d-amphetamine, the mixed preparation of d, l-amphetamine [Reference Swanson, Wigal, Greenhill, Browne, Waslik and Lerner14], and methylphenidate [Reference Greenhill, Abikoff, Arnold, Cantwell, Conners and Elliott6] are first line agents for the treatment of attention deficit disorder (ADHD). Despite the impressive track record for the stimulants in the treatment of ADHD, they fail in 25% of patients due to lack of efficacy or the emergence of unwanted side effects [Reference Crenshaw, Kavale, Forness, Reeve, Scruggs and Mastropieri3]. Recently, the selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor Atomoxetine showed benefit in treating ADHD, having a lower abuse potential than psychostimulants [Reference Wee and Woolverton15]. With respect to nonstimulants in treatment of ADHD, the Alpha₂-receptor agonist clonidine has been used for more than 20 years [Reference Cohen, Young, Nathanson and Shaywitz2], also based on inconsistent results of controlled studies. Furthermore, the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor Desipramine, also drugs, affecting the Serotonin system, and the novel antidepressant bupropion have also shown some benefit [Reference Singer, Brown, Quaskey and Rosenberg13, Reference Niederhofer9]. Duloxetine is a Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. We found no study, investigating the efficacy of Duloxetine treating children suffering from ADHD. For that reason, this observation was conducted to examine the effects of Duloxetine on a variety of target behaviors in a patient with ADHD.

We gave Duloxetine (30 mg/d) for 4 weeks and than Placebo for 4 weeks to a 16-year-old female patient (WISC-R IQ = 102) who suffered from ADHD for at least 11 years and who did not suffer from tic symptoms (Yale Global Tic Severity Scale [Reference Leckman, Riddle, Hardin, Ort, Swartz and Stevenson7] total tic score < 22) or obsessive-compulsive symptoms (Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale [Reference Scahill, Riddle, McSwiggin-Hardin, Ort, King and Goodman12] total score < 15), after having excluded combined disorders like hyperthyroidism, anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, psychosis, EEG abnormalities and suicidality. She received prior to that medication Methylphenidate 20 mg daily for 6 years, which improved symptomatology, but led to insomnia and weight-loss. The patient was diagnosed with ADHD disattention type by clinical interview and Rating Scales [Reference DuPaul, Anastopoulos, Power, Reid, Ikeda and MacGoey5]. The ADHD Rating Scale [Reference DuPaul, Anastopoulos, MacGoey, Power, Reid and Ikeda4] is an 18-item measure of inattention and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms derived from DSM-IV. Each symptom was scored by the child, his/her parents and his/her teacher from 0 to 3 (0 = never [or rarely], 1 = sometimes, 2 = often and 3 = very often). The scale yields three scores: an inattention score and a hyperactive/impulsive score (range = 0–27 for each score) and a total score (range = 0–54). The screening included routine laboratory tests, ECG, measurement of pulse and blood pressure, height and weight measurement, medical history, and a physical examination. The means of the three scores were compared. An improvement was observed for the inattention score (drop from 14 to 9), the hyperactive/impulsive score (drop from 13 to 7) and the total score (drop from 27 to 16). Placebo showed scores similar to those of the before-treatment period: inattention score: 12; hyperactive/impulsive score 13 and the total score 25. With respect to the Clinical Global Impression of improvement score (1 = very much improved, 4 = no change), there was an improvement in the verum period of 2 in ADHD symptoms rated by a clinician, who did not have any information about the Duloxetine medication.

With respect to Conners Continuous Performance Test [Reference Rosvold, Mirsky, Sarason, Bransome and Beck11], Duloxetine was not associated with an improvement (baseline six omission errors, 17 commission errors; at the end of the 4-week treatment period seven omission errors and 15 commission errors), although impressingly improvement has been reported e.g. for Methylphenidate. No serious side effects were observed in laboratory test results and using the Systematic Assessment for Treatment of Emergent Events (SAFTEE) [Reference Levine and Schooler8].

To our knowledge, this is the first study of Duloxetine in children with ADHD. The observed improvement is lower than the 50%–60% improvement reported in stimulant trials, studied in a sample of 76 children [Reference Rapport, Denney, DuPaul and Gardner10], but is similar than the level of improvement observed in other nonstimulant studies such as that of Desipramine, studied in a group of 62 patients [Reference Biederman, Baldessarini, Wright, Knee and Harmatz1]. These finding also raises questions about the utility of combining Duloxetine with a stimulant. In patients with ADHD, this combination might permit lower doses of the stimulant. Furthermore, Duloxetine could provide protection against tics. Questions about these effects can be answered only with further placebo-controlled, randomized studies with larger samples that focus on safety and efficacy in monotherapy with Duloxetine in this population.