average in Wales was 66.5 per cent; Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, pp. 268–9.
44 Balsom and Madgwick, ‘Wales, European Integration and Devolution’, p. 75.
45 Michael Geddes, ‘Wales and Regional Development’, in Wales and the Common Market, p. 8.
46 ‘A Foreign Policy for Plaid Cymru’, 31 July 1976, in Phil Williams, Voice from the Valleys (Aberystwyth: Plaid Cymru, 1981), pp. 80–1.
47 Balsom and Madgwick, ‘Wales, European Integration and Devolution’, p. 75. For the Wales TUC, see Joe England, The Wales TUC: 1974–2004. Devolution and Industrial Politics (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2004).
48 Western Mail, 12 May 1975, p. 7; 10 May 1975, p. 3.
49 Ibid., 30 May 1975, p. 6. See also 12 May 1975, p. 7.
50 Johnes, Wales since 1939, pp. 250–1.
51 South Wales Argus, 4 June 1975, p. 3; Johnes, Wales since 1939, p. 292.
52 Western Mail, 30 May 1975, p. 6; 20 May 1975, p. 7; 29 May 1975, p. 3.
53 Balsom and Madgwick, ‘Wales, European Integration and Devolution’, p. 81.
54 Western Mail, 1 May 1975, p. 7.
55 Balsom and Madgwick, ‘Wales, European Integration and Devolution’, p. 76.
56 Quoted in A. Edwards, Labour's Crisis: Plaid Cymru, the Conservatives and the Decline of the Labour Party in North-West Wales, 1960–74 (Cardiff: Cardiff University Press, 2011), pp. 202–3.
57 Campaign Committee minutes, 3 April 1975, BIE 1/9.
58 Wistrich to Edwards, 28 April 1975 and 7 May 1975, BIE 1/89; see also H. M. Llewellyn to Con O'Neill, 19 May 1975, BIE 1/89.
59 C. Prothero, Recount (Ormskirk: Hesketh, 1982), pp. 109–10.
60 Interview with David Peter, 22 May 1975.
61 Western Mail, 27 May 1975, p. 4.
62 Edwards to DianaVilliers, 24 April 1975, BIE 1/89.
63 Liverpool Daily Post (Welsh edition), 5 May 1975, p. 7; ‘The Balloon Barrage’, Sheffield at War, 1939–1945, website: www.sfbhistory.org.uk/Pages/SheffieldatWar/Page03/page03g.html; South Wales Argus, 30 April 1975, p. 3; ‘What the butler saw, by Lord Crawshay's servant’, WalesOnline, 6 September 2012, www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/what-butler-saw-lord-crawshays-2059222.
64 Morris, Fifty Years in Politics and the Law.
65 John Morris, transcript of Labour Campaign for Britain in Europe press conference, 3 June 1975, BIE 1/89.
66 Liverpool Daily Post (Welsh edition), 3 June 1975, p. 1; Johnes, Wales since 1939, p. 293.
67 South Wales Argus, 29 May 1975, p. 3; Western Mail, 27 May 1975, p. 5.
68 Western Mail, 27 May 1975, p. 5.
69 Ibid., 29 May 1975, p. 5; South Wales Argus, 28 May 1975, p. 3.
70 ‘Referendum on Europe: A Special Message from your Local Wales in Europe Group’, 5 June 1975, BIE 18/29.
71 Morris, Fifty Years in Politics and the Law, ch. 3.
72 Welsh Nation, ‘Referendum Special: Part 2’, 23 May 1975, p. 1.
73 Welsh Nation, 30 May 1975, p. 2.
74 Liverpool Daily Post (Welsh edition), 7 May 1975, p. 7; Western Mail, 29 May 1975, p. 4.
75 Evans, Gwynfor, p. 347.
76 Western Mail, 22 May 1975, p. 7; 23 May 1975, p. 9.
77 South Wales Argus, 4 June 1975, p. 3.
78 M. Geddes, ‘Wales and Regional Development’, in Wales and the Common Market, p. 7.
79 Welsh Nation, ‘Referendum Special: Part 1’, 16 May 1975, p. 6.
80 The Sun, 1 April 1975, p. 6; Johnes, Wales since 1939, p. 272.
81 South Wales Argus, 22 May 1975, p. 1.
82 Western Mail, 23 May 1975, p. 9.
83 E.g. Liverpool Daily Post (Welsh edition), 5 June 1975, p. 7. For the letter, see Western Mail, 4 June 1975, p. 7.
84 Cymru yn Ewrop (Comisiwn y Cymunedau Ewropeaidd, 1975); Western Mail, 20 May 1975, p. 7.
85 South Wales Argus, 9 April 1975, p. 7; 27 May 1975, p. 3; 28 May 1975, p. 3.
86 Western Mail, 3 June 1975, p. 6; Financial Times, 2 June 1975, p. 7.
87 Western Mail, 6 June 1975, p. 1; 9 June 1975, p. 1.
88 Liverpool Daily Post (Welsh edition), 5 June 1975, p. 1.
89 Financial Times, 20 May 1975, p. 12.
90 Liverpool Daily Post (Welsh edition), 7 June 1975, p. 1.
91 Western Mail, 22 May 1975, p. 4; 5 June 1975, p. 4.
92 Financial Times, 2 June 1975, p. 7.
93 Western Mail, 9 June 1975, p. 6.
94 Ibid., p. 5.
13 ‘The Scottish Time-Bomb’
1 St Andrew's Citizen, 10 May 1975: David Torrance, Salmond: Against the Odds, third edition (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2015), p. 20.
2 Con O'Neill to Donald Hardie, 3 June 1975, BIE 1/79.
3 Financial Times, 13 May 1975, p. 17.
4 ‘Scottish Independence: Barroso Says joining EU would be “difficult”’, BBC News, 16 February 2014: www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-26215963; ‘President of the EC: it will be extremely difficult for iScotland [sic] to join the EU’, Herald, 16 February 2014: www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/president-of-the-ec-it-will-be-extremely-difficult-for-iscotland-to-join-the-eu.1392553775. See also David Torrance, The Battle for Britain: Scotland and the Independence Referendum (London: Biteback, 2013), pp. 124–38.
5 V. Tarditi, ‘The Scottish National Party's Changing Attitude towards the European Union’, Sussex European Institute Working Paper No. 112 (Sussex European Institute, 2010): www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php?name=epern-working-paper-22.pdf&site=266.
6 Turnout, however, was lower than in England or Wales at 67.2 per cent, falling to just 56.25 per cent in Glasgow.
7 Nicola Sturgeon, remarks at Bute House, Edinburgh, 24 June 2016; https://news.gov.scot/speeches-and-briefings/first-minister-eu-referendum-result.
8 Con O'Neill to Donald Hardie, 3 June 1975, BIE 1/79; Financial Times, 13 May 1975, p. 17.
9 Winnie Ewing, quoted in Scottish Daily News, 9 May 1975, p. 7.
10 An ORC poll carried out in May 1975 found that 50 per cent of respondents thought Scotland had ‘much better economic prospects than the rest of Britain’, rising to 69 per cent among SNP voters. ‘ORC Poll’, The Scotsman, 3 June 1975, p. 11.
11 Bryon Criddle, ‘Scotland, the EEC and Devolution’, in Martin Kolinsky (ed.), Divided Loyalties: British Regional Assertion and European Integration (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1978), p. 45.
12 When the Commons voted on the renegotiated terms on 9 April 1975, the 35 Scottish Labour MPs who voted divided 20 (57 per cent) to 15 (43 per cent) against the government. The margin for UK Labour as a whole was 145 (51 per cent) to 137 (49 per cent). Criddle, ‘Scotland, the EEC and Devolution’, p. 53.
13 For a summary of the paper's polls, see ‘Scotland swings to “Yes”’, Glasgow Herald, 2 June 1975, p. 1.
14 Scottish Daily Express, 1 May 1975, p. 5.
15 The Scotsman, 5 May 1975, p. 1; Scottish Daily Express, 2 June 1975, p. 1; Glasgow Herald, 3 June 1975, p. 3; 4 June 1975, p. 4.
16 Criddle, ‘Scotland, the EEC and Devolution’, p. 55; Financial Times, 13 May 1975, p. 17.
17 Sunday Times, 4 May 1975, p. 17.
18 Letter from David McLure, ‘Scots and the referendum’, Financial Times, 20 May 1975, p. 25.
19 Daily Mail, 5 June 1975, p. 9.
20 Criddle, ‘Scotland, the EEC and Devolution’, pp. 53–4.
21 Gerry Hassan, ‘Jim Sillars’, in James Mitchell and Gerry Hassan (eds.), Scottish National Party Leaders, (London: Biteback, 2016), p. 409; interview with Jim Sillars, 10 November 2015.
22 According to MacDonald, Taylor was convinced that a car following their bus was packed with Communists. The driver was actually from the Financial Times. Glasgow Herald, 4 June 1975, p. 6; The Scotsman, 26 May 1975, p. 4.
23 Financial Times, 13 May 1975, p. 17; Glasgow Herald, 6 May 1975, p. 2.
24 ‘Anti-Marketeers in Scotland’, 22 April 1975, BIE 1/79.
25 Eve Hepburn, ‘Degrees of Independence: SNP Thinking in an International Context’, in Gerry Hassan, The Modern SNP: From Protest to Power (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), pp. 190–203.
26 Scots Independent, May 1975, p. 5.
27 ‘Appendix 2’, circulated with the agenda for the National Assembly Meeting on 18 January 1975, SNP Papers, National Library of Scotland [NLS], Acc. 11987/58.
28 Peter Lynch, Minority Nationalism and European Integration (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1996), pp. 25–9.
29 Christopher Harvie, ‘William Wolfe’, in Mitchell and Hassan (eds.), Scottish National Party Leaders, p. 258.
30 Interview with Gordon Wilson, 25 September 2015; The Scotsman, 14 May 1975, p. 6; 20 May 1975, p. 7.
31 The Scotsman, 20 May 1975, p. 7; 2 June 1975, p. 5; see also Gordon Wilson, SNP: The Turbulent Years, 1960–1990 (Stirling: Scots Independent, 2009), p. 101.
32 Wilson, SNP, p. 101.
33 Scottish Daily News, 9 May 1975, p. 7 (quoting Winnie Ewing); ‘Appendix 1: The E.E.C. Referendum’, agenda for the National Assembly Meeting on 18 January 1975, 8 January 1975, SNP Papers, NLS Acc. 11987/58.
34 7 February 1975, NEC Minute E75/14, quoted in Wilson, SNP, p. 101.
35 The Scotsman, 2 June 1975, p. 6.
36 Glasgow Herald, 2 June 1975, p. 3; Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 98.
37 ‘Paper on Scots future outside the EEC’, The Scotsman, 20 May 1975, p. 7. The SNP agreed to circulate the document to the National Council, with the proviso that it was written in a personal capacity and did not necessarily express the views of the party; SNP Papers, NLS Acc. 10754/26, no. 179.
38 Scots Independent, June 1975, p. 1.
39 SNP Press Release, 8 May 1975, SNP Papers, NLS Acc. 10754/26, no. 172; The Scotsman, 9 May 1975, p. 6.
40 SNP Press Release, 16 May 1975, SNP Papers, NLS Acc. 10754/26, no. 176.
41 ‘COMMON MARKET: Stop the sell out’, SNP Papers, NLS Acc. 7295/24, [no date: 1971?].
42 Graeme Purves, ‘Super-Briton’, SNP Papers, NLS Acc. 7295/30.
43 SNP press release, 25 May 1975, SNP Papers, NLS Acc. 10754/26, no. 187.
44 SNP press release, 22 May 1975, SNP Papers, NLS Acc. 10754/26, no. 184 (William Wolfe); The Scotsman, 27 May 1975, p. 7 (Gordon Murray); William Wolfe, speech at Usher Hall, ‘Scotland – European Nation or EEC Province?’, SNP press release, 6 March 1975, SNP Papers, NLS Acc. 10754/26, no. 136.
45 Speech by Douglas Henderson in Aberdeen, SNP press release, 28 May 1975, SNP Papers, NLS Acc. 10754/26, no. 193.
46 SNP press releases, 11 and 28 April 1975, SNP Papers, NLS Acc. 10754/26, nos. 153, 166.
47 Speech by Winifred Ewing, SNP press release, 12 April 1975, SNP Papers, NLS Acc. 10754/26, no. 154. See also Scots Independent, January 1975, p. 9.
48 ‘Anti-Marketeers in Scotland’, 22 April 1975, BIE 1/79; Criddle, ‘Scotland, the EEC and Devolution’, p. 55.
49 ‘Anti-Marketeers in Scotland’, 22 April 1975, BIE 1/79.
50 The Scotsman, 27 May 1975, p. 7. Strathclyde alone accounted for nearly 48 per cent of Scottish voters. It ultimately voted Yes by 57.7 per cent to 42.3 per cent.
51 The Economist, 5 April 1975, p. 72; The Scotsman, 2 June 1975, p. 5; speech by Douglas Henderson at Aberdeen, 28 May 1975, SNP press release, SNP Papers, NLS Acc. 10754/26, no document number. See also above, Chapter 10.
52 Scottish Daily News, 5 May 1975, p. 11.
53 Letter from Gordon Wilson, The Scotsman, 28 May 1975, p. 8. It was Wilson, a future leader, who coined the slogan ‘It's Scotland's oil’. ‘Scotland and the EEC. Province or Nation?’, 6 March 1975, SNP Papers NSL Acc. 7295/24.
54 The Scotsman, 5 June 1975, p. 1.
55 Ibid., 28 May 1975, p. 8; speech by Douglas Crawford, 27 May 1975, SNP press release, SNP Papers, NLS Acc. 10754/26, no. 190.
56 Interview with Gordon Wilson, 25 September 2015; interview with Jim Sillars, 10 November 2015.
57 I am grateful to Donald Hardie for sharing his memories of the campaign in an interview on 28 June 2017.
58 Donald Hardie to Con O'Neill, 2 and 5 June 1975, BIE 1/79.
59 Tam Dalyell, ‘No Regrets: Then, Now or for the Future’, in Baimbridge (ed.), 1975 Referendum, vol. 1, p. 148.
60 Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, pp. 148–9.
61 The Scotsman, 27 May 1975, p. 9.
62 Referendum on United Kingdom Membership of the European Community, pp. 3–18.
63 To Con O'Neill, 26 February 1975, BIE 1/79.
64 Criddle, ‘Scotland, the EEC and Devolution’, p. 54. Douglas was another who defected to the SNP, in 1990.
65 See, for example, ‘George Thomson Says Scotland Says YES to Europe’, BIE 1/79.
66 Hardie thanked O'Neill ‘for giving me a free hand to get on with organizing the Scottish effort’, adding that ‘I really do think we have been much more effective for being a separate Scots effort.’ O'Neill replied: ‘We have indeed tried to keep out of your hair and leave you to run your own show in Scotland.’ Donald Hardie to Con O'Neill, 2 June 1975; O'Neill to Hardie, 3 June 1975, BIE 1/79.
67 Hardie to O'Neill, 5 June 1975, BIE 1/79.
68 ‘George Thomson Says Scotland Says YES to Europe’, BIE 1/79; ‘Scotland is in Europe’, SIE flier, BIE 18/28.
69 The Scotsman, 2 June 1975, p. 9.
70 Ibid., 13 May 1975, p. 8; 14 May 1975, p. 6.
71 ‘Be involved or be ignored. Scotland MUST say YES to Europe’, SIE poster; ‘Sovereignty: Scotland has her say in Europe’, SIE flier, BIE 18/28.
72 The Scotsman, 2 June 1975, p. 9; 4 June 1975, p. 8.
73 Scottish Daily News, 23 May 1975, p. 5; Glasgow Herald, 24 January 1975, p. 6.
74 The Scotsman, 5 June 1975, p. 1.
75 Scotland in Europe fliers, BIE 18/28.
76 The Scotsman, 31 May 1975, p. 5.
77 Glasgow Herald, 14 May 1975, pp. 1, 6; Scottish Daily Express, 14 May 1975, p. 2; 4 June 1975, p. 2.
78 The Scotsman, 23 May 1975, p. 4.
79 ‘Replies to Glasgow Herald Questionnaire 30th May 1975’, BIE 22/6; Scottish Daily Express, 5 June 1975, p. 2.
80 Scottish Daily News, 15 May 1975, p. 3.
81 The Scotsman, 13 May 1975, p. 8.
82 ‘Norway’, Scotland in Europe flier, BIE 18/28.
83 ‘Scotland swings to “Yes”’, Glasgow Herald, 2 June 1975, p. 1.
84 The Scotsman, 7 June 1975, p. 6. The SNP had rashly predicted a No vote in Strathclyde, Tayside, Highlands, Western Isles, Fife, Central and Shetland; ibid., 5 June 1975, p. 11.
85 [Margo MacDonald], ‘Minutes of Meeting of National Council’, 14 June 1975, SNP Papers, NLS Acc. 11987/12.
86 Press conference in Glasgow, 9 June 1975, SNP press releases, SNP Papers, NLS Acc. 10754/26, no. 197.
87 Interview with Gordon Wilson, 25 September 2015.
88 The Scotsman, 7 June 1975, p. 1; Scottish Daily Express, 7 June 1975, p. 1.
89 Wilson, SNP, p. 102.
Epilogue: ‘We Are All Europeans Now’
1 The Sun, 7 June 1975, p. 1.
2 The Guardian, 2 June 1975, p. 11.
3 ‘The Germans’, Fawlty Towers, series 1 episode 6, script by John Cleese and Connie Booth, directed by John Howard Davies. First broadcast on BBC1, 24 October 1975.
4 The Scotsman, 3 June 1975, p. 1; Buxton Advertiser, 17 June 2011; Yorkshire Post, 3 June 1975, p. 1.
5 The Scotsman, 30 May 1975, p. 13; Yorkshire Post, 2 June 1975, p. 3.
6 The Scotsman, 30 May 1975, p. 6; The Times, 25 January 1975, p. 13. See also Esther Webber, ‘The 1975 “Don't Know” campaign’, BBC News, 11 June 2016, www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36418605.
7 Scotsman, 31 May 1975, p. 1.
8 Martin Collins, ‘Who Voted What?’, in Jowell and Hoinville (eds.), Britain into Europe, p. 94.
9 The Times, 7 June 1975, p. 1; Sunday Times, 8 June 1975, p. 16.
10 Evening Standard, 4 June 1975, p. 15.
11 Statement by the Prime Minister, 10 Downing Street, 6 June 1975, MS Wilson c.1267, f. 300.
12 Coventry Telegraph, 7 June 1975, p. 4; The Sun, 7 June 1975, p. 1.
13 Western Mail, 9 June 1975, p. 1.
14 Bristol Evening Post, 7 June 1975, p. 2.
15 Daily Express, 7 June 1975, p. 10.
16 ‘Memorandum of conversation’, 30 July 1975, Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, GRF-0314, available at https://catalog.archives.gov/id/1553188; Daily Telegraph, 7 June 1975, p. 14.
17 Spreckley, Common Market Renegotiations, Part 1, p. 6.
18 Sunday Times, 8 June 1975, p. 16.
19 The Sun, 6 May 1975, p. 2; Financial Times, 31 May 1975, p. 11.
20 Belfast Newsletter, 7 June 1975, p. 1; The Sun, 7 June 1975, p. 2.
21 King, Britain Says Yes, pp. 138–9.
22 Benn, Against the Tide, p. 390 (9 June 1975).
23 Daily Express, 7 June 1975, p. 1; Glasgow Herald, 2 June 1975, p. 6; Coventry Telegraph, 7 June 1975, p. 4.
24 Gowland and Turner, Reluctant Europeans, p. 193.
25 Sunday Times, 8 June 1975, p. 16.
26 The Times, 7 June 1975, p. 13.
27 Daily Express, 7 June 1975, p. 10.
28 The Sun, 2 June 1975, p. 2; see also The Economist, 31 May 1975, p. 7.
29 Sunday Times, 8 June 1975, p. 16.
30 Bristol Evening Post, 7 June 1975, p. 1.
31 Financial Times, 15 May 1975, p. 11.
32 The Times, 2 June 1975, p. 1; Bristol Evening Post, 2 June 1975, p. 1; Sunday Times, 1 June 1975, p. 1.
33 The Sun, 29 May 1975, p. 2.
34 Financial Times, 16 May 1975, p. 19.
35 King, Britain Says Yes, pp. 142–3.
36 Interview for The World This Weekend, 11 May 1975, MS Wilson c.1266, f. 59.
37 Callaghan, Time and Chance, p. 326.
38 See, for example, Ken Coates (ed.), What Went Wrong? Explaining the Fall of the Labour Government (Nottingham: Spokesman Books, 1979/2008).
39 Bernstein, Myth of Decline, p. 246.
40 Financial Times, 16 May 1975, p. 19.
41 Daily Telegraph, 7 June 1975, p. 30; Morning Star, 7 June 1975, p. 1.
42 Belfast Newsletter, 7 June 1975, p. 6; Daily Mail, 4 June 1975, p. 9; Patterson, Conservative Party, p. 60.
43 Neil Marten, ‘After the Referendum’, speech to the Commonwealth Industries Association, July 1975, Marten Papers c. 1132, ff. 160–2; Daily Telegraph, 7 June 1975, p. 30.
44 Sir Cyril Black to Neil Marten, 13 June 1975, Marten Papers c.1132, f. 135.
45 Belfast Newsletter, 7 June 1975, p. 6; Daily Mail, 4 June 1975, p. 9; Patterson, Conservative Party, p. 60.
46 Morning Star, 2 June 1975, p. 3.
47 Benn, Against the Tide, p. 387 (6 June 1975).
48 Typescript, ‘June 1975’; John Mills [national agent] to NRC supporters, no date [July 1975?]; ‘Rules and Constitution of the Safeguard Britain Campaign’, no date, Marten Papers c.1132, ff. 131, 133, 179–82.
49 Reg Prentice, ‘Right Turn’, in P. Cormack (ed.), Right Turn: Eight Men Who Changed Their Minds (London: Leo Cooper, 1978), p. 12.
50 Geoffrey Howe, Conflict of Loyalty (London: Macmillan, 1994), p. 456. See also Daniel Korski (deputy director of the Policy Unit under Cameron), ‘Why we lost the Brexit vote’, Politico, 20 October 2016: www.politico.eu/article/why-we-lost-the-brexit-vote-former-uk-prime-minister-david-cameron/. The same tendency is noted for an earlier period in Wolfram Kaiser, Using Europe: Abusing the Europeans. Britain and European Integration, 1945–63 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996).
51 Office of National Statistics, EU Migration to and from the UK (17 June 2014), http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/, www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/migration-statistics-quarterly-report/may-2014/sty-eu-migration.html; Migration Statistics Quarterly Report: August 2016, www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/bulletins/migrationstatisticsquarterlyreport/august2016
52 A. Henderson et al., ‘England, Englishness and Brexit’, Political Quarterly, 87:2 (2016), pp. 196–7. For valuable studies of Englishness and the European question, see M. Kenny, The Politics of English Nationhood (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014); B. Wellings, English Nationalism and Euroscepticism: Losing the Peace (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2012).
53 Hansard 883, 16 November 1974, 1128, 1139; Wall, From Rejection to Referendum, p. 527.
54 For the 2015–16 renegotiations, see Korski, ‘Why we lost’; Tim Shipman, All Out War: The Full Story of How Brexit Sank Britain's Political Class (London: William Collins, 2016); Craig Oliver, Unleashing Demons: The Inside Story of Brexit (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2016).
55 Kenneth Armstrong, Brexit Time: Leaving the EU – Why, When and How? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017), p. 35.
56 Shipman, All Out War, pp. 140–1. Strikingly, Oliver, Unleashing Demons, has no index entry for ‘renegotiations’.
57 Oliver, Unleashing Demons, p. 114.
58 For rising hostility to membership in the national press, see P. Copeland and N. Copsey, ‘Rethinking Britain and the European Union: Politicians, the Media and Public Opinion Reconsidered’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 55:4 (July 2017), pp. 709–26; Oliver Daddow, ‘The UK Media and “Europe”: From Permissive Consensus to Destructive Dissent’, International Affairs, 88:6 (2012), pp. 1219–36. For the impact of declining local media in 2016, see Jean Seaton, ‘Brexit and the Media’, Political Quarterly, 87:3 (July–September 2016), pp. 332–7. In 2016, over half of parliamentary constituencies and local authority districts had no significant local daily; see Gordon Ramsay and Martin Moore, Monopolising Local News (London: Centre for the Study of Media, Communication and Power, King's College London, 2016), www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/policy-institute/CMCP/local-news.pdf
59 ‘Report on E.E.C.’, 29 May 1975, NOP/8580/03, Marten Papers, c.1133, ff. 34–68.
60 A poll by Louis Harris in April 1975 asked voters whether they ‘respect and like’ or ‘dislike’ a series of public figures. Particularly high scores were recorded by Thorpe (+29), Jenkins (+25), Whitelaw (+25), Heath (+21) and Wilson (+19). Butler and Kitzinger, 1975 Referendum, p. 256.
61 ‘YouGov/ Today Programme Survey Results’, 13–14 June 2016, http://d25d2506sfb94s.cloudfront.net/cumulus_uploads/document/x4iynd1mn7/TodayResults_160614_EUReferendum_W.pdf
62 H.D. Clarke, M. Goodwin and P. Whiteley, Brexit: Why Britain Voted to Leave the European Union (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017), p. 156.
63 For examples reproduced in the British Cartoon Archive, see Leslie Gibbard, Guardian, 27 February 1975, http://archives.cartoons.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=27575&pos=3; Nicholas Garland, New Statesman, 21 March 1975, http://archives.cartoons.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=NG1319&pos=42; Stanley Franklin, The Sun, 2 June 1975, http://archives.cartoons.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=28026&pos=27
64 Boris Johnson, ‘The only continent with weaker economic growth than Europe is Antarctica’, Daily Telegraph, 29 May 2016, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/29/the-only-continent-with-weaker-economic-growth-than-europe-is-an/
65 Attitudes to immigration also strongly influenced voters’ perceptions of the economic costs and benefits of leaving; Clarke, Goodwin and Whiteley, Brexit, p. 168.
66 John Campbell, Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life (London: Vintage Books, 2014), p. 447.
67 The Sun, 30 May 1975.
68 The Guardian, 13 March 1975.
69 Shipman, All Out War, p. 178.
70 Stephen Bush, ‘Why David Cameron's Harold Wilson Tribute Band Faces a Hostile Crowd’, New Statesman, 9 June 2016, www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2016/06/why-david-cameron-s-harold-wilson-tribute-band-faces-hostile-crowd
Appendix 2: Note on Prices
1 Nationwide, ‘UK House Prices since 1952’ (2017), www.nationwide.co.uk/∼/media/MainSite/documents/about/house-price-index/downloads/uk-house-price-since-1952.xls; G. Clark, ‘What Were British Earnings and Prices Then?’, MeasuringWorth (2017), www.measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/; P. Bolton, ‘Teachers’ Pay Statistics’, House of Commons Library (2008), http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/22821/1/SN01877.pdf; D. Butler and G. Butler, Twentieth-Century British Political Facts, 1900–2000, eighth edition (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), pp. 375, 547; Parliamentary Written Answer, Hansard 890, 18 April 1975, 176W. I am enormously grateful to Alwyn Turner for generously sharing his work on the Littlewood's Archive.
