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BEYOND DAIDALOS: SCULPTURE FROM EARLY IRON AGE AND ARCHAIC KNOSSOS AND ITS REGION
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 May 2025
Abstract
Crete has long been celebrated as the cradle of Greek sculpture. This acknowledgement relies partly on the literary ‘phantom’ of Daidalos and partly on the copious finds of early, especially seventh-century BC, sculpture from the island. Although Knossos and its region are prominent in the literary tradition on the works of Daidalos and have produced numerous early sculptures, this has largely been ignored. My paper addresses the problem and argues for the significance of the evidence from Knossos for the study of early Greek sculpture. The argument is grounded on the publication of three sculptures from the site: two mid to late seventh-century BC fragments of architectural sculpture and a head of a probably free-standing work of the mid sixth century BC, the last piece falling within the alleged Archaic Gap. By integrating art-historical, archaeological and archival perspectives, I study the character, style, dating and findspot of these works, and situate them within their spatial context and their Knossian and broader Cretan and Greek artistic context. The analysis establishes that Knossos and its region boast the fullest sequence of Early Iron Age to Archaic sculpture from Crete, hence they deserve a prominent place in discussions of early Greek sculpture for reasons extending beyond the textual tradition for Daidalos.
Η Κρήτη θεωρείται παραδοσιακά το λίκνο της αρχαίας ελληνικής γλυπτικής. Αυτή η παραδοχή βασίζεται εν μέρει στο λογοτεχνικό “φάντασμα” του Δαίδαλου και εν μέρει στα άφθονα ευρήματα πρώιμων γλυπτών, ιδιαίτερα του έβδομου αιώνα π.Χ., από το νησί. Μολονότι η Κνωσός και η περιοχή της δεσπόζουν στη λογοτεχνική παράδοση για τα έργα του Δαίδαλου και έχουν αποδώσει άφθονα έργα πρώιμης γλυπτικής, τα στοιχεία αυτά έχουν γενικά αγνοηθεί από την έρευνα. Η παρούσα μελέτη αναδεικνύει το σχετικό πρόβλημα και επιχειρηματολογεί υπέρ της σημασίας της Κνωσού για τη μελέτη της πρώιμης ελληνικής γλυπτικής. Τα επιχειρήματα βασίζονται στη μελέτη και δημοσίευση τριών γλυπτών από την αρχαία πόλη, συγκεκριμένα δύο θραυσμάτων αρχιτεκτονικής γλυπτικής του μέσου ως ύστερου έβδομου αιώνα π.Χ., καθώς και μιας κεφαλής ενός μάλλον ελεύθερου γλυπτού του μέσου έκτου αιώνα π.Χ., δηλαδή της περιόδου του λεγόμενου Αρχαϊκού κενού. Συνδυάζοντας προσεγγίσεις ιστορικοτεχνικές, αρχαιολογικές και αρχειακές, η μελέτη μου εξετάζει τον χαρακτήρα, τον ρυθμό, τη χρονολόγηση και το σημείο εύρεσης αυτών των έργων και τα τοποθετεί στο χωρικό τους πλαίσιο και στα κνωσιακά και ευρύτερα κρητικά και εξω-κρητικά καλλιτεχνικά τους συμφραζόμενα. Η ανάλυση διαπιστώνει ότι η Κνωσός και η περιοχή της διαθέτουν το πλουσιότερο σύνολο κρητικών γλυπτών από την Πρώιμη Εποχή του Σιδήρου έως την Αρχαϊκή περίοδο, και επομένως αξίζουν μια εξέχουσα θέση στη μελέτη της πρώιμης ελληνικής γλυπτικής για λόγους που εκτείνονται πέρα από τη λογοτεχνική παράδοση για τον Δαίδαλο.
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Footnotes
This study is dedicated to Angeliki Lebessi.
References
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