Regular physical activity (PA) during adolescence has short-term (bone and mental health) and long-term (bone health, breast cancer and sedentary behaviours) health effects(Reference Hallal, Victora and Azevedo1). Furthermore, there is considerable evidence that the risk factors for chronic diseases are established during this period, influenced by adolescent lifestyle and behaviours, in which PA is included(Reference Summerbell, Waters and Edmunds2). Therefore, international health guidelines recommend adolescents to accumulate at least 60 min of moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA daily (60 min MVPA/d)(3).
Establishing healthy PA behaviours during adolescence is essential, as PA may track from adolescence to adulthood(Reference Hallal, Victora and Azevedo1). Also in later life, PA is associated with physiological and psychological health(4). However, a recent worldwide survey in adolescents revealed that only 12–42 % of 13-year-olds and 8–37 % of 15-year-olds met 60 min MVPA/d(Reference Currie, Gabhainn and Godeau5). According to objectively measured data, 4–31 % of European 9- and 15- year-olds accumulated at least 60 min MVPA/d(Reference Nilsson, Anderssen and Andersen6). Consequently, the promotion of PA has become an international public health concern. In order to develop PA interventions, it is important to know what the patterns of adolescents’ PA are.
Assessing PA in children and adolescents is complicated. Self-report instruments and movement-sensing devices are currently the most frequently used methods for PA assessment in epidemiological research(Reference Corder, Ekelund and Steele7). From a public health perspective it is important to get insight into the context, domain or place of PA participation across adolescence. The current health-related PA guidelines recommend youth to be physically active in all domains of living(3). To date, no objective method can distinguish between the different domains of PA. Questionnaires are able to do so; however, previous self-reports focused mainly on one domain, namely leisure-time structured exercise or sport participation. There is a lack of harmonized and comparable data on levels and patterns of the different PA domains in adolescence. Profound investigation of the variations in PA contexts of young people may be essential for the continued study of PA and its impact on health status(Reference Kristensen, Korsholm and Moller8). Furthermore, in order to develop and evaluate PA interventions a better understanding of the level and patterns of adolescents’ PA would be useful.
To date, some US(Reference Dunton, Whalen and Jamner9, Reference Levin, Lowry and Brown10) and Australian(Reference Olds, Wake and Patton11) large epidemiological studies contain limited information on some domains of adolescent PA. The only study providing European data on adolescent PA behaviour is the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Study (HBSC), an international study completed in thirty-four mostly European countries(Reference Janssen, Katzmarzyk and Boyce12). However, the 10- to 16-year-olds were only asked how many days in the past week and in a typical week they were physically active (cumulative activity including sports, school activities, playing with friends and walking to school) for 60 min or more. No information is available about the separate domains in which adolescents can be active. This is in contrast to the present study, which examined self-reported data in the different domains or contexts of PA behaviour of adolescents in ten European cities, collected during the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study(Reference Moreno, De Henauw and González-Gross13, Reference De Henauw, Gottrand and De Bourdeaudhuij14).
The aim was to describe patterns in the specific domains (home, school, transport, leisure time) and intensity categories (walking, moderate PA, vigorous PA) of adolescents’ self-reported PA. Evaluations were done for the whole European sample and for groups based on gender, age category (12·5–13·9 years, 14·0–14·9 years, 15·0–15·9 years, 16·0–17·5 years), weight status category (underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese) and socio-economic status (SES), namely the educational level of the adolescent’s mother and the Family Affluence Scale (FAS).
Methods
Study design
The initial motivation behind the HELENA project was to investigate adolescents’ nutritional status and lifestyle at European level, using the same methodology throughout several countries(Reference Moreno, De Henauw and González-Gross13, Reference De Henauw, Gottrand and De Bourdeaudhuij14). The basic objective of the project was to obtain standardized, reliable and comparable data from a random sample of European adolescents on a broad battery of relevant nutrition- and health-related parameters(Reference De Henauw, Gottrand and De Bourdeaudhuij14). The great advantage of the study was the strict standardization of the field work, which precludes to a great extent the kind of immeasurable confounding bias that often interferes when comparing results from isolated studies(Reference Moreno, González-Gross and Kersting15).
Male and female adolescents aged 12·5 to 17·49 years in ten European cities (see Table 1) formed the basis for the sampling selection. The recruitment was done at schools and adolescents from the first two randomly chosen classes of each school were invited to participate. A class was considered eligible if the participation rate was at least 70 %. A random cluster sampling of 3000 adolescents stratified for geographical location, age and SES was carried out. In order to ensure true representation of each of the stratified groups, the data were adjusted by a weighting factor to balance the sample according to the theoretical age distribution of the European adolescent population. More details on sampling procedures and study design can be found elsewhere(Reference Moreno, De Henauw and González-Gross13). The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of each city involved. A signed informed consent form was obtained from both the adolescents and their parents.
Sample size by gender, age category and city/country used in the weighted analyses, the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study
*Percentage values expressed in relation to the total sample.
†Percentage values expressed in relation to each age category or city.
Participants and procedure
In total, 3546 European adolescents received a PA questionnaire (the adolescent-adapted version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, IPAQ-A), whereas 3051 (86 %) completed at least 75 % of it (in the HELENA study, participants were included only if they completed at least 75 % of a test(Reference Moreno, De Henauw and González-Gross13)). The questionnaire was handed out to the adolescents during classes and was filled in immediately. The participants were allowed to ask questions to the examiners. The weighted sample size by gender, age category and city can be found in Table 1.
Measurements
International Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents
To assess PA of the last 7 d, an adolescent-adapted version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), self-administered and long version, was used. The original questionnaire was developed for adults aged 18–65 years, assessing the different domains of PA (work, transport, house and garden, leisure time). The IPAQ is known to be a valid and reliable instrument to measure PA at population level(Reference Craig, Marshall and Sjöström16). To adapt the questionnaire to our study population, questions about PA at work were replaced by questions about PA at school, namely physical education, walking, moderate and vigorous PA at school. Furthermore, the items relating to domestic and gardening PA were reduced to one question. A pilot concurrent validation study(Reference Hagströmer, Bergman and De Bourdeaudhuij17) on this instrument found significant, modest correlations (r = 0·17 to 0·30) between walking, moderate, vigorous and total PA reported in the questionnaire and PA measured by accelerometry for the older adolescents (15–17 years). No significant correlations (r = −0·07 to 0·19) could be found for the younger ones (12–14 years). After that study, the IPAQ-A and the data analyses for the accelerometers were adapted. The adjusted IPAQ-A results were compared with the accelerometer data within the HELENA sample. Significant correlations between the IPAQ-A and the Actigraph were found for the whole study sample and when stratified by age and gender (r = 0·08 to 0·26). While the time spent in moderate PA reported in the IPAQ-A was higher compared with the time measured with the accelerometer, the differences between both instruments were less clear for vigorous PA.
For the IPAQ-A, min/week were computed for PA in the different domains, in total, and for all walking, moderate and vigorous PA based on the guidelines for data processing and analysis of the IPAQ (Guidelines 2005). Furthermore, all scores were truncated at reasonable and realistic levels (see Data analysis), based on previous research(Reference Haerens, Deforche and Maes18) and on the frequencies found in the present sample.
Anthropometric measurements
Adolescents had their height and weight measured by trained researchers in a standardized way(Reference Nagy, Vicente-Rodriguez and Manios19). The weight was recorded to the nearest 0·1 kg, using an electronic scale (type SECA 861). The scale was calibrated and needed no further calibration during the study. The height of the adolescents was recorded to the nearest 0·1 cm, using a telescopic height-measuring instrument (type SECA 225). This instrument was calibrated weekly. The measurements were taken after an overnight fast. Light indoor clothing could be worn, excluding shoes, long trousers and sweaters. The BMI of the adolescents was calculated from their measured height and weight (BMI = weight divided by height squared, kg/m2). International age- and gender-specific cut-off points(Reference Cole, Bellizzi and Flegal20, Reference Cole, Flegal and Nicholls21) were used to assess BMI category (underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese).
Socio-economic status
The educational level of adolescent’s mother and the FAS were used as indicators of SES.
The educational level of their mother was reported by the adolescents. Health-related aspects are commonly affected by the mother’s level of education. Adolescents could indicate whether their mother had a lower education, lower secondary education, higher secondary education or higher education/university degree. This 4-point scale was re-coded into a 2-point scale: low (lower education and lower secondary) and high education (higher secondary and higher/university degree)(Reference Von Rueden, Gosch and Rajmil22).
The FAS index has shown to be a valid indicator of adolescents’ SES and material circumstances(Reference Currie, Molcho and Boyce23). Personal and sociodemographic variables included in this index are family car ownership, whether adolescents have their own bedroom, whether Internet is available at home, and the family’s computer ownership. The scale ranged from 0 to 8: a score of 0–3 reflects low familial wealth, 4–5 medium and 6–8 high familial wealth.
Data analysis
All analyses were conducted using the SPSS for Windows statistical software package version 15·0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and adjusted by a weighting factor to ensure true representation of each of the stratified groups. To limit unrealistic high values, the PA scores were truncated in the different domains (school: max 1800 min/week; home: max 1680 min/week; transport: max 1290 min/week; leisure time: max 1680 min/week; total PA: max 2540 min/week) as well as in the different intensity levels (max 1260 min/week for walking, moderate PA and vigorous PA, respectively). This was based on previous research with adolescent samples using a comparable questionnaire(Reference Haerens, Deforche and Maes18). School-based PA was truncated for thirty-five participants, home-based PA for thirty-six, transport-related PA for eighty-seven, leisure-time PA for 153, walking for 363, moderate PA for 328, vigorous PA for fifty-two and total PA for 377 participants. Afterwards, the skewed IPAQ-A data were log-transformed to approximate normal distributions(Reference Napolitano, Fotheringham and Tate24, Reference Rzewnicki, Auweele and De Bourdeaudhuij25). Before executing the log-transformation, zero minutes were changed to 0·1 min. Parametric analyses were performed on the log-transformed IPAQ-A data; however, the descriptive variables of the non-transformed data (mean, standard deviation, median) are shown in the Results section and tables.
The mean, standard deviation and median of the PA scores in the different domains and the intensity levels are given for the total sample, gender groups, age categories, weight status categories, educational level of the adolescent’s mother and FAS categories. To compare the different domain scores (school, home, transport, leisure time) in the total sample, a repeated-measures ANOVA test was conducted. The same test was used to compare the different intensity scores (walking, moderate PA, vigorous PA) mutually in the total sample. Afterwards, for each variable (gender, age, weight status, educational level of the mother and FAS), a multivariate ANOVA was conducted to track differences in the PA scores between groups. When between-subjects tests were significant, additional Tukey post hoc analyses were conducted to examine significant differences. An α level of P < 0·05 was used to decide upon statistical significance.
Results
The total sample reported most PA during leisure time (average about 69 min/d or 38 % of sum of all domains), less at school (48 min/d or 27 %) and during active transport (43 min/d or 24 %), and the smallest amount of PA (20 min/d or 11 %) was reported at home (F = 735·9, P < 0·001). All adolescents reported on average about 65 min/d for walking, 70 min/d for moderate PA and 32 min/d for vigorous PA. The mean, standard deviation and median (min/week) self-reported scores for the different groups based on gender, age, weight status, educational level of the adolescent’s mother and FAS are given in Table 2.
Physical activity (PA) (min/week) per domain and per intensity for groups based on gender, age category, weight status, mother’s education and Family Affluence Scale (FAS), the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study
Significant gender differences were found for self-reported school-based PA (P < 0·001), home-based PA (P < 0·001), leisure-time PA (P = 0·003), walking (P = 0·002), vigorous PA (P < 0·001) and total PA (P = 0·002). Boys reported significantly more school-based, leisure-time, vigorous and total PA than girls, while girls reported more home-based PA and walking. School-based, moderate, vigorous and total PA also differed significantly (all P < 0·001) between the various age categories. Post hoc analyses revealed that the younger groups (12·5–14·99 years) reported more PA than the older ones (P values all <0·029). Underweight adolescents reported less walking than overweight (P = 0·029) and less leisure-time PA than normal weight (P = 0·007) and overweight (P = 0·009) adolescents. Furthermore, the total amount of self-reported PA was significantly lower in obese adolescents compared with normal weight (P = 0·033) and overweight (P = 0·010) adolescents. All PA scores, except walking, transport-related and total PA, were related to the educational level of the mother. Self-reported school-based (P < 0·001), leisure-time (P < 0·001), moderate (P = 0·012) and vigorous PA (P < 0·001) showed significant but trivial differences between adolescents whose mother had a low education and those with a high education. In contrast, home-based PA was higher in adolescents whose mother had a low education (P = 0·008). The FAS was significantly associated only with self-reported walking and vigorous PA. Self-reported walking time was higher among those with low (P < 0·001) and medium (P = 0·001) familial wealth than among adolescents with high familial wealth. On the other hand, vigorous PA was reported more among adolescents with medium (P = 0·029) and high (P < 0·001) familial wealth (see Table 2).
Discussion
The present study examined the context and intensity of self-reported PA across European adolescents; also the association with gender, age, weight status and SES was examined. On average, the total sample reported 1158 (sd 776) min in PA weekly (165 min/d). Most PA was reported during leisure time and least PA was done at home, which was expected as adolescents are not very often responsible for housekeeping and gardening. Furthermore, there was only one question regarding household activities, while the other domains had several questions.
Few, if any, other studies could be found giving information about the domains of adolescent PA. Only one US study(Reference Dunton, Whalen and Jamner9) had a comparable research question and found that the most frequently reported PA contexts of adolescent exercise and walking were outdoors and at school. No valid comparisons can be made with other European studies conducted in young populations. Mean scores for walking (500 min/week, 71 min/d), moderate PA (453 min/week, 65 min/d) and vigorous PA (227 min/week, 32 min/d) are relatively high compared with the guideline of 60 min MVPA/d. A European study using the IPAQ in adults also showed rather high means for walking (600 min/week), moderate PA (319 min/week) and vigorous PA (282 min/week)(Reference Rütten, Ziemainz and Schena26). Again, no research could be found comparing the relative contribution of walking, moderate and vigorous PA in adolescents’ total PA levels. It should be noted here that the high scores could be caused by over-reporting, effected by social desirability or recall biases, a common problem of self-reports. Other important issues that could cause high scores are the failure to recall time in young people and the rounding up of time (e.g. swimming for 1 h is reported while the adolescent swam only for 30 min and changed clothes 2 × 15 min)(Reference Armstrong and Welsman27). Despite these limitations, a survey like this is valuable to determine the domain or context of PA in adolescents.
The present results on context and intensity of PA reveal that already in adolescents walking and moderate-intensity PA contribute more to total PA than vigorous PA, and that adolescents get most of their total minutes of activity during their leisure time (about 38 %) and school (about 27 %). This also shows that schools play a major role in contributing to adequate activity levels in adolescents (about 5–6 h/week) throughout Europe, and pleads for keeping the compulsory physical education lessons in most European countries and the initiatives developed to include PA in breaks, recess and after-school programmes.
As found in other studies using self-reports(Reference Currie, Gabhainn and Godeau5, Reference Olds, Wake and Patton11, Reference Tammelin, Ekelund and Remes28) or objective PA data(Reference Trost, Pate and Sallis29–Reference Pate, Freedson and Sallis31), boys in the present study were observed to be more active than girls. Similar results were found earlier in Europe(Reference Armstrong and Welsman27, Reference Pahkala, Heinonen and Lagström32). Despite the fact that boys reported a higher amount of total PA than girls, the girls in the present study reported more PA at home and more walking. Perhaps this can be explained by social structures: most of the time, adult women are more responsible for the housekeeping and do more walking activities (e.g. shopping) than men(Reference Sayer33). This is probably also true among a young population, as found too by Olds et al.(Reference Olds, Wake and Patton11).
Furthermore, our results showed that older adolescents reported less total PA than younger ones. The difference in total self-reported PA between the age categories is mostly due to school-based PA: school-based PA clearly differed between the various age categories, while PA in the other domains did not. Olds et al.(Reference Olds, Wake and Patton11) also found that free play (at school and outside school) decreased across ages in Australia. In development and evaluation of PA interventions, attention should be given to this drop in school-based PA across secondary school. The age-related decline in PA was also found in other cohort studies(Reference Currie, Gabhainn and Godeau5, Reference Armstrong and Welsman27, Reference Trost, Pate and Sallis29) and in longitudinal studies(Reference Nelson, Neumark-Stzainer and Hannan34). However, these studies often presume that especially leisure-time activities drop, while the present results suggest that the main decrease in PA with age could be related to school-based PA.
In contrast to other studies showing differences in PA between normal weight and overweight adolescents(Reference Haerens, Deforche and Maes18, Reference Steinbeck35), less clear differences were found in the present adolescents. In agreement with our findings, some other studies could not confirm a negative association between PA and body fatness(Reference Ekelund, Poortvliet and Nilsson36, Reference Katzmarzyk, Malina and Song37) or found that underweight adolescents were less likely to be physically active(Reference Levin, Lowry and Brown10).
A final variable that significantly affected adolescents’ self-reported PA was SES. First, the educational level of the mother affected some PA scores, like found by Hanson and Chen(Reference Hanson and Chen38). A second SES indicator, the FAS, showed a negative association with walking and a positive association with vigorous PA. Also a Chinese(Reference Shi, Lien and Kumar39) and an Australian(Reference Giles-Corti and Donovan40) study found associations between family SES and walking.
The present study had some limitations that need to be considered. First, few validation studies were executed with the IPAQ-A, showing low to modest correlations between PA reported in the questionnaire and PA levels based on accelerometer data(Reference Hagströmer, Bergman and De Bourdeaudhuij17). Other studies also found weak to moderate but significant associations between questionnaires and accelerometer data in adolescents(Reference McMurray, Ring and Treuth41, Reference Wong, Leatherdale and Manske42). Second, due to the cross-sectional nature of the study, no causal conclusions can be drawn. Also the results on age and PA do not reflect longitudinal trends. Although self-reported data provide information on the intensity and context of PA, as stated before, self-reported measures can be over-reported. Strengths of the present study include the large sample size, the inclusion of different countries and information on PA context and level of intensity.
To conclude, the present study provided data on the domain and intensity category of European adolescents’ self-reported PA. Differences in PA domain and intensity were found according to gender, age, weight status and SES of the adolescents. These data may provide interesting information for the development of PA interventions in adolescence. Moreover, the data may serve as baseline to evaluate the effects of PA promotion programmes, but further comparisons with objective data from the same individuals may be appropriate.
Acknowledgements
Sources of funding: The HELENA Study took place with the financial support of the European Community Sixth RTD Framework Programme (Contract FOOD-CT: 2005-007034) and the ALPHA-project in the framework of the Public Health Programme (2006120). The content of this paper reflects the authors’ views only and the European Community is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained herein. Conflict of interest declaration: There are no perceived conflicts of interest related to the research reported in the manuscript. All authors agree with the content of the manuscript and no author has interests that might be interpreted as influencing the research. Authors’ contributions: K.D.C. contributed to the conception and design, analysed the data, led the writing of the paper and wrote the manuscript, while C.O. and I.D.B. participated in designing the statistical analyses and interpretation of the data. C.O., M.S., L.A.M., J.W., J.V., Y.M., S.D., B.M., E.G.A., D.M., M.H., J.R.R., K.S., A.K., F.G., S.D.H., L.M. and I.D.B. contributed to the study conception and design, and provided feedback on the manuscript. Acknowledgements: We gratefully acknowledge all participating adolescents and their parents and teachers for their collaboration, and all members of the HELENA Study Group involved in the field work.
Appendix
The HELENA Study Group
Co-ordinator: Luis A. Moreno.
Core Group members: Luis A. Moreno, Frédéric Gottrand, Stefaan De Henauw, Marcela González-Gross, Chantal Gilbert.
Steering Committee: Anthony Kafatos (President), Luis A. Moreno, Christian Libersa, Stefaan De Henauw, Jackie Sánchez, Frédéric Gottrand, Mathilde Kersting, Michael Sjöstrom, Dénes Molnár, Marcela González-Gross, Jean Dallongeville, Chantal Gilbert, Gunnar Hall, Lea Maes, Luca Scalfi.
Project Manager: Pilar Meléndez.
Universidad de Zaragoza (Spain): Luis A. Moreno, Jesús Fleta, José A. Casajús, Gerardo Rodríguez, Concepción Tomás, María I. Mesana, Germán Vicente-Rodríguez, Adoración Villarroya, Carlos M. Gil, Ignacio Ara, Juan Revenga, Carmen Lachen, Juan Fernández Alvira, Gloria Bueno, Aurora Lázaro, Olga Bueno, Juan F. León, Jesús Mª Garagorri, Manuel Bueno, Juan Pablo Rey López, Iris Iglesia, Paula Velasco, Silvia Bel.
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Spain): Ascensión Marcos, Julia Wärnberg, Esther Nova, Sonia Gómez, Esperanza Ligia Díaz, Javier Romeo, Ana Veses, Mari Angeles Puertollano, Belén Zapatera, Tamara Pozo.
Université de Lille 2 (France): Laurent Beghin, Christian Libersa, Frédéric Gottrand, Catalina Iliescu, Juliana Von Berlepsch.
Research Institute of Child Nutrition Dortmund, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn (Germany): Mathilde Kersting, Wolfgang Sichert-Hellert, Ellen Koeppen.
Pécsi Tudományegyetem (University of Pécs) (Hungary): Dénes Molnar, Eva Erhardt, Katalin Csernus, Katalin Török, Szilvia Bokor, Mrs. Angster, Enikö Nagy, Orsolya Kovács, Judit Répasi.
University of Crete School of Medicine (Greece): Anthony Kafatos, Caroline Codrington, María Plada, Angeliki Papadaki, Katerina Sarri, Anna Viskadourou, Christos Hatzis, Michael Kiriakakis, George Tsibinos, Constantine Vardavas Manolis Sbokos, Eva Protoyeraki, Maria Fasoulaki.
Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften – Ernährungphysiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität (Germany): Peter Stehle, Klaus Pietrzik, Marcela González-Gross, Christina Breidenassel, Andre Spinneker, Jasmin Al-Tahan, Miriam Segoviano, Anke Berchtold, Christine Bierschbach, Erika Blatzheim, Adelheid Schuch, Petra Pickert.
University of Granada (Spain): Manuel J. Castillo Garzón, Ángel Gutiérrez Sáinz, Francisco B. Ortega Porcel, Jonatan Ruiz Ruiz, Enrique García Artero, Vanesa España Romero, David Jiménez Pavón, Cristóbal Sánchez Muñoz, Victor Soto, Palma Chillón, Jose M. Heredia, Virginia Aparicio, Pedro Baena, Claudia M. Cardia, Ana Carbonell.
Istituto Nazionalen di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione (Italy): Davide Arcella, Elena Azzini, Emma Barrison, Noemi Bevilacqua, Pasquale Buonocore, Giovina Catasta, Laura Censi, Donatella Ciarapica, Paola D’Acapito, Marika Ferrari, Myriam Galfo, Cinzia Le Donne, Catherine Leclercq, Giuseppe Maiani, Beatrice Mauro, Lorenza Mistura, Antonella Pasquali, Raffaela Piccinelli, Angela Polito, Raffaella Spada, Stefania Sette, Maria Zaccaria.
University of Napoli ‘Federico II’ Department of Food Science (Italy): Luca Scalfi, Paola Vitaglione, Concetta Montagnese.
Ghent University (Belgium): Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij, Stefaan De Henauw, Tineke De Vriendt, Lea Maes, Christophe Matthys, Carine Vereecken, Mieke de Maeyer, Charlene Ottevaere.
Medical University of Vienna (Austria): Kurt Widhalm, Katharina Phillipp, Sabine Dietrich, Birgit Kubelka, Marion Boriss-Riedl.
Harokopio University (Greece): Yannis Manios, Eva Grammatikaki, Zoi Bouloubasi, Tina Louisa Cook, Sofia Eleutheriou, Orsalia Consta, George Moschonis, Ioanna Katsaroli, George Kraniou, Stalo Papoutsou, Despoina Keke, Ioanna Petraki, Elena Bellou, Sofia Tanagra, Kostalenia Kallianoti, Dionysia Argyropoulou, Katerina Kondaki, Stamatoula Tsikrika, Christos Karaiskos.
Institut Pasteur de Lille (France): Jean Dallongeville, Aline Meirhaeghe.
Karolinska Institutet (Sweden): Michael Sjöstrom, Patrick Bergman, María Hagströmer, Lena Hallström, Mårten Hallberg, Eric Poortvliet, Julia Wärnberg, Nico Rizzo, Linda Beckman, Anita Hurtig Wennlöf, Emma Patterson, Lydia Kwak, Lars Cernerud, Per Tillgren, Stefaan Sörensen.
Asociación de Investigación de la Industria Agroalimentaria (Spain): Jackie Sánchez-Molero, Elena Picó, Maite Navarro, Blanca Viadel, José Enrique Carreres, Gema Merino, Rosa Sanjuán, María Lorente, María José Sánchez, Sara Castelló.
Campden & Chorleywood Food Research Association (UK): Chantal Gilbert, Sarah Thomas, Peter Burguess.
SIK – Institutet foer Livsmedel och Bioteknik (Sweden): Gunnar Hall, Annika Astrom, Anna Sverkén, Agneta Broberg.
Meurice Recherche & Development asbl (Belgium): Annick Masson, Claire Lehoux, Pascal Brabant, Philippe Pate, Laurence Fontaine.
Campden & Chorleywood Food Development Institute (Hungary): Andras Sebok, Tunde Kuti, Adrienn Hegyi.
Productos Aditivos SA (Spain): Cristina Maldonado, Ana Llorente.
Cárnicas Serrano SL (Spain): Emilio García.
Cederroth International AB (Sweden): Holger von Fircks, Marianne Lilja Hallberg, Maria Messerer.
Lantmännen Food R&D (Sweden): Mats Larsson, Helena Fredriksson, Viola Adamsson, Ingmar Börjesson.
European Food Information Council (Belgium): Laura Fernández, Laura Smillie, Josephine Wills.
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (Spain): Marcela González-Gross, Agustín Meléndez, Pedro J. Benito, Javier Calderón, David Jiménez-Pavón, Jara Valtueña, Paloma Navarro, Alejandro Urzanqui, Ulrike Albers, Raquel Pedrero, Juan José Gómez Lorente.
