The Nubian flapshell turtle Cyclanorbis elegans (Trionychidae) is one of the largest freshwater chelonians in Africa, formerly widespread across the waterbodies of the savannah regions of Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Sudan and South Sudan. Cyclanorbis elegans is categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, but no wild individuals had been recorded for decades until it was rediscovered in 2017 in South Sudan. Fishing bycatch and collection of eggs and nesting females for domestic subsistence appear to be the main threats to this species.

In 2020, along the White Nile River and its tributaries in Central Equatoria State of South Sudan, we interviewed > 300 local fishermen about this species. We obtained information (confirmed by photographs) that four C. elegans captured around Mongalla (three females captured on 11 and 15 September and 22 November 2020, and a male captured on 16 December 2020) were sold by local fishermen to expatriate Chinese residents, who appear to be the main market for this turtle, paying high prices (EUR 250–400 for large individuals) for food and, in one case, for ‘religious veneration’. These prices are a strong incentive for the impoverished fishing communities along the White Nile River to catch these turtles. Interviewees also suggested that expatriate Chinese may export the turtles to Asia for the food trade. Considering that the population size of this species is small, this additional threat could push the species towards extinction. The Nubian flapshell turtle appears to be extinct throughout the rest of its African range. We recommend the creation of a protected area for this species and monitoring and mitigating the potential detrimental effects that the Asian export market may have on this species.

Cyclanorbis elegans captured from the surroundings of Mongalla, South Sudan. Carapace length was 63.4 cm.