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Lower Devonian ophiuroid ichnofossils (Biformites insolitus and facetted burrows) in a stressed coastal paleoenvironment: Clam Bank Formation, northern Canadian Appalachians

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 August 2025

George R. Dix Open the ORCID record for George R. Dix [Opens in a new window]
George R. Dix*
Affiliation:
Ottawa–Carleton Geoscience Centre and Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1M 2A5, Canada
*
Corresponding author: George R. Dix; Email: george.dix@carleton.ca
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Abstract

Biformites insolitus Linck, 1949 and very shallow, partially facetted, vertical burrows occur together in calcareous siltstone as convex hypichnia of sandstone on bedding soles within the Lower Devonian Clam Bank Formation, western Newfoundland. The ichnofossils occur within thinly interstratified siltstone and sandstone that accumulated within a physically stressed, euryhaline, peritidal paleoenvironment. B insolitus consists of straight to sinuous, narrow (2–3 mm), strap-like imprints commonly up to 7 cm long that display a medial axial depression and paired (opposite) conical (rounded blunt tipped) to irregular blocky and rectangular-shaped protuberances. These structures are interpreted to represent the impressions of ophiuroid arms, including representations of tube feet and ambulacral skeletal structure. Ornamentation detail appears proportional to the depth of an imprint and is a measure of the amount of downward force of an arm relative to horizontal motion. Apparent branching of imprints represents arm overprints. Incompletely facetted transverse sections of burrows, also filled with sandstone, warrant comparison with the ichnogenus Pentichnus, but incomplete preservation of a possible higher-order symmetry defers ichnotaxonomic designation. The imprints are very shallow (<1 cm) and fit with very near-surface burrowing as observed among some modern ophiuroids. The burrows are either a variant of Pentichnus, thereby expanding its current stratigraphic range, or broaden a unique ichnotaxobase of facetted burrows. A middle Paleozoic record of B. insolitus narrows the current disparity with the post-Cambrian ophiuroid skeletal record. Its spatial association with burrows in a peritidal paleoenvironment reinforces the complex behavior of ophiuroids, their ecological breadth, and opportunistic behavior.

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Journal of Paleontology , Volume 99 , Issue 4 , July 2025 , pp. 734 - 746
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© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Paleontological Society

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Handling Editor: Gabriela Mángano

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