Hostname: page-component-5db58dd55d-m58mf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-07-08T09:21:38.049Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Dietary triggers in irritable bowel syndrome

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2007

Allan D. Shaw ,
Jillian L. Brooks ,
John W.T. Dickerson  and
G. Jill Davies
Allan D. Shaw
Affiliation:
Nutrition Research Centre, School of Applied Science, South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SEl OAA
Jillian L. Brooks
Affiliation:
Nutrition Research Centre, School of Applied Science, South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SEl OAA
John W.T. Dickerson
Affiliation:
Nutrition Research Centre, School of Applied Science, South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SEl OAA
G. Jill Davies
Affiliation:
Nutrition Research Centre, School of Applied Science, South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SEl OAA
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the 'Save PDF' action button.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a frequently occurring, benign functional gastrointestinal disorder with a complex poorly understood pathology which appears to be multifactorial in nature. There is no association with structural or biochemical abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract. Functional variations in myoelectrical activity, visceral hypersensitivity and illness behaviours have all been observed in patients experimentally. In conjunction with environmental, psychological and alimentary factors, these mechanisms have been proposed as the major determinants of symptom genesis. Certainly, dietary factors are frequently perceived by sufferers as powerful symptom triggers, with many reporting multiple food intolerance. Physicians, however, remain divided upon the relevance of food to the disorder, with many eschewing a nutritional connection. This is unsurprising as, despite much experimental work to determine the clinical relevance of food intolerance and allergy to the aetiology of the disorder, the vast range of foodstuffs available for testing, inherent procedural problems with test foods, methodological insufficiencies and the continually evolving knowledge of the disorder, particularly the subgrouping of sufferers, have restricted the scientific validity of current findings. At the present time, it is difficult to make informed judgement upon the importance of food in IBS, and rigorously designed, large scale trials devised in the light of recent knowledge are required before conclusions can be drawn.

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Nutrition Research Reviews , Volume 11 , Issue 2 , December 1998 , pp. 279 - 309
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1998

References

Achord, J. (1979). Irritable bowel syndrome and dietary fiber. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 75, 452–453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Addolorato, G., Capristo, E., Stefanini, G. F. & Gasbarrini, G. (1997). Inflammatory bowel disease: a study of the association between anxiety and depression, physical morbidity, and nutritional status. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 32, 1013–1021.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Addolorato, G., Gasbarrini, G., Marsigli, L. & Stefanini, G. G. (1996). Irritable bowel syndrome and food allergy: an association via anxiety-depression? Gastroenterology 111, 833–834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alun-Jones, V., McLaughlan, P., Shorthouse, M., Workman, E. & Hunter, J. O. (1982). Food intolerance, a major factor in the pathogenesis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Lancet ii, 1115–1117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alun-Jones, V., Shorthouse, M., Workman, E. & Hunter, J. O. (1983). Food intolerance and the irritable bowel. Lancet ii, 633–634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alun-Jones, V., Wilson, A. J., Hunter, J. O. & Robinson, R. E. (1984). The aetiological role of antibiotic prophylaxis with hysterectomy in irritable bowel syndrome. Journul of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 5, S22–S23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balsari, A., Ceccarelli, A., Dubini, F., Fesce, E. & Poli, G. (1992). The faecal microbial population in the irritable bowel syndrome. Microbiologica 5, 185–194.Google Scholar
Barau, E. & Dupont, C. (1990). Modifications of intestinal permeability during food provocation procedures in pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 11, 72–77.Google ScholarPubMed
Barbara, L., Baldi, F. & Longanesi, A. (1991). Pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome. Italian Journal of Gastroenterology 23, 35–38.Google ScholarPubMed
Bass, C. (1986). Life events and gastrointestinal symptoms. Gut 27, 123–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Battle, W. M., Cohen, S. & Snape, W. J. (1980). Inhibition of postprandial colonic motility after ingestion of an amino acid mixture. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 25, 647–652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauer, F. E., Bittner, R. & Hampel, K. E. (1983). [Crohn's disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract]. Medizinische Welt 34, 67–69.Google ScholarPubMed
Bearcroft, C. P., Perrett, D. & Farthing, M. J. G. (1998). Postprandial plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine in diarrhoea predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot study. Gut 42, 42–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bengtsson, U., Hanson, L. A. & Ahlstedt, S. (1996). Survey of gastrointestinal reactions to foods in adults in relation to atopy, presence of mucus in the stools, swelling of joints and arthralgia in patients with gastrointestinal reactions to foods. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 26, 1387–1394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, E. J., Piesse, C., Palmer, K., Badcock, C.-A., Tennant, C. C. & Kellow, J. E. (1998). Functional gastrointestinal disorders: psychological, social and somatic features. Gut 42, 414–420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bentley, S. J., Pearson, D. J. & Rix, K. J. B. (1983). Food hypersensitivity in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Lancet ii, 295–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besterman, H. S., Sarson, D. L., Rambaud, J. C., Stewart, J. S., Guerin, S. & Bloom, S. R. (1981). Gut hormone responses in the Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Digestion 21, 219–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bindslev-Jensen, C. (1998). Food allergy. British Medical Journal 316, 1299–1302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birtwhistle, S. (1983). Food intolerance and the irritable bowel (reply). Lancet ii, 633.Google Scholar
Bockus, H. L., Bank, J. & Wilkinson, S. A. (1928). Neurogenic mucous colitis. American Journal of Medical Science 176, 813–829.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolin, T. D., Davis, A. E. & Duncombe, V. M. (1982). A prospective study of persistent diarrhoea. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 12, 22–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradley, H. K., Wyatt, G. M., Bayliss, C. E. & Hunter, J. O. (1987). Instability in the faecal flora of a patient suffering from food-related Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Journal of Medical Microbiology 23, 29–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bueno, L., Fioramonti, J., Delvaux, M. & Frexinos, J. (1997). Mediators and pharmacological sensitivity: from basic to clinical investigations. Gastroenterology 112, 1714–1743.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burgio, G. R., Flatz, G., Barbera, C., Patané, R., Boner, A., Cajozzo, C. & Flatz, S. D. (1984). Prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption and awareness of milk intolerance in Italy. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 39, 100–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Camilleri, M. & Choi, M. G. (1997). Review article. Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 11, 3–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canada Department of National Health and Welfare (1973). In Nutrition Canada National Survey. Nutrition: A Narional Priority. Ottawa: Canada Department of National Health and Welfare.Google Scholar
Cann, P. A., Read, N. W., Cammack, J., Childs, H., Holden, S., Kashman, R., Longmore, J., Nix, S., Simms, N., Swallow, K. & Weller, J. (1983). Psychological stress and the passage of a standard meal through the stomach and small intestine in man. Gut 24, 236–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cann, P. A., Read, N. W. & Holdsworth, C. D. (1984). What is the benefit of coarse wheat bran in Irritable Bowel Syndrome? Gut 25, 168–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carini, C., & Brostoff, J. & Wraith, D. G. (1987). IgE complexes in food allergy. Annals of Allergy 59 110–117.Google ScholarPubMed
Chadwick, V.S., Maton, P.N. & Selden, A.C. (1982). Gallbladder contraction: hormonal regulation. In Bile Acids in Gastroenterology, p. 153. Lancaster: MTP Press.Google Scholar
Chakraborti, S. K., Dey, B. K., Ghosh, N., Chaudhury, A. N. & Mazumder, D. N. G. (1996). Objective evaluation of psychological abnormality in irritable bowel syndrome. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology 15, 43–45.Google ScholarPubMed
Chalmers, F. W., Clayton, M. M., Gates, L. O., Tucker, R. E., Wertz, A. W., Young, C. M. & Foster, W. D. (1952). The dietary record-how many and which days? Journal of the American Dietetic Association 28, 711–717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, L. (1996). Evolving therapies for functional colonic disorders. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 12. 32–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaudhury, N. A. & Truelove, S. C. (1960). Human colonic motility: a comparative study of normal subjects, patients with ulcerative colitis and patients with the irritable colon syndrome. III. Effects of emotions. Gastroenterology 40, 7–36.Google Scholar
Chaudhury, N. A. & Truelove, S. C. (1962). The Irritable Colon Syndrome: a study of the clinical features, predisposing causes and prognosis in 130 cases. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 31. 307–322.Google Scholar
Christensen, L. & Somers, S. (1995). Comparison of nutrient intake among depressed and nondepressed individuals. International Journal of Eating Disorders 20, 105–109.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colwell, L. J., Prather, C. M., Phillips, S. F. & Zinsmeister, A. R. (1998). Effects of an irritable bowel syndrome educational class on health-promoting behaviors and symptoms. American Journal of Gastroenterology 93, 901–905.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coremans, G., Dapoigny, M., Muller-Lissner, S., Pace, F., Smout, A., Stockbrugger, R. W. & Whorwell, P. J. (1995). Diagnostic procedures in the irritable bowel syndrome. Digestion 56, 76–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coxe, M. (1998). Irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet 351, 673–674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Creed, F. (1994). Irritable bowel or irritable mind? Psychological treatment is essential for some. British Medical Journal 309, 1647–1648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowell, M. D., Cheskin, L. J. & Musial, F. (1994). Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in obese and normal weight binge eaters. American Journal of Gastroenterology 89, 387–391.Google ScholarPubMed
DaCosta, J. M. (1871). Membranous enteritis. American Journal of Medical Sociology 62, 321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalvit, S. P. (1981). The effect of the menstrual cycle on patterns of food intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34, 1811–1815.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, G. J., Crowder, M., Reid, B. & Dickerson, J. W. T. (1986). Bowel function measurements of individuals with different eating patterns. Gut 27, 164–169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dawson, A. M. (1994). The Irritable Bowel. Practitioner 228, 797–800.Google Scholar
Debry, G. & Drouin, P. (1976). Diet in functional disorders of the colon. Progress in Food and Nutrition Science 2, 1–10.Google ScholarPubMed
Dotevall, G. (1985 a). In Stress and Common Gastrointestinal Disorders: a comprehensive approach, p.97 [Dotevall, G, editor]. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Dotevall, G. (1985 b). In Stress and Common Gastrointestinal Disorders: a comprehensive approach, p.123 [Dotevall, G, editor]. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Drossman, D. A. (1996). Gastrointestinal illness and the biopsychosocial model. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 22, 252–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drossman, D. A., Powell, D. W. & Sessions, J. T. (1977). Clinical Gastroenterology conference. The Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gastroenterology 73, 811–812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drossman, D.A., Sandler, R.S., McKee, D.C. & Lovity, A.J. (1982). Bowel patterns among subjects not seeking health care. Use of a questionnaire to identify a population with bowel dysfunction. Gastroenterology 83, 529–534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drossman, D. A., Thompson, W. G., Talley, N. J., Funch-Jensen, P., Janssens, J. & Whitehead, W. E. (1990). Identification of sub-groups of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology International 3, 159–172.Google Scholar
Drossman, D.A., Whitehead, W.E. & Camilleri, M. (1997). Irritable Bowel Syndrome: a technical review for practice guidelines. Gastroenterology 112, 2120–2137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egger, J. (1997). Food, brain and behaviour: hyperkinetic syndrome. Journal of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine 7, 353–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egger, J., Carter, C. M., Wilson, J., Turner, M. W. & Soothill, J. F. (1983). Is migraine food allergy? A double-blind controlled trial of oligoantigenic diet treatment. Lancet ii. 865–868.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enck, P., Holtkötter, B., Whitehead, W. E., Schuster, M. M. & Wienbeck, M. (1989) [Clinical symptoms, psychopathology and intestinal motility in patients with ‘irritable bowel’.] Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie 27, 357–361.Google ScholarPubMed
Enck, P., Kremer, A., Kuhlbusch, R., Niderau, C., Erckenbrecht, J. F. & Berges, W. (1990). Prevalence of lactose malabsorption among patients with functional bowel disorders. Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie 28, 239–241.Google ScholarPubMed
Enck, P., Steckler, I., Whitehead, W. E., Tucker, H. & Schuster, M. M. (1984). Lactose intolerance versus Irritable Bowel Syndrome: physiological and psychological comparison. Gastroenterology 86, 1070.Google Scholar
Engell, D., Bordi, P., Borja, M., Lambert, C. & Rolls, B. (1998). Effects of information about fat content on food preferences in pre-adolescent children. Appetite 30, 269–282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eusufzai, S. (1995). Bile acid malabsorption: mechanisms and transport. Digestive Diseases 13, 312–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Everhart, J. E. & Renault, P. F. (1991). Irritable bowel syndrome in office-based practice in the United States. Gastroenterology 100, 998–1005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farah, D. A., Calder, I., Benson, L. & MacKenzie, J. F. (1985). Specific food intolerance: its place as a cause of gastrointestinal symptoms. Gut 26, 164–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farthing, M. J. G. (1995). Treatment of the Irritable Bowel Syndrome: food intolerance may play a part (reply). British Medical Journal 310, 1067.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, A., Sircus, W. & Eastwood, M. A. (1977). Frequency of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Lancet i, 1062–1064.Google Scholar
Fielding, J. F. (1977 a). A year in out-patients with the irritable bowel syndrome. Irish Journal of Medical Science 146. 162–166.Google Scholar
Fielding, J. F. (1977 b). The Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Clinics in Gastroenterology 6, 607–622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Floch, M. H. (1988). The Irritable Bowel Syndrome: the possible link between dietary fiber deficiency and disturbed intestinal motility. American Journal of Gastroenterology 83, 963–964.Google ScholarPubMed
Flynn, M., Darby, C., Hammond, P. & Taylor, I. (1979). Relationship between faecal bile acid excretion and myoelectrical activity in the irritable colon syndrome. Gut 20, A946.Google Scholar
Fossey, M. D. & Lydiard, R. B. (1990). Anxiety and the gastrointestinal system. Psychiatric Medicine 8, 175–186.Google ScholarPubMed
Fowlie, S., Eastwood, M. A. & Ford, M. I. (1992). Irritable Bowel Syndrome: the influence of psychological factors on the symptom complex. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 36, 169–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Francis, C. Y. & Whorwell, P. J. (1994). Bran and the irritable bowel syndrome-time for reappraisal? Lancet 344, 39–40.Google Scholar
Friedman, G. (1991). Diet and the Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 20, 313–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fry, J. (1985). Functional disorders. In Common Diseases: their nature, incidence and care, p.207 [Fry, J., editor]. Lancaster: MTP Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallo, C., Vighi, G., Pelligrini, M. P. & Ortolani, C. (1996). Irritable bowel: a food allergy? Monographs in Allergy 32, 198–203.Google ScholarPubMed
Gee, M. I., Grace, M. G. A., Wensel, R. H., Sherbaniuk, R. W. & Thomson, A. B. R. (1985). Nutritional status of gastroenterology outpatients: comparison of inflammatory bowel disease with functional disorders. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 12, 1591–1599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerrard, J. W. (1984). Food intolerance. Lancet ii, 413.Google Scholar
Gertner, D. & Powell-Tuck, J. (1994). Irritable Bowel Syndrome and food intolerance. Practitioner 238, 499–504.Google ScholarPubMed
Gorard, D. A., Libby, G. W. & Farthing, M. J. G. (1994). Ambulatory small intestinal motility in diarrhoea predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gut 35, 203–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordon, H., Lewis, B., Eales, L. & Brock, J. F. (1956). Effect of different dietary fats on the faecal end products of cholesterol metabolism. Nature 180, 993–994.Google Scholar
Grimes, D. S. (1976). Refined carbohydrate, smooth-muscle spasm and diseases of the colon. Lancet i, 395–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gudmand-Hoyer, E. (1994). The clinical significance of disaccharide maldigestion. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59, 735S–741S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gutiérrez, J. G., Chey, W. Y. & Dinoso, V. P. (1974). Actions of cholecystokinin and secretin on the motor activity of the small intestine in man. Gastroenterology 67, 35–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gwee, K.A. (1996). Irritable Bowel Syndrome: psychology, biology and warfare between false dichotomies. Lancet 347, 1267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gwee, K. A., Graham, J. C., McKendrick, M. W., Collins, S. M., Marshall, J. S., Walters, S. J. & Read, N. W. (1996). Psychometric scores and persistence of Irritable Bowel after infectious diarrhoea. Lancet 347, 150–155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hahn, B. A., Saunders, W. B. & Maier, W. C. (1997). Differences between individuals with self-reported irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and IBS-like symptoms. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 42, 2585–2590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamdorf, J. M., Ingram, D. M., Sallie, R. J. & Hoffman, N. E. (1988). The motility of the colon in irritable bowel syndrome. Hepatogastroenterology 35, 208.Google Scholar
Harvey, R. F. & Read, A. E. (1973). Effect of cholecystokinin on colonic motility and symptoms in patients with the Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Lancet i, 1–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawthorne, B., Lambert, S., Scott, D. & Scott, B. (1991). Food intolerance and the Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 3, 19–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, P. (1991). It is not what you eat but how you eat it: digestion, lifestyle, nutrition. Nutrition 7, 385–395.Google ScholarPubMed
Hillman, L. C., Stace, N. H., Fisher, A. & Pomare, E. W. (1982). Dietary intakes and stool characteristics of patients with the Irritable Bowel Syndrome. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 36, 626–629.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hislop, I. G. (1971). Psychological significance of the irritable colon syndrome. Gut 12, 452–457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hochstrasser, B. & Angst, J. (1996). The Zurich study. XXII. Epidemiology of gastrointestinal complaints and comorbidity with anxiety and depression. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 246, 261–272CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holdstock, D. J. & Misiewicz, J. J. (1970). Factors controlling colonic motility: colonic pressures and transit after meals in patients with gastrectomy, pernicious anaemia or duodenal ulcer. Gut 11, 100–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horwitz, A. & Raskin-White, H. (1987). Gender-role orientations and styles of pathology among adolescents. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 28, 158–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hotopf, M., Carr, S., Mayou, R., Wadsworth, M. & Wessley, S. (1998). Why do children have chronic abdominal pain, and what happens to them when they grow up? Population based cohort study. Brirish Medical Journal 316, 1196–1200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Houghton, L. A., Heyman, D. I. & Whorwell, P. J. (1996). Symptomatology, quality of life and economic features of irritable bowel syndrome—the effect of hypnotherapy. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 11, 553–559.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. O. (1985). Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 44, 141–143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunter, J O. (1991). Hypothesis: Food allergy—or enterometabolic disorder? Lancet 338, 495–496.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. O. (1998). The dietary management of the irritable bowel syndrome. Carbohydrates 8, 1–3.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. O. & Alun-Jones, V. (1985). Studies on the pathogenesis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome produced by food intolerance. In pp. 185–190 [Read, N.W., editor]. New York: Grune and StrattonGoogle Scholar
Hunter, J. O., Workman, E. & Alun-Jones, V. (1985). The role of diet in the management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. In Topics in Gastroenterology, pp. 305–313 [Gibson, P.R. & Jewell, D.P., editors]. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.Google Scholar
Hurson, M. & Corish, C. (1997). Evaluation of lifestyle, food consumption and nutrient intake patterns among Irish teenagers. Irish Journal of Medical Science 166, 225–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarrett, M., Heitkemper, M. M., Bond, E. F. & Georges, J. (1994). Comparison of diet composition in women with and without functional bowel disorder. Gastroenterology Nursing 6, 253–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennison, K. M. (1992). The impact of stressful life events and social support on drinking among older adults: a general population survey. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 35, 9–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jepsen, J. M., Skoubo-Kristensen, E. & Elsborg, L. (1989). Rectosigmoid motility response to sham feeding in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Evidence of a cephalic phase. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 24, 53–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnsen, R., Jacobsen, B. K. & Forde, O. H. (1986). Associations between symptoms of irritable colon and psychological and social conditions and lifestyle. British Medical Journal 292, 1633–1635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, R. H. (1996). Clinical economics review: gastrointestinal disease in primary care. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 10, 233–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karaus, M. & Muller-Lissner, S. A. (1993). Motility and lower gut symptoms. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 5, 990–998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katschinski, M., Lederer, P., Ellermann, A., Ganzleben, R., Lux, G. & Arnold, R. (1990). Myoelectric and manometric patterns of human rectosigmoid colon in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and diverticulosis. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 25, 761–768.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellow, J. E., Eckersley, G. M. & Jones, M. (1992). Enteric and central contributions to intestinal dysmotility in irritable bowel syndrome. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 37, 168–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kellow, J. E., Miller, L. J., Phillips, S. F., Zinsmeister, A. R. & Charboneau, J. W. (1987). Altered sensitivity of the gallbladder to cholecystokinin-octapeptide in irritable bowel syndrome. American Journal of Physiology 253, G650–655.Google ScholarPubMed
Kellow, J. E. & Phillips, S. F. (1987). Small bowel motility in Irritable Bowel Syndrome is correlated with symptoms. Gastroenterology 92, 1885–1892.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kellow, J. E., Phillips, S. F., Miller, L. J. & Zinsmeister, A. R. (1988). Dysmotility of the small intestine in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gut 29, 1236–1243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, E.C. & Dundon, M. (1998). Medical and psychological aspects of irritable bowel syndrome. Lippincott's Primary Care Practice 2, 329–340.Google ScholarPubMed
King, T. S., Elia, M. & Hunter, J. O. (1997). Rapid colonic fermentation associated with symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is corrected by exclusion diet. Gastroenterology 112, A761.Google Scholar
King, T.S. & Hunter, J.O. (1996). Anxiety and the Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Lancet 347, 617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, T. S. & Hunter, J. O. (1997). Quality of life in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): does it improve with resolution of symptoms? Gastroenterology 112, A761.Google Scholar
Kirkmayer, L. J. & Robbins, J. M. (1996). ‘Patients who somatize in primary care: a longitudinal study of cognitive and social characteristics.’ Psychological Medicine 26, 937–951.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krahn, D., Kurth, C., Nairn, K., Redmond, L., Drewnowski, A. & Gomberg, E. (1996). Dieting severity and gastrointestinal symptoms in college women. Journal of American College Health 45, 67–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumar, D., Pfeffer, J. & Wingate, D. L. (1990). Role of psychosocial factors in the irritable bowel syndrome. Digestion 45, 80–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Latimer, P., Sama, S., Campbell, D., Latimer, M., Waterfall, W. & Daniel, E. E. (1981). Colonic motor and myoelectrical activity: a comparative study of normal subjects, psychoneurotic patients and patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gastroenterology 80, 893–901.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lessof, M. H., Wraith, D. G., Merrett, T. G., Merrett, J. & Buisseret, P. D. (1980). Food allergy and intolerance in 100 patients – local and systemic effects. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 195, 259–271.Google Scholar
Lewis, P. J. (1995). Treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome: food intolerance may play a part. Lancet 310, 1067.Google ScholarPubMed
Lichtenstein, A. H., Kennedy, E., Barrier, P., Danford, D., Ernst, N. D., Grundy, S. M., Leveille, G. A., Van Horn, L., Williams, C. L. & Booth, S. L. (1998). Dietary fat consumption and health. Nutrition Reviews 56, S3–S19.Google Scholar
Lisker, R., Solomons, N. W., Perez Briceno, R. & Ramirez Mata, M. (1989). Lactase and placebo in the management of the irritable bowel syndrome: a double-blind, cross-over study. American Journal of Gastroenterology 84, 756–762.Google ScholarPubMed
Longstreth, G. F. & Wolde-Tsadik, G. (1993). Irritable bowel-type symptoms in HMO examinees: prevalence, demographics, and clinical correlates. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 38, 1581–1589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lovibond, P. F. & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the Beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behavior Research and Therapy 33, 335–343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lucey, M. R., Clark, M. L., Lowndes, J. O. & Dawson, A. M. (1987). Is bran efficacious in Irrtable Bowel Syndrome? A double-blind placebo controlled crossover study. Gut 28, 221–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McEvoy, R. (1989). Bowel-flora alteration: a potential cure for inflammatory bowel disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome? Medical Journal of Australia 151, 612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macht, M. (1996). Effects of high-and low-energy meals on hunger, physiological processes and reactions to emotional stress. Appetite 26, 71–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKee, A. M., Prior, A. & Whorwell, P. J. (1987). Exclusion diets in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: are they worthwhile? Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 9, 526–528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKendrick, M. W. & Read, N. W. (1994). Irritable Bowel Syndromem – post salmonella infection. Journal of Infection 29, 1–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McRae, S., Younger, K., Thompson, D. G. & Wingate, D. L. (1982). Sustained mental stress alters human jejunal motor activity. Gut 23, 404–409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manning, A. P., Thompson, W. G., Heaton, K. W. & Morris, A. F. (1978). Towards positive diagnosis of the Irritable Bowel Syndrome. British Medical Journal ii, 653–654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maxton, D. G., Morris, J. A. & Whorwell, P. J. (1989). Ranking of symptoms by patients with the irritable bowel syndrome. British Medical Journal 299, 1138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mechanic, D. (1976). Sex, illness behavior and the use of health services. Journal of Human Stress 2, 29–40.Google Scholar
Mekhjian, H. S., Phillips, S. F. & Hoffman, A.F. (1971). Colonic secretion of water and electrolytes induced by bile acids: perfusion studies in man. Journal of Clinical Investigation 50, 1569–1577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendall, M. A. & Kumar, D. (1998). Antibiotic use, childhood affluence and irritable bowel syndrome. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 10, 59–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meshkinpour, H., Dinoso, V.P. & Lober, S. H. (1974). Effect of intra-duodenal administration of essential amino acids and sodium oleate on motor activity of the sigmoid colon. Gastroenterology 66, 373–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Middleton, S. J., Coley, A. & Hunter, J. O. (1992). The role of faecal Candida albicans in the pathogenesis of food-intolerant irritable bowel. Postgraduate Medical Journal 68, 453–454.Google Scholar
Mills, N. (1986). Depression and food intolerance: a single case study. Human Nutrition: Applied Nutrition 40, 141–145.Google Scholar
Millstone, E. (1997). Adverse reactions to food additives: the extent and severity of the problem. Journal of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine 7, 323–332.Google Scholar
Misra, S. P., Thorat, V. K., Sachdev, G. K. & Anand, B. S. (1989). Long-term treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: results of a randomised control trial. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 73. 931–939.Google Scholar
Mitchell, C. M. & Drossman, D. A. (1987). Survey of the AGA membership relating to patients with functional gastrointestinal disorder. Gastroenterology 92, 1282–1284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris-Yates, M., Talley, N. J., Boyce, P. M., Nandurkar, S. & Andrews, G. (1998). Evidence of a genetic contribution to functional bowel disorder. American Journal of Gastroenterology 93, 1311–1317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mortensen, P. B. & Clausen, M. R. (1996). Short-chain fatty acids in the human colon: relation to gastrointestinal health and disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 216, 132–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nanda, R., James, R., Smith, H., Dupley, C.R.K. & Jewell, D.P. (1989). Food intolerance and the Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gut 30, 1099–1104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Narducci, F., Snape, W. J., Battle, W. M., London, R. L. & Cohen, S. (1985). Increased colonic motility during exposure to a stressful situation. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 30, 40–44.Google Scholar
Neal, K. R., Hebden, J. & Spiller, R. (1997 a). Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms six months after bacterial gastroenteritis and risk factors for development of the Irritable Bowel Syndrome: postal survey of patients. British Medical Journal 314, 779–782.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neal, K. R., Hebden, J. & Spiller, R. (1997 b). Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms after bacterial gastroenteritis. Author's reply. Brirish Medical Journal 314, 1903.Google Scholar
Newcomer, A. D. & McGill, D. B. (1983). Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Role of lactase deficiency. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 58, 339–341.Google ScholarPubMed
Niaz, S.K., Sandrasegaran, K., Renny, F.H. & Jones, B.J. (1997). Post-infective diarrhoea and bile acid malabsorption. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians 31, 53–56.Google Scholar
Niderau, C., Faber, S. & Karus, M. (1992). Cholecystokinin's role in regulation of motility in health and Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gastroenterology 102, 1889–1898.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ninan, T. K. & Russell, G. (1992). Respiratory symptoms and atopy in Aberdeen school children: two surveys 25 years apart. Brirish Medical Journal 304, 873–875.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oettle, G. J. (1991). Effect of moderate exercise on bowel habit. Gut 32, 941–944.Google Scholar
Painter, N. S. (1972). Irritable or irritated bowel? Lancet 2, 46.Google ScholarPubMed
Parker, T. J., Naylor, S. J., Riordan, A. M. & Hunter, J. O. (1995). Management of patients with food intolerance in irritable bowel syndrome: the development and use of an exclusion diet. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 8, 159–166.Google Scholar
Patrick, D. L., Drossman, D. A., Frederick, I. O., DiCesare, J. & Puder, K. L. (1998). Quality of life in persons with irritable bowel syndrome: development and validation of a new measure. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 43, 400–411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paulley, J.W. (1984). The psychological management of the irritable colon. Hepatogastroenterology 30, 53–54.Google Scholar
Pearson, D. J. (1986). Pseudo food allergy. British Medical Journal 292, 221–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearson, D. J., Rix, K. B. & Bentley, S. J. (1983). Food allergy: how much is in the mind? A clinical and psychiatric study of suspected food allergy. Lancet 1, 1259–1261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersdorf, R. F., Adams, R. D., Braunwald, E. et al. (1983). In Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine [Petersdotf, R.F. et al. , editors]. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Petitpierre, M., Gumowski, P. & Girard, J. P. (1985). Irritable Bowel Syndrome and food allergy. Annals of Allergy 54, 538–540.Google Scholar
Phillips, S. F. (1972). Diarrhea: a current view of the pathophysiology. Gastroenterology 63, 495–518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, S. F., Talley, N. J. & Camilleri, M. (1992). The Irritable Bowel Syndrome. In Motility Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract, pp. 299–326 [Anuras, S, editor]. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Pollard, T.M., Steptoe, A., Canaan, L., Davies, G.J. & Wardle, J. (1995). Effects of academic stress on eating behaviour and blood lipid levels. International Journal of Behavioural Medicine 2, 299–320.Google ScholarPubMed
Probert, C. S. J., Emmett, P. M. & Heaton, K. W. (1995). Some determinants of whole-gut transit time: a population-based study. QJM: Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians 88, 311–315.Google ScholarPubMed
Ragnarsson, G. & Bodemar, G. (1998). Pain is temporally related to eating but not to defaecation in the irritable bowel syndrome: patients descriptions of diarrhoea and constipation and symptom variation during a prospective 6-week study. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 10, 415–421.Google Scholar
Read, N.W. (1990). Functional gastrointestinal disorders: building castles in the air. Gastroenterology International 3, 182–183.Google Scholar
Read, N. W. (1994). Irritable Bowel Syndrome: overview. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 6, 457–459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reddy, B. S. & Wynder, E. L. (1977). Metabolic epidemiology of colon cancer: faecal bile acids and neutral steroids in colon cancer patients and patients with adenomatous polyps. Cancer 39, 2533–2539.Google Scholar
Rees, G. A., Davies, G. J., Parker, M. & Trevan, M. (1994 a). Gastrointestinal symptoms and diet of members of an Irritable Bowel Syndrome self-help group. Journal of the Royal Society of Health 114, 182–187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rees, G. A., Trevan, M. & Davies, G. J. (1994 b). Dietary fibre modification and the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome – a review. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 7, 178–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rippere, V. (1983). Food allergy: how much is in the mind? Lancet ii, 45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rix, K. J. B., Pearson, D. J. & Bentley, S. J. (1984). A psychiatric study of patients with supposed food allergy. British Journal of Psychiatry 145, 121–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, J. & Misiewicz, J. J. (1988 a). Increased intraluminal pressures and activity in the sigmoid colon of patients with the Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Hepatogastroenterology 35, 209–210.Google Scholar
Rogers, J. & Misiewicz, J. J. (1988 b). Relationship between transit and motility of the sigmoid colon in normals. Hepatogastroenterology 35, 209.Google Scholar
Royal College of Physicians (1984). Food intolerance and food aversion. Journal of the Royal College of Physician 18, 83–123.Google Scholar
Ryan, W. A., Fielding, J. F. & Kelly, M. G. (1983). Personality and the irritable bowel syndrome. Irish Medical Journal 76, 140–141.Google Scholar
Sandler, R. S., Drossman, D. A., Nathan, H. P. & McKee, D. H. (1984). Symptom complaints and health care seeking behaviour in subjects with bowel dysfunction. Gastroenterology 87, 314–318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarna, S., Latimer, P., Campbell, D. & Waterfall, W. E. (1982). Effect of stress, meal and neostigmine on rectosigmoid electrical control activity (ECA) in normals and in Irritable Bowel Syndrome patients. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 27, 582–591.Google Scholar
Schmidt, M. & Floch, M. H. (1992). Food hypersensitivity and the irritable bowel syndrome. American Journal of Gastroenterology 87, 18–19.Google Scholar
Scott, A. M., Kellow, J. E., Eckersley, G. M., Nolan, J. M. & Jones, M. P. (1992). Cigarette smoking and nicotine delay postprandial mouth-cecum transit time. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 37, 1544–1547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Segal, I. & Hunt, J. A. (1975). The Irritable Bowel Syndrome in the urban South African negro. South African Medical Journal 49, 1645–1646.Google ScholarPubMed
Segal, I. & Walker, A. R. P. (1984). The Irritable Bowel Syndrome in the black community. South African Medical Journal 64, 885–886.Google Scholar
Sharma, M. P. & Chawla, Y. (1983). Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 31, 163–166.Google Scholar
Sjölund, K. & Ekman, R. (1987). Are gut peptides responsible for the Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)? Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology Suppl. 130, 15–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sjölund, K., & Ekman, R., Lindgren, S. & Rehfeld, J. F. (1996). Disturbed motilin and cholecystokinin release in the Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 31, 1110–1114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Small, P. K., Loudon, A., Hau, C. M., Noor, N. & Campbell, F. C. (1997). Large-scale ambulatory study of postprandial jejunal motility in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 32, 39–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, M. A., Youngs, G. R., Barnes, R. M. R. & Finn, R. (1985 a). Food intolerance and atopic status in the Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Gut 26, A572.Google Scholar
Smith, M. A., Youngs, G. R. & Finn, R. (1985 b). Food intolerance, atopy and Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Lancet ii, 1064.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snape, W. J., Matarazzo, S. A. & Cohen, S. (1978). Effect of eating and gastrointestinal hormones on human colonic myoelectrical and motor activity. Gastroenterology 75, 373–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snape, W. J., Wright, S. H., Battle, W. M. & Cohen, S. (1979). The gastrocolic response: evidence for a neural mechanism. Gastroenterology 77, 1235–1240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Song, J. Y., Merskey, H., Sullivan, S. & Noh, S. (1993). Anxiety and depression in patients with abdominal bloating. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 38, 475–478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spiller, R. C. (1994). Irritable bowel or irritable mind? Medical treatment works for those with clear diagnosis. British Medical Journal 309, 1646–1647.Google Scholar
Spiller, R. C. (1997). Postinfective bowel dysfunction. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 13, 85–89.Google Scholar
Steptoe, A., Wardle, J., Pollard, T. M., Canaan, L. & Davies, G. J. (1996). Stress, social support and health-related behavior: a study of smoking, alcohol consumption and physical exercise. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 41, 171–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sullivan, G., Blewett, A. E., Jenkins, P. L. & Allison, M. C. (1997). Eating attitudes and the Irritable Bowel Syndrome. General Hospital Psychiatry 9, 62–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, M. A., Cohen, M. D. & Snape, W. J. (1978). Colonic myoelectrical activity in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 298, 878–883.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Talley, N. J., Boyce, P. & Owen, B. K. (1995 a). Psychological distress and seasonal symptom changes in irritable bowel syndrome. American Journal of Gastroenterology 90, 2115–2119.Google ScholarPubMed
Talley, N. J., Weaver, A. L., Zinsmeister, A. R. & Melton, L. J. (1992). Onset and disappearance of gastrointestinal symptoms and functional gastrointestinal disorders. American Journal of Epidemiology 136, 165–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Talley, N. J., Zinsmeister, A. R. & Melton, L. J. (1995 b). Irritable Bowel Syndrome in a community: symptom subgroups, risk factors and health care utilization. American Journal of Epidemiology 142, 76–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamm, A. (1994). Management of lactose intolerance. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology Suppl. 202, 55–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, D. G., Richelson, E. & Malagelada, J.-R. (1983). Perturbation of upper gastrointestinal function by cold stress. Gut 24, 277–283.Google Scholar
Thompson, D. G., Wingate, D. L., Archer, L., Benson, M. J., Green, W. J. & Hardy, R. J. (1980). Normal patterns of huan upper small bowel motor activity recorded by prolonged radiotelemetry. Gut 21, 500–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, W. G. (1989). In Gut Reactions: understanding symptoms of the digestive tract, pp. 42–51 [Thompson, W.G., editor]. New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, W.G. (1993). Irritable bowel syndrome-pathogenesis and management Lancet 341. 1569–1572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, W.G., Creed, F., Drossman, D.A., Heaton, K.W. & Mazzacca, G. (1992). Functional bowel disease and functional abdominal pain. Gastroenterology International 102, 1962–1967.Google Scholar
Thompson, W. G., Dotteval, G., Drossman, D. A., Heaton, K. W. & Kruis, W. (1989). Irritable Bowel Syndrome, guidelines for the diagnosis. Gastroenterology International 2, 92–95.Google Scholar
Thompson, W. G. & Gick, M. (1996). Irritable bowel syndrome. Seminars in Gastrointestinal Disease 7, 217–229.Google ScholarPubMed
Thompson, W.G. & Heaton, K.W. (1980). Functional bowel disorders in apparently healthy people. Gastroenterology 79, 283–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, W. G., Heaton, K. W., Smyth, G. T. & Smyth, C. (1997). Irritable Bowel Syndrome: the view from general practice. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 9, 689–692.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolliver, B. A., Jackson, M. S., Jackson, K. LO., Barnett, E. D., Chastang, J. F. & DiPalma, J. A. (1996). Does lactose intolerance really play a role in the irritable bowel? Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 23, 15–17.Google Scholar
Treem, W. R., Ahsan, N., Kastoff, G. & Hyams, J. S. (1996). Fecal short-chain fatty acids in patients with diarrheapredominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: in vitro studies of carbohydrate fermentation. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 23, 280–286.Google Scholar
Trotman, I. F. & Misiewicz, J. J. (1988). Sigmoid motility in diverticular disease and the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 29, 218–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trowell, H. (1974). Fibre and irritable bowels. British Medical Journal iii, 44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Truswell, A. S. (1985). Food sensitivity. British Medical Journal 291, 951–955.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Dulmen, A. M., Fennis, J. F. M., Mokkink, H. G. A., Van Der Velden, H. G. M. & Bleijenberg, G. (1997). Persisting improvement in complaint related cognitions initiated during medical consultation in functional abdominal complaints. Psychological Medicine 27, 725–729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vassallo, M. J., Camilleri, M., Phillips, S. F., Steadman, C. J., Talley, N. J., Hanson, R. B. & Haddad, A. C. (1992). Colonic tone and motility in patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 67, 725–731.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vatn, M. H. (1997). Food intolerance and psychosomatic experience. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 23, 75–78.Google Scholar
Veale, D., Kavanagh, G., Fielding, J. F. & Fitzgerald, O. (1991). Primary Fibromyalgia and the irritable bowel syndrome. British Journal of Rheumatology 30, 220–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verhaak, P. F. M. (1995). Determinants of the help-seeking process: Goldberg and Huxley's first level and first filter. Psychosomatic Medicine 25, 95–104.Google ScholarPubMed
Vernia, P., Ricciardi, M. R., Frandina, C., Bilotta, T. & Frieri, G. (1995). Lactose malabsorption and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: effect of a long-term lactose free diet. Italian Journal of Gastroenterology 27, 117–121.Google ScholarPubMed
Vesa, T. M., Seppo, L. M., Marteau, P. R.. Sahi, T. & Korpela, R. (1998). Role of irritable bowel syndrome in subjective lactose intolerance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, 710–715.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vlitos, A. L. P. & Davies, G. J. (1996). Bowel function, food intake and the menstrual cycle. Nutrition Research Reviews 9, 111–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, E. A., Roy-Byrne, P. P., Katon, W., Li, L., Amos, D. & Jiranek, G. (1990). Psychiatric illness and irritable bowel syndrome: a comparison with inflammatory bowel disease. American Journal of Psychiatry 147, 1656–1660.Google ScholarPubMed
Wangel, A. G. & Deller, D. J. (1965). Intestinal motility in man. III. Mechanisms of constipation and diarrhoea with particular reference to the Irritable Colon Syndrome. Gastroenterology 48, 69–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinstein, S. E., Shide, D. J. & Rolls, B. J. (1997). Changes in food intake in response to stress in men and women: psychological factors. Appetite 28, 7–18.Google Scholar
Welgan, P., Meshkinpour, H. & Beeler, M. (1988). Effect of anger on colon motor and myoelectric activity in the Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gastroenterology 94, 1150–1156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitehead, W. E., Bosmajian, L., Zonderman, A. B., Costa, P. T. & Schuster, M. M. (1988). Symptoms of psychologic distress associated with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Comparison of community and medical clinic samples. Gastroenterology 95, 709–714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitehead, W. E., Burnett, C. K., Cook, E. W. & Taub, E. (1996). Impact of Irritable Bowel Syndrome on quality of life. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 41, 2248–2253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitehead, W.E., Winget, C., Fedoravicius, A.S., Wooley, S. & Blackwell, B. (1982). Learned illness behaviour in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and peptic ulcer. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 27, 202–208.Google Scholar
Woodman, C. L., Breen, K., Noyes, R., Moss, C., Fagerholm, R., Yagla, S. J. & Summers, R. (1998). The relationship between irritable bowel syndrome and psychiatric illness. A family study. Psychosomatics 39, 45–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (1987). Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives. Toxicological Evaluation of Cenain Food Additives and contaminants (WHO Food Additives Series no. 21). Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Wright, S. H., Snape, W. J., Battle, W., Cohen, S. & London, R. L. (1980). Effect of dietary components on gastrocolonic response. American Journal of Physiology 238, 228–232.Google ScholarPubMed
Wyatt, G. M., Bayliss, C. E., Lakey, A. F., Bradley, H. K., Hunter, J. O. & Jones, V. A. (1988). The faecal flora of two patients with food-related Irritable Bowel Syndrome during challenge with symptom-provoking foods. Journal of Medical Microbiology 26, 295–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, E., Stoneham, M. D., Petruckevitch, A., Barton, J. & Rona, R. (1994). A population study of food intolerance. Lancet 343, 1127–1129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zaubler, T. S. & Katon, W. (1996). Panic disorder and medical comorbidity: a review of the medical and psychiatric literature. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 60, A12–A38.Google ScholarPubMed
Zonderman, A. B., Heft, M. W. & Costa, P. T. (1985). Does the Illness Behavior Questionnaire measure abnormal illness behavior? Health Psychology 4, 425–436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zwetchkenbaum, J. & Burakoff, R. (1988 a). The Irritable Bowel Syndrome and food hypersensitivity. Annals of Allergy 61. 47–49.Google ScholarPubMed
Zwetchkenbaum, J. F. & Burakoff, R. (1988 b). Food allergy and the irritable bowel syndrome. American Journal of Gastroenterology 83, 901–904.Google ScholarPubMed