Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-6c7dr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-04-14T17:26:53.484Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Azerbaijan between Two Empires: A Contested Borderland in the Early Modern Period (Sixteenth‒Eighteenth Centuries)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

Fariba Zarinebaf
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The first part of the paper examines the evolution and transformation of Safavid ideology in the context of confessional changes and the role of Turkoman tribes in the Safavid social movement in the Ottoman‒Iranian borderland. The second part examines the impact of Ottoman‒Safavid wars and religious rivalry on the society and economy of Azerbaijan from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries.

Keywords

SafavidOttomanSufismQizilbashAzerbaijanAnatoliaSocial MovementsEmpires and Borderlands

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abisaab, R.L.Converting Persia: Religion and Power in the Safavid Empire, 1501‒1736. London: I.B. Tauris, 2004.Google Scholar
Allouche, Adel.The Origins and Development of Ottoman‒Safavid Conflict. Berlin: Klaus Schwartz, 1983.Google Scholar
Amoretti, Biancamaria Scarcia, ed. Sah Ismaʿil nei “Diarii” di Marin Sanudao, 2 vols. Roma: Instituto L’Orientte, 1979.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict.Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 2016.Google Scholar
Anonymous. Alam Aray-i Safavi. Ed. Shukri, Yadullah. Tehran, 1350/1971.Google Scholar
Antov, Nicolay.The Ottoman “Wild West”: The Balkan Frontier in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Atçil, Abdurrahman. “The Safavid State and its Juridic Authority in the Ottoman Empire During the 16th century,” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 49, no. 2 (2017):295–314. doi: 10.1017/S002074381700006XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ateş, Sabri. “Treaty of Zohab, 1639: Foundational Myth or Foundational Document?” Iranian Studies 52, nos. 3-4 (2019):397–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Babayan, Kathryn.Mystics, Monarchs and Messiahs: Cultural Landscapes of Early Modern Iran. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Monographs, 2003.Google Scholar
Babayan, Kathryn. “Sufis, Dervishes and Mullas: The Controversy over Spiritual and Temporal Dominion in Seventeenth-Century Iran.” In Safavid Persia, edited by Charles Melville, 117–38. London: I.B. Tauris, 1996.Google Scholar
Bacqué-Grammont, J.L.Les Ottomans, les Safavides, et leurs voisins, 1514‒1524. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul, 1987.Google Scholar
Bacqué-Grammont, J.L. “Les Ottomans et les Safavides dans la première moitié du XVI siècle.” Convegno Sul tema, La Shi’a Nell’Impero Ottomano (Roma, 15 Aprile 1991), 7–24. Roma: Fondazione Leone Caetani, 1993.Google Scholar
Bacqué-Grammont, J.L. “Études Turco-Safavides, XVI. Quinze lettres d’Uzun Süleyman Paşa, Beylerbeyi du Diyar Bekir (1533‒1534).” Anatolia Moderna 33 (1991):137–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bashir, Shahzad “After the Messiah: The Nurbakhshiyyeh in Late Timurid and Early Safavid Times.” In Society and Culture in the Early Modern Middle East, ed. Newman, Andrew J., 295–313. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2003.Google Scholar
Brotton, Jerry.The Sultan and the Queen: The Untold Story of Elizabeth and Islam. New York: Penguin Books, 2017.Google Scholar
Brummett, Palmira.Ottoman Seapower and the Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery. New York: SUNY, 1994.Google Scholar
Calmard, Jean.Études Safavides. Paris: Institut Français de Recherche en Iran, 1993.Google Scholar
Calmard, Jean. “Shiʿi Rituals and Power II. The Consolidation of Saafvid Shiʿism: Folklore and Popular Shiʿism.” In Safavid Persia, ed. Melville, Charles, 139–90. London: I.B. Tauris, 1996.Google Scholar
Carlson, Thomas A. “Safavids Before Empire: Two 15th-Century Armenian Perspectives.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 49, no. 2 (May 2017):277–94. doi: 10.1017/S0020743817000058CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavanşir, Babek, and Necef, Ekber N., eds. Şah Ismail Hatayi Küliyyatı. Istanbul: Kaktüs Yayınları, 2006.Google Scholar
Celal-Zade, Mustafa.Selim-Name. Ed. Ahmet Uğur and Mustafa Çuhadar. Ankara: Kulture Bakanlığı, 1990.Google Scholar
Çeiebi, Evliya.Travels in Iran and the Caucasus, 1947 & 1954, translated by Hasan Javadi and Willem Floor. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers, 2010.Google Scholar
Csirkés, Ferenc Péter. “Chagatay Oration, Ottoman Eloquence, Qizilbash Rhetoric: Turkic Literature in Safavid Persia.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2016.Google Scholar
Dağlı, Yücel, and Kahraman, Seyit Ali. Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi, vol. 2, Part 1. Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2005.Google Scholar
Dankoff, Robert, and Kim, Sooyong. An Ottoman Traveller: Selections from the Book Travel of Evliya Çelebi. London: Eland, 2011.Google Scholar
De Jong, Frederick. “Problems Concerning the Origins of the Qizilbaş in Bulgaria: Remnants of the Safaviyya?” Convegno Sul tema, La Shi’a Nell’Impero Ottomano (Roma, 15 Aprile 1991), 203–15. Roma: Fondazione Leone Caetani, 1993.Google Scholar
Düzdağ, Ertuğrul M.Şeyhülislam Ebussuud Efendi Fetvaları Işığında 16. Asır Türk Hayatı. Istanbul: Enderun Kitabevi, 1983.Google Scholar
Finkel, Caroline.Osman’s Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Basic Books, 2005.Google Scholar
Floor, Willem, and Herzig, Edmund, eds. Iran and the World in the Safavid Age. London: I.B. Tauris, 2012.Google Scholar
Genç, Vural. “ From Tabriz to Istanbul: Good and Treasures of Shah Ismaʿil Looted After the Battle of Chaldiran.” Studia Iranica, vol. 44 (2015):233–77.Google Scholar
Ghereghlou, Kioumars. “Chronicling a Dynasty on the Make: New Light on Early Safavids in Hayati Tabrizi’s Tarikh (961/1554).” Journal of American Oriental Society 137, no. 4 (2017):805–31. doi: 10.7817/jameroriesoci.137.4.0805CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gökbilgin, M. Tayyib. “Rapports d’Ibrahim Paşa sur sa campagne d’Anatolie Orientale et d’Azerbaijan.” Anatolia Moderna 33 (1991):187–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gülşenî, Muhyî-ye.Menâkib-i Ibrahim-e Gülşenî. Ed. Yazıcı, Tahsin. Ankara: TTK Basımevi, 1982.Google Scholar
Hinz, Walther.Uzun Hasan ve Şeyh Cüneyd. Trans. by Tevfik Bıyıklıoğlu. Ankara, TTK, 1992.Google Scholar
Hodgson, Marshall.The Venture of Islam, vols. 2‒3. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsia, R. Po-Chia.Social Discipline in the Reformation: Central Europe, 1550‒1750. London: Routledge, 1992.Google Scholar
Karamustafa, Ahmet T.Unruly Friends of God: Dervish Groups in the Islamic Middle Period, 1200‒1550. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Karamustafa, Ahmet T. “Kaygusuz Abdal: A Medieval Turkish Saint and the Formation of Vernacular Islam in Anatolia.” In Unity in Diversity, Mysticism, Messianism and the Construction of Religious Authority in Islam, edited by Mir-Kasimov, Orkhan, 329–42. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2013.Google Scholar
Karakaya-Stump, Ayfer. “Kızılbaş, Bektaşi, Safevi Ilişkilerine Dair 17. Yüzyıldan Bir Belge.” Journal of Turkish Studies 30, no. 11 (2006):117–30.Google Scholar
Kasravi, Ahmad. “Shaykh Safi ve Tabârash.” Ed. Zuka, Yahya, 177–88. Tehran, 1352/1973.Google Scholar
Kırzıoğlu, Fahrettin.Osmanlıların Kafkas-Elleri’ni Fethi (1451‒1590). Ankara: TTK Basımevi, 1993.Google Scholar
Köprülü, Mehmet Fuad.Islam in Anatolia After the Turkish Invasion. Trans. Leiser, Gary. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Kütükoğlu, Bekir.Osmanlı-Iran Siyasi Münasebetleri. Istanbul: Istanbul Fetih Cemiyeti, 1962.Google Scholar
Matthee, Rudolph P.The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran, Silk for Silver, 1600‒1730. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Matthee, Rudolph.The Pursuit of Pleasure, Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500‒1900. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Matthee, Rudolph. “Christians in Safavid Iran: Hospitality and Harassment.” Studies on Persianate Societies, vol. 3 (2005/1384):3–43.Google Scholar
Mazzaoui, Michel.The Origins of the Safavids. Weisbaden: Franz Steiner, 1972.Google Scholar
Mazzaoui, Michel.The Origins of the Safavids, Shiʿism, Sufism, and the Gulat: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society. London: I.B. Tauris, 1996.Google Scholar
Melville, Charles, ed. Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society. London: I.B. Tauris, 1996.Google Scholar
Membré, Michele.Mission to the Lord Sophy of Persia (1539‒1542). Trans., intro. and notes Norton, A.H.. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1993.Google Scholar
Minorsky, Vladimir. “The Poetry of Shah Ismaʿil I.” Bulletin of School of Oriental and African Studies 10, no. 4 (1942):1006–53a. doi: 10.1017/S0041977X00090182CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Colin P.The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran: Power , Religion and Rhetoric. London: I.B. Tauris, 2009.Google Scholar
Moazzen, Maryam. “Rituals of Commemoration, Rituals of Self-Invention: Safavid Religious Colleges and Collective Memory of the Shi’a.” Iranian Studies 49, no. 4 (2016):555–75. doi: 10.1080/00210862.2015.1030985CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monshi, Eskandar Beg.History of Shah Abbas the Great, vol. 1. Trans. Savory, Roger. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1978.Google Scholar
Morton, A.H. “The Early Years of Shah Ismaʿil in the Afzal al-Tavârîkh and Elsewhere.” In Safavid Persia, edited by Melville, Charles, 27–51. London: I.B. Tauris 1996.Google Scholar
Murphy, Rhoads. “The Garrison and its Hinterland in the Ottoman East, 1587‒1605.” In The Frontiers of the Ottoman World, ed. Peacock, A.C.S., 353–70. Proceedings of the British Academy 156. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Müneccimbaşı, Ahmet Dede.Müneccimbaşı Tarihi, vol. 2. Ed. Erünsal, Ismail. Istanbul: Tercüman, n.d.Google Scholar
Newman, Andrew J., ed. Society and Culture in the Early Modern Middle East: Studies on Iran in the Safavid Period. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pala, Iskender.Şah and Sultan. Istanbul: Kapı Yayınları, 2010.Google Scholar
Parsadust, Manuchehr.Shah Ismaʿil-e Avval. Tehran: Sherkat-e Sahami-ye Intishar, 1375/1996.Google Scholar
Parsadust, Manuchehr.Shah Tahmasb-e Avval. Tehran: Sherkat-e Sahami-ye Intishar, 1377/1998.Google Scholar
Peacock, A.C.S., ed. The Frontiers of the Ottoman World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahimi, Babak.Theater, State and the Formation of Early Modern Sphere in Iran: Studies on Safavid Muharram Rituals. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raşid, Mehmet.Tarih-i Raşid, vol. 6. Istanbul, 1865.Google Scholar
Rizvi, Kishwar. The Safavid Dynastic Shrine: Architecture, Religion, and Power in Early Modern Iran. London: I.B. Tauris, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riyahi, Muhammad Amin.Sefaratnameh hay-e Iran. Tehran: Tus, 1368/1989.Google Scholar
Roemer, Hans R. “The Qizilbash Turcomans: Founders and Victims of the Safavid Theocracy.” In Intellectual Studies on Islam: Essays Written in Honor of Martin Dickson, edited by Mazaoui, Michael M. and Moreen, Vera B., 27–39. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Ross, E. Denison. “The Early Years of Shah Ismaʿil, Founder of the Safavi Dynasty.” Journal of Royal Asiatic Society 28 (1896):249–340.Google Scholar
Rumlu, Hasan.Ahsan al-Tavrikh. Ed. Nava’i, Hasan. Tehran: Nashr-i Kitab, 1349/1970.Google Scholar
Salati, Marco. “Toleration, Persecution and Local Realities: Observations on the Shiism in the Holy Places and the Bilad al-Sham (16th‒17th Centuries.” In La Shi’a Nel Impero Ottomano, edited by Biancamaria Scarcia Amoretti, 121–48. Rome: Academia Nazionale Dei Lincei, 1991.Google Scholar
Salehi, Nasrullah.Asnadi az In’ikad-I Ahdname-ye Duvvum-e Erzat al-Rum. Tehran: Idara-ye Intishare Asnad, 1377/1998.Google Scholar
Savory, Roger.Iran under the Safavids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Roger, Savory, “Safawids.” Encyclopedia of Islam (new edition), vol. 3, 765–793. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994.Google Scholar
Sener, Cemal.Osmanlı Belgeleri’nde Aleviler-Bektaşiler. Istanbul: Karacaahmet Sultan Derneği Yayınları, 2002.Google Scholar
Sinclair, Tom. “Administration and Fortification in the van Region under Ottoman Rule in the Sixteenth Century.” In The Frontiers of the Ottoman World, edited by Peaock, A.C.S., 211–24. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Sümer, Faruk.Safevi Develtinin Kuruluşu ve Gelişmesinde Anadolu Türkmenlerinin Rolü. Ankara: Güven Matbaası, 1976.Google Scholar
Sümer, Faruk.Karakoyunlular. Ankara: TTK Basımevi, 1992.Google Scholar
Szuppe, Maria. “Kinship Ties between the Safavids and the Qizilbash Amirs in Late Sixteenth Century Iran: A Case Study of the Political Career of Members of the Sharaf al-Din Oghli Tekelu Family.” in Safavid Persia, ed. Melville, Charles, 79–10. London: I.B. Tauris, 19964.Google Scholar
Tansel, Selahettin.Yavuz Sultan Selim. Ankara: Milli Egitim Basimevi, 1969.Google Scholar
Uluçay, Çagatay. “Yavuz Sultan Selim Nasıl Padişah Oldu.” Tarih Dergisi VII, no. 10(1954):117–43.Google Scholar
Uluçay, Çagatay. “Yavuz Sultan Selim Nasıl Padişah Oldu,” Tarih Dergisi VIII, no. 11(1954):185–200.Google Scholar
Welch, Anthony. “Safavid Iran See Through Venetian Eyes.” In Society and Culture in the Early Modern Middle East, ed. Newman, Andrew J., 97–121. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2003.Google Scholar
Winter, Stefan.A History of the ‘Alawis: From Medieval Aleppo to the Turkish Republic. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woods, John E.The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire (Revised and Expanded Edition). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Woods, John E. “An Ottoman Intelligence Report on Late Fifteenth/Ninth Century Iranian Foreign Relations.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 38, no. 1 (January 1979):1–9. doi: 10.1086/372687CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yaşar Ocak, Ahmet.Zındıklar ve Mülhidler (17-17 Yüzyıllar). Ankara: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 1998.Google Scholar
Yamaguchi, Akhiko. “Shah Tahmasp’s Kurdish Policy,” Studia Iranica 41 (2012):101–32.Google Scholar
Yildirim, Riza. “An Ottoman Prince Wearing a Qizilbash Taj: The Enigmatic Career of Sultan Murad and Qizilbash Affairs in Ottoman Domestic Politics, 1510‒1513.” Turcica 43 (2011):91–119.Google Scholar
Yinanç, Refet.Dulkadır Beyliği. Ankara: TTK Basımevi, 1989.Google Scholar
Zarinebaf, Fariba. “Economic Activities of Safavid Women in the Shrine-City of Ardabil.” Iranian Studies 31, no. 2 (Spring 1998):47–61.Google Scholar
Zarinebaf, Fariba. “Cross-cultural Contacts in Eurasia: Persianate Art in Ottoman Istanbul.” in History and Historiography of Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Middle East: Studies in Honor of Professor John Woods, edited by Quinn, Sholeh and Pfeifer, Judith, 529–41. University of Utah Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Zarinebaf, Fariba.Crime and Punishment in Istanbul in the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zarinebaf, Fariba. “Rebels and Renegades on the Ottoman-Safavid Frontier.” In Iran Facing Others: Identity Boundaries in a Historical Perspective, ed. Amanat, Abbas and Vejdani, Farzin, 81–99. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zarinebaf, Fariba. “Asserting Military Power in a World Turned Upside Down: The Istanbul Festivals of 1582 and 1638.” In Celebration, Entertainment and Theatre in the Ottoman World, edited by Faroqhi, Suraiya and Öztürkmen, Arzu, 173–86. London: Seagull Books, 2014.Google Scholar
Zarinebaf, Fariba. “The Safavid Empire.” The Encyclopedia of Empire, ed. Mackenzie, John M., 1–5. London: Wiley, 2016.Google Scholar
Zarinebaf, Fariba.Mediterranean Encounters: Trade and Pluralism in Early Modern Galata. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zarinebaf, Fariba.“Evliya Çelebi in Azerbaijan: The Economic and Religious Landscape of a Borderland Region in the Seventeenth Century,” in Proceeding to the Conference The Latest Edition of Evliya Çelebi’s Seyahatname, edited by Vjeran Kursar. Zagreb: Srednja Europa, forthcoming.Google Scholar
Zarinebaf-Shahr, Fariba. “Tabriz under Ottoman Rule, 1725‒1730.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 1991.Google Scholar
Zarinebaf-Shahr, Fariba. “Qizilbash Heresy and Rebellion in Sixteenth Century Anatolia.” Anatolia Moderna 7 (1997):1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zarinebaf-Shahr, Fariba. “The Ottoman Administration of Shiʿi Waqfs in Azerbaijan.” In Le waqf dans le monde Musulman contemporaine (XIX‒XX siècles), edited by Bilic, Faruk, 233–6. Istanbul: IFEA, 1994.Google Scholar