A 65-year-old woman presented to the hospital with low back pain, leg weakness, and paresthesias over 1 day. 15 days prior, she tested positive for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) on nasopharyngeal swab, after 2 days of cough. On initial examination, she was afebrile with normal vital signs. Cranial nerves and upper extremities were unremarkable with no weakness. Lower extremity strength was Medical Research Council grade 4/5 throughout. Deep tendon reflexes were present except for the knees. Sensation was reduced to pain and temperature in the hands and lateral lower legs bilaterally, and vibration in the distal fingers and toes. The next day she was intubated after an aspiration event, although did not require supplemental oxygen previously and chest radiography did not show any opacity throughout hospitalization. Repeat examination revealed quadriparesis, bifacial weakness, and diffuse areflexia. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) demonstrated normal glucose with markedly elevated protein (2.50 g/L, normal 0.15–0.45 g/L) and mild pleocytosis (9 × 10⁶/L, normal < 5 × 10⁶/L) characteristic of albuminocytologic dissociation. Initial nasopharyngeal swab remained positive for COVID-19, followed by two consecutive negative tests 14 days later. CSF PCR was also negative. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated enhancement of cranial nerves (Figure 1) and caudal nerve roots (Figure 2). Nerve conduction studies performed 4 weeks after symptom onset revealed diffusely reduced motor amplitudes, prolonged distal latencies, conduction block, and temporal dispersion in ulnar, fibular, and tibial motor nerves, with absent F-waves in the lower extremities, prolonged in the upper extremities. Radial and sural sensory responses were preserved.

Figure 1:

Axial and coronal T1 post-gadolinium MRI brain showing abnormal enhancement (arrows) of the bilateral intracanalicular facial nerves (A, B) and cisternal trigeminal nerves (C, D).

Figure 2:

Sagittal T1 post-gadolinium MRI lumbar spine (A) showing smooth enhancement (arrows) of the caudal nerve roots. Axial T2-weighted (B) and T1 post-gadolinium (C) views again demonstrating nerve root enhancement throughout the cauda equina (arrows).

Nerve root enhancement of the cauda equina is seen frequently in Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS). ^{Reference Leonhard, Mandarakas and Gondim1,Reference Gorson, Ropper, Muriello and Blair2} Of 1200 patients admitted to the hospital with COVID-19 in Northern Italy over a 1 month period, 5 were diagnosed with GBS, with MRI showing enhancement of bilateral facial nerves in 1 patient and caudal nerve roots in 2. ^{Reference Toscano, Palmerini and Ravaglia3} Miller Fisher syndrome and polycranialis continua – variants of GBS with cranial nerve involvement – have also been described in association with COVID-19, ^{Reference Gutiérrez-Ortiz, Méndez-Guerrero and Rodrigo-Rey4} as has facial diplegia. ^{Reference Juliao Caamaño and Alonso Beato5} In a separate review of 37 published cases of GBS associated with COVID-19, neuroimaging was reported in less than half: facial nerve enhancement was seen in 2 patients and lumbosacral nerve root enhancement or radiculitis were seen in 4 others. ^{Reference Caress, Castoro and Simmons6} Weakness began an average of 11 days (range 3–28 days) post-COVID-19 symptom onset. ^{Reference Caress, Castoro and Simmons6} Albuminocytologic dissociation was observed in three quarters. ^{Reference Caress, Castoro and Simmons6} 33 patients were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin, and 3 with plasmapheresis, with response to therapy reported in 89%. ^{Reference Caress, Castoro and Simmons6}

Evidence of an association between GBS and COVID-19 is conflicting. ^{Reference Keddie, Pakpoor and Mousele7,Reference Filosto, Cotti Piccinelli and Gazzina8} In the United Kingdom, the incidence of GBS fell between March and May 2020 when compared to the same months in 2016–2019. ^{Reference Keddie, Pakpoor and Mousele7} In Northern Italy, the incidence was found to be 2.6 times higher in March and April 2020 compared with the same period in 2019. ^{Reference Filosto, Cotti Piccinelli and Gazzina8} It appears that GBS can rarely be associated with COVID-19. Whether this represents pure coincidence or is related to individual-specific predisposing factors remains to be determined. Several studies of CSF in COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms report negative PCR testing, suggesting an indirect mechanism ^{Reference Lucchese9} : one study of 30 patients included 2 with GBS and 1 with Miller Fisher syndrome, ^{Reference Neumann, Schmidbauer and Dimitriadis10} and another of 31 patients included 4 with polyneuropathy. ^{Reference Bellon, Schweblin and Lambeng11} This case highlights the MRI findings of facial nerve, trigeminal nerve, and lumbosacral nerve root enhancement in a patient with GBS, which may occur in association with COVID-19.