Hostname: page-component-89b8bd64d-r6c6k Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-05-09T01:58:18.286Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The role of youths’ cardiac autonomic balance and parental responses to youth emotion in vulnerability to borderline personality disorder development

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 March 2023

Salome Vanwoerden Open the ORCID record for Salome Vanwoerden [Opens in a new window] ,
Vera Vine ,
Amy L. Byrd ,
J. Richard Jennings  and
Stephanie D. Stepp
Salome Vanwoerden*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Vera Vine
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Queens University, Kingston, Canada
Amy L. Byrd
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
J. Richard Jennings
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Stephanie D. Stepp
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
*
Corresponding author: Salome Vanwoerden, email: vanwoerdens@upmc.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Developmental models of borderline personality disorder (BPD) emphasize the effects of youths’ biological vulnerabilities and their experiences of parental responses to emotion, as well as the interaction between these two elements. The current study evaluated the independent and interactive effects of two indices of autonomic nervous system response and parental responses to youth negative emotions on severity and exacerbation of youths’ BPD features during the transition to adolescence. The sample consisted of 162 psychiatric youth (10–14 years; 47.2% female) and their parents. At baseline, youth and their parents completed a lab-based conflict discussion during which parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system response were measured and indices of sympathetic-parasympathetic balance and coactivation/coinhibition were calculated. Youth also reported on supportive and non-supportive parental responses. At baseline and after 9 months, youth self-reported on their BPD features. Results demonstrated that shifting toward sympathetic dominance independently predicted exacerbation of BPD across 9 months. Additionally, fewer experiences of supportive parental responses and more non-supportive parental responses were associated with greater severity of BPD features in youth. This study highlights the role of autonomic response to parent-child conflict as well as the significance of parental responses to youth emotion for the development of BPD during this developmental window.

Keywords

adolescenceborderline personality disordercardiac autonomic balancecardiac regulatory capacityemotion socialization

Information

Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 36 , Issue 2 , May 2024 , pp. 993 - 1004
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Adams, R. E., & Laursen, B. (2007). The correlates of conflict: Disagreement is not necessarily detrimental. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(3), 445–458. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.21.3.445 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aghaie Meybodi, F., Mohammadkhani, P., Pourshahbaz, A., Dolatshahi, B., & Havighurst, S. S. (2019). Improving parent emotion socialization practices: Piloting tuning in to kids in Iran for children with disruptive behavior problems. Family Relations, 68(5), 596–607. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12387 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Arnett, J. (1992). Reckless behavior in adolescence: A developmental perspective. Developmental Review, 12(4), 339–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2297(92)90013-R CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belsky, D. W., Caspi, A., Arseneault, L., Bleidorn, W., Fonagy, P., Goodman, M., Houts, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2012). Etiological features of borderline personality related characteristics in a birth cohort of 12-year-old children. Development and Psychopathology, 24(1), 251–265. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000812 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berntson, G. G., Bigger, J. T. Jr., Eckberg, D. L., Grossman, P., Kaufmann, P. G., Malik, M., Nagaraja, H. N., Porges, S. W., Saul, J. P., Stone, P. H., & van der Molen, M. W. (1997). Heart rate variability: Origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology, 34(6), 623–648. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berntson, G. G., Cacioppo, J. T., & Quigley, K. S. (1991). Autonomic determinism: The modes of autonomic control, the doctrine of autonomic space, and the laws of autonomic constraint. Psychological Review, 98(4), 459–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berntson, G. G., Lozano, D. L., Chen, Y.-J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). Where to Q in PEP. Psychophysiology, 41(2), 333–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2004.00156.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berntson, G. G., Norman, G. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2008). Cardiac autonomic balance versus cardiac regulatory capacity. Psychophysiology, 45(4), 643–652. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00652.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bornovalova, M. A., Hicks, B. M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2009). Stability, change, and heritability of borderline personality disorder traits from adolescence to adulthood: A longitudinal twin study. Development and Psychopathology, 21(4), 1335–1353. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409990186 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bornovalova, M. A., Hicks, B. M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2013). Longitudinal-twin study of borderline personality disorder traits and substance use in adolescence: Developmental change, reciprocal effects, and genetic and environmental influences. Personality Disorders, 4(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027178 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brand, A. E., & Klimes-Dougan, B. (2010). Emotion socialization in adolescence: The roles of mothers and fathers. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2010(128), 85–100. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.270 Google ScholarPubMed
Branje, S. (2018). Development of parent-adolescent relationships: Conflict interactions as a mechanism of change. Child Development Perspectives, 12(3), 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12278 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bylsma, L. M., Yaroslavsky, I., Rottenberg, J., Jennings, J. R., George, C. J., Kiss, E., Kapornai, K., Halas, K., Dochnal, R., Lefkovics, E., Benák, I., Baji, I., Vetró, Á., & Kovacs, M. (2015). Juvenile onset depression alters cardiac autonomic balance in response to psychological and physical challenges. Biological Psychology, 110, 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.07.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byrd, A. L., Lee, A. H., Frigoletto, O. A., Zalewski, M., & Stepp, S. D. (2021). Applying new RDoC dimensions to the development of emotion regulation: Examining the influence of maternal emotion regulation on within-individual change in child emotion regulation. Development and Psychopathology, 33(5), 1821–1836. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579421000948 Google Scholar
Byrd, A. L., Vine, V., Beeney, J. E., Scott, L. N., Jennings, J. R., & Stepp, S. D. (2022). RSA reactivity to parent-child conflict as a predictor of dysregulated emotion and behavior in daily life. Psychological Medicine, 52(6), 1060–1068. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720002810 Google Scholar
Byrd, A. L., Vine, V., Frigoletto, O. A., Vanwoerden, S., & Stepp, S. D. (2022). A multi-method investigation of parental responses to youth emotion: Prospective effects on emotion dysregulation and reactive aggression in daily life. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 50(2), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00754-0 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carreiras, D., Loureiro, M., Cunha, M., Sharp, C., & Castilho, P. (2020). Validation of the Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children (BPFS-C) and for Parents (BPFS-P) for the Portuguese population. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(11), 3265–3275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01800-7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavazzi, T., & Becerra, R. (2014). Psychophysiological research of borderline personality disorder: Review and implications for biosocial theory. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 10(1), 185–203. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v10i1.677 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, B., Sharp, C., & Ha, C. (2011). The criterion validity of the borderline personality features scale for children in an adolescent inpatient setting. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25(4), 492–503. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2011.25.4.492 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2002). A developmental psychopathology perspective on adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(1), 6–20.Google ScholarPubMed
Crick, N. R., Murray-Close, D., & Woods, K. (2005). Borderline personality features in childhood: A short-term longitudinal study. Development and Psychopathology, 17(04). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579405050492,CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., & Linehan, M. M. (2009). A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: Elaborating and extending Linehan’s theory. Psychological Bulletin, 135(3), 495–510. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015616 Google ScholarPubMed
Cui, J., Mistur, E. J., Wei, C., Lansford, J. E., Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2018). Multilevel factors affecting early socioemotional development in humans. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 72(10), 172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-018-2580-9 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cui, L., Morris, A. S., Harrist, A. W., Larzelere, R. E., Criss, M. M., & Houltberg, B. J. (2015). Adolescent RSA responses during an anger discussion task: Relations to emotion regulation and adjustment. Emotion (Washington, DC), 15(3), 360–372. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000040 Google ScholarPubMed
Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Marsh, N. P., Balda, K. E., & McQuade, J. D. (2020). Parent emotion socialization and child emotional vulnerability as predictors of borderline personality features. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48(1), 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-019-00579-6 Google ScholarPubMed
Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Whalen, D. J., Scott, L. N., Cummins, N. D., & Stepp, S. D. (2015). The main and interactive effects of maternal interpersonal emotion regulation and negative affect on adolescent girls’ borderline personality disorder symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-015-9706-4 Google ScholarPubMed
Eddie, D., Bates, M. E., Vaschillo, E. G., Lehrer, P. M., Retkwa, M., & Miuccio, M. (2018). Rest, reactivity, and recovery: A psychophysiological assessment of borderline personality disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00505 Google ScholarPubMed
Flujas-Contreras, J. M., García-Palacios, A., & Gómez, I. (2021). Effectiveness of a web-based intervention on parental psychological flexibility and emotion regulation: A pilot open trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2958. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062958 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuchs, A., Lunkenheimer, E., & Lobo, F. (2021). Individual differences in parent and child average RSA and parent psychological distress influence parent-child RSA synchrony. Biological Psychology, 161, 108077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108077 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garside, R. B., & Klimes-Dougan, B. (2002). Socialization of discrete negative emotions: Gender differences and links with psychological distress. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 47(3-4), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021090904785 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geiger, T. C., & Crick, N. R. (2001). A developmental psychopathology perspective on vulnerability to personality disorders. In Vulnerability to psychopathology: Risk across the lifespan (pp. 57–102). The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Geiss, L., Beck, B., Hitzl, W., Hillemacher, T., & Hösl, K. M. (2021). Cardiovascular autonomic modulation during metronomic breathing and stress exposure in patients with borderline personality disorder. Neuropsychobiology, 80(5), 359–373. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511543 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, M., Patil, U., Oakes, A., Matho, A., & Triebwasser, J. (2013). Developmental trajectories to male borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27(6), 764–782. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2013_27_111 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hajal, N. J., & Paley, B. (2020). Parental emotion and emotion regulation: A critical target of study for research and intervention to promote child emotion socialization. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 403–417. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000864 Google Scholar
Haltigan, J. D., & Vaillancourt, T. (2016). Identifying trajectories of borderline personality features in adolescence: Antecedent and interactive risk factors. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/La Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 61(3), 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743715625953 Google ScholarPubMed
Havighurst, S. S., Wilson, K. R., Harley, A. E., Prior, M. R., & Kehoe, C. (2010). Tuning in to Kids: Improving emotion socialization practices in parents of preschool children – findings from a community trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(12), 1342–1350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02303.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawes, D. J., Helyer, R., Herlianto, E. C., & Willing, J. (2013). Borderline personality features and implicit shame-prone self-concept in middle childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42(3), 302–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.723264 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ho, T. C., Pham, H. T., Miller, J. G., Kircanski, K., & Gotlib, I. H. (2020). Sympathetic nervous system dominance during stress recovery mediates associations between stress sensitivity and social anxiety symptoms in female adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 32(5), 1914–1925. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420001261 Google ScholarPubMed
Huey, M., Hiatt, C., Laursen, B., Burk, W. J., & Rubin, K. (2017). Mother-adolescent conflict types and adolescent adjustment: A person-oriented analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 31(4), 504–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000294 Google ScholarPubMed
IBM Corp (2021). IBM SPSS statistics for macintosh, version 28.0. IBM Corp.Google Scholar
Jennings, J. R., Kamarck, T., Stewart, C., Eddy, M., & Johnson, P. (1992). Alternate cardiovascular baseline assessment techniques: Vanilla or resting baseline. Psychophysiology, 29(6), 742–750. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02052.x Google ScholarPubMed
Kaufman, E. A., Puzia, M. E., Godfrey, D. A., & Crowell, S. E. (2019). Physiological and behavioral effects of interpersonal validation: A multilevel approach to examining a core intervention strategy among self-injuring adolescents and their mothers. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 76(3), 559–580. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22902 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kawabata, Y., Youngblood, J., & Hamaguchi, Y. (2014). Preadolescents’ borderline personality features in a non-Western urban context: Concurrent and longitudinal associations with physical and relational aggression, friendship exclusivity and peer victimization. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 17(3), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12067 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kehoe, C. E., Havighurst, S. S., & Harley, A. E. (2014). Tuning in to teens: Improving parent emotion socialization to reduce youth internalizing difficulties. Social Development, 23(2), 413–431. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12060 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelsey, R. M. (2012). Beta-adrenergic cardiovascular reactivity and adaptation to stress: The cardiac pre-ejection period as an index of effort. In How motivation affects cardiovascular response: Mechanisms and applications (pp. 43–60). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13090-002 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klimes-Dougan, B., Brand, A. E., Zahn-Waxler, C., Usher, B., Hastings, P. D., Kendziora, K., & Garside, R. B. (2007). Parental emotion socialization in adolescence: Differences in sex, age and problem status. Social Development, 16(2), 326–342. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00387.x Google Scholar
Koenig, J., Brunner, R., Parzer, P., Resch, F., & Kaess, M. (2018). The physiological orienting response in female adolescents with borderline personality disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 86, 287–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.04.012 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koenig, J., Thayer, J. F., & Kaess, M. (2021). Psychophysiological concomitants of personality pathology in development. Current Opinion in Psychology, 37, 129–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.12.004 Google ScholarPubMed
Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder (Vol. xvii). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Lobo, F. M., & Lunkenheimer, E. (2020). Understanding the parent-child coregulation patterns shaping child self-regulation. Developmental Psychology, 56(6), 1121–1134. http://dx.doi.org.pitt.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/dev0000926,Google ScholarPubMed
Lozano, D. L., Norman, G., Knox, D., Wood, B. L., Miller, B. D., Emery, C. F., & Berntson, G. G. (2007). Where to B in dZ/dt. Psychophysiology, 44(1), 113–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00468.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maiß, C., Engemann, L., Kern, K., Flasbeck, V., Mügge, A., Lücke, T., & Brüne, M. (2021). Cardiac parasympathetic activity in female patients with borderline personality disorder predicts approach/avoidance behavior towards angry faces. Biological Psychology, 163, 108146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108146 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Tibu, F., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2015). Causal effects of the early caregiving environment on development of stress response systems in children. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(18), 5637–5642. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423363112 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McQuade, J. D., Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Breaux, R., & Babinski, D. E. (2021). Interactive effects of parent emotion socialization and child physiological reactivity in predicting adolescent borderline personality disorder features. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 50(1), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00717-5 Google ScholarPubMed
Miller, B. D., Wood, B. L., Lim, J., Ballow, M., & Hsu, C. (2009). Depressed children with asthma evidence increased airway resistance: “vagal bias” as a mechanism? The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 124(1), 66–73.e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.04.038 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MindWare Technologies, Ltd. (n.d.). MindWare.Google Scholar
Moed, A., Gershoff, E. T., Eisenberg, N., Hofer, C., Losoya, S., Spinrad, T. L., & Liew, J. (2015). Parent-adolescent conflict as sequences of reciprocal negative emotion: Links with conflict resolution and adolescents’ behavior problems. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(8), 1607–1622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0209-5 Google ScholarPubMed
Morey, L. C. (2007). The personality assessment inventory - adolescent professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., Odessa, Florida.Google Scholar
Musser, N., Zalewski, M., Stepp, S., & Lewis, J. (2018). A systematic review of negative parenting practices predicting borderline personality disorder: Are we measuring biosocial theory’s “invalidating environment”? Clinical Psychology Review, 65, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.06.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998). MPlus user’s guide (8th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.Google Scholar
Pinquart, M., & Silbereisen, R. K. (2002). Changes in adolescents’ and mothers’ autonomy and connectedness in conflict discussions: An observation study. Journal of Adolescence, 25(5), 509–522. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2002.0491 Google ScholarPubMed
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Rathus, J. H., & Miller, A. L. (2000). DBT for adolescents: Dialectical dilemmas and secondary treatment targets. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 7(4), 425–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1077-7229(00)80054-1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redcay, E., Dodell-Feder, D., Pearrow, M. J., Mavros, P. L., Kleiner, M., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Saxe, R. (2010). Live face-to-face interaction during fMRI: A new tool for social cognitive neuroscience. NeuroImage, 50(4), 1639–1647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.052 Google ScholarPubMed
Schriber, R. A., & Guyer, A. E. (2016). Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2015.12.009 Google ScholarPubMed
Scott, L. N., Wright, A. G. C., Beeney, J. E., Lazarus, S. A., Pilkonis, P. A., & Stepp, S. D. (2017). Borderline personality disorder symptoms and aggression: A within-person process model. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(4), 429–440. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000272 Google ScholarPubMed
Sharp, C., Green, K. L., Yaroslavsky, I., Venta, A., Zanarini, M. C., & Pettit, J. (2014). The incremental validity of borderline personality disorder relative to major depressive disorder for suicidal ideation and deliberate self-harm in adolescents. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26(6), 927–938. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2012_26_048 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharp, C., Mosko, O., Chang, B., & Ha, C. (2011). The cross-informant concordance and concurrent validity of the Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children in a community sample of boys. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 16(3), 335–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104510366279 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharp, C., Vanwoerden, S., & Wall, K. (2018). Adolescence as a sensitive period for the development of personality disorder—psychiatric clinics. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 41(4), 669–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2018.07.004 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharp, C., & Wall, K. (2018). Personality pathology grows up: Adolescence as a sensitive period. Current Opinion in Psychology, 21, 111–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.11.010 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherwood, A., Allen, M. T., Fahrenberg, J., Kelsey, R. M., Lovallo, W. R., & van Doornen, L. J. P. (1990). Methodological guidelines for impedance cardiography. Psychophysiology, 27(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb02171.x Google Scholar
Sigrist, C., Reichl, C., Schmidt, S. J., Brunner, R., Kaess, M., & Koenig, J. (2021). Cardiac autonomic functioning and clinical outcome in adolescent borderline personality disorder over two years. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 111, 110336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110336 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spear, L. P. (2000). The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 24(4), 417–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(00)00014-2 Google ScholarPubMed
Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(2), 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.005 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stepp, S. D., Lazarus, S. A., & Byrd, A. L. (2016). A systematic review of risk factors prospectively associated with borderline personality disorder: Taking stock and moving forward. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7(4), 316–323. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000186 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, K. N., Allen, N. B., Chong, S., & Chanen, A. M. (2018). Affective startle modulation in young people with first-presentation borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 263, 166–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.049 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, K. N., Jackson, H., Cavelti, M., Betts, J., McCutcheon, L., Jovev, M., & Chanen, A. M. (2018). The clinical significance of subthreshold borderline personality disorder features in outpatient youth. Journal of Personality Disorders, 33(1), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2018_32_330 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vahidi, E., Ghanbari, S., & Behzadpoor, S. (2021). The relationship between mentalization and borderline personality features in adolescents: Mediating role of emotion regulation. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 26(1), 284–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2021.1931376 Google Scholar
Vanwoerden, S., Byrd, A. L., Vine, V., Beeney, J. E., Scott, L. N., & Stepp, S. D. (2022). Momentary borderline personality disorder symptoms in youth as a function of parental invalidation and youth-perceived support. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(2), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13443 Google ScholarPubMed
Vanwoerden, S., Hofmans, J., & De Clercq, B. (2020). Reciprocal effects between daily situational perceptions and borderline personality symptoms in young adulthood: The role of childhood parenting experiences. Psychological Medicine, 51(14), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720000987 Google Scholar
Vanwoerden, S., Kalpakci, A., & Sharp, C. (2017). The relations between inadequate parent-child boundaries and borderline personality disorder in adolescence. Psychiatry Research, 257, 462–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.015 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Villarreal, M. F., Wainsztein, A. E., Mercè, R.Á., Goldberg, X., Castro, M. N., Brusco, L. I., de Guevara, S. L., Bodurka, J., Paulus, M., Menchón, J. M., Soriano-Mas, C., & Guinjoan, S. M. (2021). Distinct neural processing of acute stress in major depression and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 286, 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.055 Google ScholarPubMed
Weymouth, B. B., Buehler, C., Zhou, N., & Henson, R. A. (2016). A meta-analysis of parent-adolescent conflict: Disagreement, hostility, and youth maladjustment. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 8(1), 95–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12126 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whalen, D. J., Scott, L. N., Jakubowski, K. P., McMakin, D. L., Hipwell, A. E., Silk, J. S., & Stepp, S. D. (2014). Affective behavior during mother-daughter conflict and borderline personality disorder severity across adolescence. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(1), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000059 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zanarini, M. C. (2003). Childhood Interview for DSM-IV borderline personality disorder (CI-BPD). McClean Hospital.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Vanwoerden et al. supplementary material

Tables S1-S2

Download Vanwoerden et al. supplementary material(File)
File 28.2 KB