Introduction
Elliniki Agogi is a small private afternoon school where Ancient Greek, Greek history and philosophy have been taught since 1994, once a week, for 90 minutes, as an extra curricular activity.Footnote 1 We currently have about 200 students, 70% of which are primary school students.
Teaching is done in an experiential and interactive way that helps children learn the language quickly and effortlessly. We focus on making sure that children enjoy learning Ancient Greek, making it a language that can be part of their daily experiences. Furthermore, by providing out-of-class experiences, we give our students a chance to collect valuable information about their own interests and goals (Wurdinger, Reference Wurdinger2005).
Classes from first to fourth grade are done mainly through play and art. In fifth and sixth grade, children are introduced gradually to Ancient Greek grammar, while the selected texts and vocabulary become more challenging, providing students with the groundwork for high school. Until then, however, the necessary preparation has been made in such a way that children have already loved the language and are ready to face the difficulties that arise.
As it is now, in Greece Ancient Greek is introduced to students in high school. At Elliniki Agogi the learning of Ancient Greek starts at pre-school. Our goal and hope is to eventually convince public educators in Greece that introducing children to Ancient Greek at an early age allows deeper learning of the language at the high school years. That is, entering high school these students will already have the innate ability and acquired skills to read from original texts faster and absorb their rich meanings and essence. Moreover, this may also end up ‘encouraging more students to take up classical subjects which would in turn have the potential to provide them with greater access to the more academic universities’ (Hunt, Reference Hunt, Holmes-Henderson, Hunt and Musié2018). It is our school's belief that the knowledge of Ancient Greek offers an ‘international passport’ with which children can achieve any academic goal.
Method of teaching
From the first day of class, the teachers speak to students, even to pre-schoolers, in Ancient Greek. Addressing children whose native language is modern Greek greatly enables immersive language teaching. Words like: χαῖρε, ὑγίαινε, πολλάς χάριτας, πῶς ἔχεις etc. are repeatedly used and are not so different from their similar modern Greek words. For example, when we meet someone, we say «χαίρω πολύ» (nice meeting you), instead of χαῖρε. When we greet someone, we say «γεια» (hello) which is short for ὑγίεια. When we thank someone, we say «ευχαριστώ». We use the adverbs καλῶς and κακῶς just as often, so our children naturally understand (see Figure 1).
Figure 1. Common greetings in Greek.
In Elliniki Agogi our teachers practice with the students and improve language skills. Reading and speaking with expression, emphasising and acting according to the text, exaggerating the tone of the voice and articulation is a great help. As David Urbanski mentions, ‘active Latin (Greek in this case) has yielded the most wonderful results in my classroom’ (Urbanski, Reference Urbanski, Lloyd and Hunt2021).
Playing constitutes a basic teaching tool at these ages. Παίζοντες μανθάνομεν, we learn by playing. Besides, the words ‘play’ (παίζω) and ‘education’ (παιδεία) have as a common root the word ‘child’ (παῖς). We educate children by playing. Οἱ παῖδες παιδεύονται παίζοντες παιδιάν (see Figure 2).
Figure 2. Derivations of the Greek word child/παῖς.
We choose to play games that are already familiar to children, their only rule being that they should try and speak exclusively in Ancient Greek during the game. This creates fun, but also, in the children's mind, Ancient Greek is directly connected to something pleasant. Once the text is taught and understood, students are transformed into foxes that complain when «οἱ βότρυες ὄμφακές εἰσιν»,Footnote 2 to castaways advising «σύν Ἀθηνά καὶ συ τὴν χείρα κίνει»,Footnote 3 to wolves who find out that «ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ ἐπαύλει, ἄλλα μεν λέγουσιν, ἄλλα δε πράττουσιν»Footnote 4… (see Figure 3).
Figure 3. Extracts from Aesop's Fables.
To improve children's literacy, we remake well-known children's songs or create our own using Ancient Greek poems, in order to get children to sing the words, rather than just saying them (Smith, Reference Smith2000). As the school year progresses and students' speech evolves, we insist a lot on articulation. It is of crucial importance that the endings of words are clearly heard – τὸ καλόν, τὸ γοργόν, αἰὲν ἀριστεύειν – and to accentuate the words correctly, to facilitate understanding as well as speaking (Kuhn et al., Reference Kuhn, Schwanenflugel, Meisinger, Levy and Rasinski2010, p. 233).
Experiential learning
Teaching in archaeological sites is a great way to get children's attention. We have the rare privilege to teach in museums, explain the history of ancient Athens, walking and talking at the same places where Socrates spoke; we have debated on the sacred rock of Pnyx, and recited Delphic maxims in Delphi. We honoured the Salamis warriors on the 2,500th anniversary of the naval battle with a theatrical play in Salamis.Footnote 5 We paid tribute to Leonidas and his companions with a similar theatrical play in a small forest, reciting Thucydides and Herodotus.Footnote 6
All these visits, plays, tributes, in addition to the knowledge they offer, help children learn historical events of major importance in such a way that they will never forget them. But at the same time, they create a community, a group of children with healthy standards and high goals. All of our students show significant improvement in school, in all subjects, not just those related to language. Later, in high school they become successful and effective students; they excel and they all graduate from university, regardless of major.
The experience of 29 years of operation at Elliniki Agogi has proved that learning Ancient Greek from an early age, from primary school or even kindergarten produces successful results both academically and personally. This is the reason why we insist that children in Greece should start their involvement with Ancient Greek in primary school and not in the 7th grade as is the case now. Students start learning the complex rules of grammar and syntax the first day of 7th grade. The ancient texts are taught in modern Greek translation and Ancient Greek in the Greek schools is just a lesson full of rules that is mostly taught in a mechanical and repulsive way. This is why 77.1% of Greeks believe that Ancient Greek at the Greek schools in not taught in such a way that would make students love it. (Marc Polling Company, Nationwide survey, April 2021) (see Figure 4).Footnote 7
Figure 4. Marc Polling Company – attitudes to the way Ancient Greek is taught in the classroom (2021).
Educational events
Apart from teaching in class, we encourage our students to participate in educational events with foreign schools and organisations, in a continuous effort to prove that the knowledge of Ancient Greek literally expands their horizons.
In 2019 we organised an event with the Sacré Cœur de Mons school in Belgium where students of both schools recited philosophical dialogues in Ancient Greek.Footnote 8
In September 2021 a group of students presented the story of the ancient Pentathlon on the international Pierre de Coubertin Pentathlon day.Footnote 9
In November 2021, we participated in the art exhibition dedicated to the Olympic Games of the Jintai Museum in Beijing. As part of the cultural events for the Beijing Winter Olympics, a group of students aged 5 to 10 recited excerpts from Pindar's hymns accompanied by an Ancient Greek seven-string lyre, while our teenage students impersonated philosophers on an original philosophical work based on human values. In collaboration with the Beijing Academy middle school, whose students presented similar activities reciting Ancient Chinese philosophy, the two schools were united through technology and symbolically united two of the most ancient civilisations: the Greek and the Chinese.Footnote 10
We try to follow the examples of Professors MiragliaFootnote 11 and RicoFootnote 12 and other teachers who teach Ancient Greek speaking exclusively in this language. We haven't reached this level of fluency yet, but we are well on our way. Elliniki Agogi is in contact with both the Vivarium Novum Academy and the Polis Institute.
In 2021, students aged 11 to 16 participated in LanguageCert's Classical Greek exams for levels A1 and A2. The Classical Greek Language Certificate is the first certificate of Ancient Greek created by the company PeopleCert/LanguageCert, a company with a global reach in the field of certifications. The examination is done online; it has the characteristics of a modern language examination, but at the same time it embodies the spirit of the Ancient Greek literature (Coniam et al., Reference Coniam, Poupounaki-Lappa and Peristeri2022).
This is a form of officially assessing our students, since in Elliniki Agogi we do not grade children and their only obligation is to attend classes. At the end of each school year, we present a two-hour play where about 200 children participate, speaking exclusively in Ancient Greek.
With all these actions, efforts and participations, we prove to our students that by learning Greek they acquire knowledge of centuries, and at the same time, deep values for their lives, regardless of the major they wish to study. Take for example Dr Ioannides, Professor of Medicine at the University of Stanford, who teaches Greek poetry and is neither a poet, nor a philologist.Footnote 13 Greek is indeed limitless.
Conclusion
Teaching Ancient Greek to elementary school students at a time when children are so familiar with technology and connect the educational process with it, presents challenges and opportunities for us, as educators. In addition to the knowledge we convey, we invent ways to connect technology, extroversion, innovation and the future of education, with the knowledge, values and ethics of classical texts. It is a long process, but full of opportunities, both for the students and for us. But when we see the results, we realise, once again, the timelessness and topicality of texts in an era that, although it bears no resemblance to antiquity, its texts look as if they were written today.
From our small pre-schoolers' classroom, to the older children of elementary, middle and high school, through computers and digital programs, through play and fun we prove to our students daily the importance and wealth of classical education and guide them through the herculean path of virtue that is opened widely to them. A path with challenges, but also great opportunities. A path that was opened to us, exclusively, through our love for Greek. By trusting in Greek, we invest in a future of limitless knowledge, immense possibilities and mental strength for our children and for generations to come. It may seem like an oxymoron, but all we really do is play. Παίζοντες γαρ, καὶ ἡμεῖς μανθάνομεν. By playing, we also learn.
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