Hostname: page-component-6766d58669-kl59c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-05-20T12:24:32.108Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Congenital toxoplasmosis in humans: an update of worldwide rate of congenital infections

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 June 2021

J. P. Dubey Open the ORCID record for J. P. Dubey [Opens in a new window] ,
F. H. A. Murata ,
C. K. Cerqueira-Cézar ,
O. C. H. Kwok  and
I. Villena
J. P. Dubey*
Affiliation:
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
F. H. A. Murata
Affiliation:
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
C. K. Cerqueira-Cézar
Affiliation:
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
O. C. H. Kwok
Affiliation:
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
I. Villena
Affiliation:
Parasitology, Mycology Laboratory, National Reference Centre for Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma Biological Resources Centre, CHU Reims and University Reims Champagne Ardenne ESCAPE EA7510, 51097, Reims, France.
*
Author for correspondence: J. P. Dubey, E-mail: jitender.dubey@ars.usda.gov
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The morbidity due to congenital toxoplasmosis in humans is very high. Most of these infected children are likely to develop symptoms of clinical toxoplasmosis. Sequelae in fetus resulting from Toxoplasma gondii infections in women who become infected with this parasite during pregnancy can be devastating and enormous efforts are directed in some countries to prevent these consequences. Here, an update on congenital toxoplasmosis in humans, especially the rate of congenital infections in humans worldwide, is provided. Although several countries have surveillance programmes, most information on the rate of congenital transmission is from France and Brazil. Because of compulsory national screening programme in France to detect and treat women with recently acquired T. gondii infection with anti-toxoplasma therapy, the rate of congenital transmission and the severity of disease in children are declining. Infections by this parasite are widely prevalent in Brazil. The severity of clinical toxoplasmosis in Brazilian children is very high and may be associated with the genetic characteristics of T. gondii isolates prevailing in animals and humans in Brazil. Virtually little or no information is available on this topic from China, India and other countries in Asia.

Keywords

Congenital toxoplasmosishumanspreventionToxoplasma gondiitoxoplasmosisworldwide

Information

Type
Review Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 148 , Issue 12 , October 2021 , pp. 1406 - 1416
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abbas, IE, Villena, I and Dubey, JP (2020) A review on toxoplasmosis in humans and animals from Egypt. Parasitology 147, 135–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ajzenberg, D, Cogné, N, Paris, L, Bessières, MH, Thulliez, P, Filisetti, D, Pelloux, H, Marty, P and Dardé, ML (2002) Genotype of 86 Toxoplasma gondii isolates associated with human congenital toxoplasmosis, and correlation with clinical findings. Journal of Infectious Diseases 186, 684–689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aptouramani, M, Theodoridou, M, Syrogiannopoulos, G, Mentis, A, Papaevangelou, V, Gaitana, K, Daponte, A, Hadjichristodoulou, C and The Toxoplasmosis Study Group of the Greece-Cyprus Pediatric Surveillance Unit (2012) A dedicated surveillance network for congenital toxoplasmosis in Greece, 2006–2009: assessment of the results. BMC Public Health 12, 1019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avelino, MM, Amaral, WN, Rodrigues, IMX, Rassi, AR, Gomes, MBF, Costa, TL and Castro, AM (2014) Congenital toxoplasmosis and prenatal care state programs. BMC Infectious Diseases 14, 33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bénard, A, Petersen, E, Salamon, R, Chêne, G, Gilbert, R and Salmi, LR and for the European Toxo Prevention Study Group (EUROTOXO) (2008) Survey of European programmes for the epidemiological surveillance of congenital toxoplasmosis. Eurosurveillance 13, 18834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Binquet, C, Lejeune, C, Seror, V, Peyron, F, Bertaux, AC, Scemama, O, Quantin, C, Béjean, S, Stillwaggon, E and Wallon, M (2019) The cost-effectiveness of neonatal versus prenatal screening for congenital toxoplasmosis. PLoS ONE 14, e0221709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bischoff, AR, Friedrich, L, Cattan, JM and Uberti, FAF (2016) Incidence of symptomatic congenital toxoplasmosis during ten years in a Brazilian hospital. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 35, 1313–1316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaszkowska, J and Góralska, K (2014) Parasites and fungi as a threat for prenatal and postnatal human development. Annals of Parasitology 60, 225–234.Google ScholarPubMed
Bobić, B, Villena, I and Stillwaggon, E (2019) Prevention and mitigation of congenital toxoplasmosis. Economic costs and benefits in diverse settings. Food and Waterborne Parasitology 16, e00058.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyer, KM, Holfels, E, Roizen, N, Swisher, C, Mack, D, Remington, J, Withers, S, Meier, P, McLeod, R and The Toxoplasmosis Study Group (2005) Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in mothers of infants with congenital toxoplasmosis: implications for prenatal management and screening. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 192, 564–571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyer, K, Hill, D, Mui, E, Wroblewski, K, Karrison, T, Dubey, JP, Sautter, M, Noble, AG, Withers, S, Swisher, C, Heydemann, P, Hosten, T, Babiarz, J, Lee, D, Meier, P, McLeod, R and Toxoplasmosis Study Group (2011) Unrecognized ingestion of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts leads to congenital toxoplasmosis and causes epidemics in North America. Clinical Infectious Diseases 53, 1081–1089.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Capobiango, JD, Breganó, RM, Navarro, IT, Rezende Neto, CP, Casella, AMB, Mori, FMRL, Pagliari, S, Inoue, IT and Reiche, EMV (2014) Congenital toxoplasmosis in a reference center of Paraná, Southern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 18, 364–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carneiro, ACAV, Andrade, GM, Costa, JGL, Pinheiro, BV, Vasconcelos-Santos, DV, Ferreira, AM, Su, C, Januário, JN and Vitor, RWA (2013) Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii revealed highly diverse genotypes for isolates from newborns with congenital toxoplasmosis in Southeastern Brazil. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 51, 901–907.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Codaccioni, C, Picone, O, Lambert, V, Maurice, P, Pomar, L, Winer, N, Guibaud, L, Lavergne, RA, Saliou, AH, Quinio, D, Benachi, A, Noel, C, Ville, Y, Cuillier, F, Pomares, C, Ferret, N, Filisetti, D, Weingertner, AS, Vequeau-Goua, V, Cateau, E, Benoist, G, Wallon, M, Dommergues, M, Villena, I and Mandelbrot, L (2020) Ultrasound features of fetal toxoplasmosis: a contemporary multicenter survey in 88 fetuses. Prenatal Diagnosis 40, 1741–1752.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conceição, AR, Belucik, DN, Missio, L, Gustavo Brenner, L, Henrique Monteiro, M, Ribeiro, KS, Costa, DF, Valadão, MCDS, Commodaro, AG, de Oliveira Dias, JR and Belfort, R Jr (2021) Ocular findings in infants with congenital toxoplasmosis after a toxoplasmosis outbreak. Ophthalmology S0161–6420, 00195-0.Google ScholarPubMed
Couvreur, J, Desmonts, G, Tournier, G and Szusterkac, M (1984) Etude d'une série homogène de 210 cas de toxoplasmose congénitale chez des nourrissons âgés de 0 à 11 mois et dépistés de façon prospective. Annales de Pédiatrie 31, 815–819.Google Scholar
Daffos, F, Mirlesse, V, Hohlfeld, P, Jacquemard, F, Thulliez, P and Forestier, F (1994) Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. Lancet (London, England) 344, 541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dardé, ML, Mercier, A, Su, C, Khan, A and Grigg, ME (2020) Molecular epidemiology and population structure of Toxoplasma gondii. In Weiss, LM and Kim, K (eds), Toxoplasma gondii: The Model Apicomplexan – Perspectives and Methods, 3rd Edn. London: Academic Press, pp. 63–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Resende, LM, de Andrade, GMQ, de Azevedo, MF, Perissinoto, J, Vieira, ABC and CTBG-UFMG (2010) Congenital toxoplasmosis: auditory and language outcomes in early diagnosed and treated children. Scientia Medica 20, 13–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desmonts, G and Couvreur, J (1974a) Congenital toxoplasmosis. A prospective study of 378 pregnancies. New England Journal of Medicine 290, 1110–1116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desmonts, G and Couvreur, J (1974b) Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy and its transmission to the fetus. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 50, 146–159.Google ScholarPubMed
Desmonts, G and Couvreur, J (1984) Toxoplasmose congénitale. Etude prospective de l'issue de la grossesse chez 542 femmes atteintes de toxoplasmose acquise en cours de gestation. Annales de Pédiatrie 31, 805–809.Google Scholar
Dubey, JP (2010) Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans, 2nd Edn. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Dubey, JP (2021) Outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans: five decades of personal experience, prospective, and lessons learned. Parasite and Vectors 14, 263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubey, JP and Beattie, CP (1988) Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Man. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Dubey, JP, Lago, EG, Gennari, SM, Su, C and Jones, JL (2012) Toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Brazil: high prevalence, high burden of disease, and epidemiology. Parasitology 139, 1375–1424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunn, D, Wallon, M, Peyron, F, Petersen, E, Peckham, C and Gilbert, R (1999) Mother-to-child transmission of toxoplasmosis: risk estimates for clinical counselling. Lancet (London, England) 353, 1829–1833.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eichenwald, HF (1960) A study of congenital toxoplasmosis with particular emphasis on clinical manifestations, sequelae and therapy in human toxoplasmosis. In Siim, JC (ed.), Human Toxoplasmosis, 2nd Edn. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, pp. 41–49.Google Scholar
Elbez-Rubinstein, A, Ajzenberg, D, Dardé, ML, Cohen, R, Dumètre, A, Yera, H, Gondon, E, Janaud, JC and Thulliez, P (2009) Congenital toxoplasmosis and reinfection during pregnancy: case report, strain characterization, experimental model of reinfection, and review. Journal of Infectious Diseases 199, 280–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El Bissati, K, Levigne, P, Lykins, J, Adlaoui, EB, Barkat, A, Berraho, A, Laboudi, M, El Mansouri, B, Ibrahimi, A, Rhajaoui, M, Quinn, F, Murugesan, M, Seghrouchni, F, Gómez-Marín, JE, Peyron, F and McLeod, R (2018) Global initiative for congenital toxoplasmosis: an observational and international comparative clinical analysis. Emerging Microbes & Infections 7, 165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evengård, B, Lilja, G, Capraru, T, Malm, G, Kussofsky, E, Öman, H and Forsgren, M (1999) A retrospective study of seroconversion against Toxoplasma gondii during 3000 pregnancies in Stockholm. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 31, 127–129.Google Scholar
Evengård, B, Petersson, K, Engman, ML, Wiklund, S, Ivarsson, SA, Teär-Fahnehjelm, K, Forsgren, M, Gilbert, R and Malm, G (2001) Low incidence of Toxoplasma infection during pregnancy and in newborns in Sweden. Epidemiology and Infection 127, 121–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flores, C, Villalobos-Cerrud, D, Borace, J, Fábrega, L, Norero, X, Sáez-Llorens, X, Moreno, MT, Restrepo, CM, Llanes, A, Quijanda, RM, De Guevara, ML, Guzmán, G, de la Guardia, V, García, A, Lucero, MF, Wong, D, McLeod, R, Soberon, M and Caballero, EZ (2021) Epidemiological aspects of maternal and congenital toxoplasmosis in Panama. Pathogens 10, 764.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallego-Marín, C, Henao, AC and Gómez-Marín, JE (2006) Clinical validation of a western blot assay for congenital toxoplasmosis and newborn screening in a hospital in Armenia (Quindio) Colombia. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 52, 107–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, RE and Peckham, CS (2001) Prenatal screening for Toxoplasma infection. In Joynson, DHM and Wreghitt, TG (eds), Toxoplasmosis. A Comprehensive Clinical Guide. Cambridge University Press, pp. 214–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, RE, Gras, L, Wallon, M, Peyron, F, Ades, AE and Dunn, DT (2001) Effect of prenatal treatment on mother to child transmission of Toxoplasma gondii: retrospective cohort study of 554 mother-child pairs in Lyon, France. International Journal of Epidemiology 30, 1303–1308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilbert, RE, Freeman, K, Lago, EG, Bahia-Oliveira, LMG, Tan, HK, Wallon, M, Buffolano, W, Stanford, MR, Petersen, E and for the European Multicentre Study on Congenital Toxoplasmosis (2008). Ocular sequelae of congenital toxoplasmosis in Brazil compared with Europe. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2, e277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gomez-Marin, JE, Montoya-de-Londono, MT and Castano-Osorio, JC (1997) A maternal screening program for congenital toxoplasmosis in Quindio, Colombia and application of mathematical models to estimate incidences using age-stratified data. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 57, 180–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gomez-Marin, JE, Gonzalez, MM, Montoya, MT, Giraldo, A and Castaño, JC (2007) A newborn screening programme for congenital toxoplasmosis in the setting of a country with less income. Archives of Disease in Childhood 92, 88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gómez-Marin, JE, de-la-Torre, A, Angel-Muller, E, Rubio, J, Arenas, J, Osorio, E, Nuñez, L, Pinzon, L, Mendez-Cordoba, LC, Bustos, A, de-la-Hoz, I, Silva, P, Beltran, M, Chacon, L, Marrugo, M, Manjarres, C, Baquero, H, Lora, F, Torres, E, Zuluaga, OE, Estrada, M, Moscote, L, Silva, MT, Rivera, R, Molina, A, Najera, S, Sanabria, A, Ramirez, ML, Alarcon, C, Restrepo, N, Falla, A, Rodriguez, T and Castaño, G (2011) First Colombian multicentric newborn screening for congenital toxoplasmosis. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5, e1195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gómez, JE (2005) Evaluación del tratamiento de la toxoplasmosis gestacional en una cohorte colombiana. Infectio 9, 16–23.Google Scholar
Gras, L, Wallon, M, Pollak, A, Cortina-Borja, M, Evengard, B, Hayde, M, Petersen, E, Gilbert, R and European Multicenter Study on Congenital Toxoplasmosis (2005) Association between prenatal treatment and clinical manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis in infancy: a cohort study in 13 European centres. Acta Paediatrica 94, 1721–1731.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guerina, NG (1994) Congenital infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Pediatric Annals 23, 138–142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guerina, NG, Hsu, HW, Meissner, HC, Maguire, JH, Lynfield, R, Stechenberg, B, Abroms, I, Pasternack, MS, Hoff, R, Eaton, RB, Grady, GF and the New England Regional Toxoplasma Working Group (1994) Neonatal serologic screening and early treatment for congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection. New England Journal of Medicine 330, 1858–1863.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Havelaar, AH, Kemmeren, JM and Kortbeek, LM (2007) Disease burden of congenital toxoplasmosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 44, 1467–1474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hohlfeld, P, Daffos, F, Costa, JM, Thulliez, P, Forestier, F and Vidaud, M (1994) Prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis with a polymerase-chain-reaction test on amniotic fluid. New England Journal of Medicine 331, 695–699.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hutson, SL, Wheeler, KM, McLone, D, Frim, D, Penn, R, Swisher, CN, Heydemann, PT, Boyer, KM, Noble, AG, Rabiah, P, Withers, S, Montoya, JG, Wroblewski, K, Karrison, T, Grigg, ME and McLeod, R (2015) Patterns of hydrocephalus caused by congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection associate with parasite genetics. Clinical Infectious Diseases 61, 1831–1834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inagaki, ADM, Carvalheiro, CG, Cipolotti, R, Gurgel, RQ, Rocha, DA, Pinheiro, KS, Araújo, RM, Lima, DRR, Winandy, JL and Mussi-Pinhata, MM (2012) Birth prevalence and characteristics of congenital toxoplasmosis in Sergipe, North-east Brazil. Tropical Medicine and International Health 17, 1349–1355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenum, PA, Stray-Pedersen, B, Melby, KK, Kapperud, G, Whitelaw, A, Eskild, A and Eng, J (1998) Incidence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in 35,940 pregnant women in Norway and pregnancy outcome for infected women. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, 2900–2906.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, JL, Kruszon-Moran, D, Elder, S, Rivera, HN, Press, C, Montoya, JG and McQuillan, GM (2018) Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States, 2011–2014. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 98, 551–557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koppe, JG, Loewer-Siege, DH and Roever-Bonnet, H (1986) Results of 20-year follow-up of congenital toxoplasmosis. Lancet (London, England) 327, 254–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kortbeek, LM, Hofhuis, A, Nijhuis, CDM and Havelaar, AH (2009) Congenital toxoplasmosis and DALYs in the Netherlands. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 104, 370–373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lago, EG, Endres, MM, Scheeren, MFC and Fiori, HH (2021) Ocular outcome of Brazilian patients with congenital toxoplasmosis. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 40, e21–e27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lappalainen, M, Koskiniemi, M, Hiilesmaa, V, Ämmälä, P, Teramo, K, Koskela, P, Lebech, M, Raivio, KO, Hedman, K and the Study Group (1995) Outcome of children after maternal primary Toxoplasma infection during pregnancy with emphasis on avidity of specific IgG. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 14, 354–361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lebech, M, Andersen, O, Christensen, NC, Hertel, J, Nielsen, HE, Peitersen, B, Rechnitzer, C, Larsen, SO, Nørgaard-Pedersen, B, Petersen, E and the Danish Congenital Toxoplasmosis Study Group (1999) Feasibility of neonatal screening for Toxoplasma infection in the absence of prenatal treatment. Lancet (London, England) 353, 1834–1837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mandelbrot, L, Kieffer, F, Sitta, R, Laurichesse-Delmas, H, Winer, N, Mesnard, L, Berrebi, A, Le Bouar, G, Bory, JP, Cordier, AG, Ville, Y, Perrotin, F, Jouannic, JM, Biquard, F, d'Ercole, C, Houfflin-Debarge, V, Villena, I, Thiébaut, R and the TOXOGEST Study Group (2018) Prenatal therapy with pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine vs spiramycin to reduce placental transmission of toxoplasmosis: a multicenter, randomized trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 219, 386.e1–386.e9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLeod, R, Boyer, K, Karrison, T, Kasza, K, Swisher, C, Roizen, N, Jalbrzikowski, J, Remington, J, Heydemann, P, Noble, AG, Mets, M, Holfels, E, Withers, S, Latkany, P, Meier, P and Toxoplasmosis Study Group (2006a) Outcome of treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis, 1981–2004: the national collaborative Chicago-based, congenital toxoplasmosis study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 42, 1383–1394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLeod, R, Khan, AR, Noble, GA, Latkany, P, Jalbrzikowski, J, Boyer, K and for the Toxoplasmosis Study Group (2006b) Severe sulfadiazine hypersensitivity in a child with reactivated congenital toxoplasmic chorioretinitis. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 25, 270–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLeod, R, Kieffer, F, Sautter, M, Hosten, T and Pelloux, H (2009) Why prevent, diagnose and treat congenital toxoplasmosis? Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 104, 320–344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLeod, R, Boyer, KM, Lee, D, Mui, E, Wroblewski, K, Karrison, T, Noble, AG, Withers, S, Swisher, CN, Heydemann, PT, Sautter, M, Babiarz, J, Rabiah, P, Meier, P, Grigg, ME and the Toxoplasmosis Study Group (2012) Prematurity and severity are associated with Toxoplasma gondii alleles (NCCCTS, 1981–2009). Clinical Infectious Diseases 54, 1595–1605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLeod, R, Cohen, W, Dovgin, S, Finkelstein, L and Boyer, KM (2020) Human Toxoplasma infection. In Weiss, LM and Kim, K (eds), Toxoplasma gondii: The Model Apicomplexan – Perspectives and Methods, 3rd Edn. London: Academic Press, pp. 117–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montoya, JG (2018) Systematic screening and treatment of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy: is the glass half full or half empty? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 219, 315–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muñoz Batet, C, Llobet, CG, Morros, TJ, Domenech, LV, Soler, MS, Sala, IS, Mestres, JB, Ponte, ED, Lite, JL, Andreu, LM, Sánchez, CJ and Romeu, MB (2004) Toxoplasmosis y embarazo. Estudio multicéntrico realizado en 16.362 gestantes de Barcelona. Medicina Clínica 123, 12–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neto, EC, Rubin, R, Schulte, J and Giugliani, R (2004) Newborn screening for congenital infectious diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10, 1069–1073.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paraguassú-Chaves, CA, Dantas, LRM, de Almeida, FM, Serruta, AJ, Leite, JMS, Neto, LSL, Calderaro, IFN and Xavier, DFB (2019) Incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis in newborn infant in the western Amazon, Brazil. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 6, 659–670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paul, M, Petersen, E, Pawlowski, ZS and Szczapa, J (2000) Neonatal screening for congenital toxoplasmosis in the Poznań region of Poland by analysis of Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgM antibodies eluted from filter paper blood spots. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 19, 30–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paul, M, Jaworska, A, Petersen, E, Szczapa, J and Twardosz-Pawlik, H (2001a) Neonatal screening for congenital toxoplasmosis. International Journal for Parasitology 31, 116–121.Google Scholar
Paul, M, Petersen, E and Szczapa, J (2001b) Prevalence of congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection among newborns from the Poznań region of Poland: validation of a new combined enzyme immunoassay for Toxoplasma gondii-specific immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M antibodies. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39, 1912–1916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peyron, F, Wallon, M, Kieffer, F and Garweg, J (2016) Toxoplasmosis. In Wilson, CB, Nizet, V, Maldonado, YA, Remington, JS and Klein, JO (eds), Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and the Newborn Infant, 8th Edn. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Elsevier. pp. 949–1042.Google Scholar
Philippe, F, Lepetit, D, Grancher, MF, Morel, A and Henocq, A (1988) Pourquoi surveiller les enfants dont les mères ont eu une séroconversion de toxoplasmose pendant la grossesse? Réalité et risque de l'infection toxoplasmique congénitale infraclinique de l'enfant (Enquête portant sur 30768 naissances). Annales de Pédiatrie 35, 5–10.Google Scholar
Picone, O, Fuchs, F, Benoist, G, Binquet, C, Kieffer, F, Wallon, M, Wehbe, K, Mandelbrot, L and Villena, I (2020) Toxoplasmosis screening during pregnancy in France: opinion of an expert panel for the CNGOF. Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction 49, 101814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratlong, F, Boulot, P, Issert, E, Msika, M, Dupont, F, Bachelard, B, Sarda, P, Viala, JL and Jarry, D (1994) Fetal diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in 190 women infected during pregnancy. Prenatal Diagnosis 14, 191–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prusa, AR, Kasper, DC, Olischar, M, Husslein, P, Pollak, A and Hayde, M (2013) Evaluation of serological prenatal screening to detect Toxoplasma gondii infections in Austria. Neonatology 103, 27–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prusa, AR, Kasper, DC, Pollak, A, Gleiss, A, Waldhoer, T and Hayde, M (2015a) The Austrian toxoplasmosis register, 1992–2008. Clinical Infectious Diseases 60, e4–e10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prusa, AR, Kasper, DC, Pollak, A, Olischar, M, Gleiss, A and Hayde, M (2015b) Amniocentesis for the detection of congenital toxoplasmosis: results from the nationwide Austrian prenatal screening program. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 21, 191e1–191e8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prusa, AR, Kasper, DC, Sawers, L, Walter, E, Hayde, M and Stillwaggon, E (2017) Congenital toxoplasmosis in Austria: prenatal screening for prevention is cost-saving. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 11, e0005648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robert-Gangneux, F and Dardé, ML (2012) Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 25, 264–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sagel, U, Krämer, A and Mikolajczyk, RT (2011) Incidence of maternal Toxoplasma infections in pregnancy in Upper Austria, 2000–2007. BMC Infectious Diseases 11, 348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scallan, E, Hoekstra, RM, Angulo, FJ, Tauxe, RV, Widdowson, MA, Roy, SL, Jones, JL and Griffin, PM (2011) Foodborne illness acquired in the United States – major pathogens. Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, 7–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, DR, Hogh, B, Andersen, O, Fuchs, J, Fledelius, H and Petersen, E (2006) The national neonatal screening programme for congenital toxoplasmosis in Denmark: results from the initial four years, 1999–2002. Archives of Disease in Childhood 91, 661–665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stillwaggon, E, Carrier, CS, Sautter, M and McLeod, R (2011) Maternal serologic screening to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis: a decision-analytic economic model. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5, e1333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suijkerbuijk, AWM, van Gils, PF, Bonačić Marinović, AA, Feenstra, TL, Kortbeek, LM, Mangen, MJJ, Opsteegh, M, de Wit, GA and van der Giessen, JWB (2018) The design of a social cost-benefit analysis of preventive interventions for toxoplasmosis: an example of the One Health approach. Zoonoses and Public Health 65, 185–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szénási, Z, Ozsvár, Z, Nagy, E, Jeszenszky, M, Szabó, J, Gellén, J, Végh, M and Verhofstede, C (1997) Prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis in Szeged, Hungary. International Journal of Epidemiology 26, 428–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takahashi, AFS, Bioni, HO, Souza, JM, Takizawa, MGMH and Paiva, JE (2019) Toxoplasmose congênita na cidade de Cascavel/PR no período de 2002–2016. Revista Thêma et Scientia 9, 260–267.Google Scholar
Thalhammer, O (1973) Prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis. Neuropädiatrie 4, 233–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thalhammer, O (1978) Prevention of congenital infections. In Thalhammer, O, Baumgarten, K and Pollak, A (eds), Perinatal Medicine, 6th European Congress. Vienna: PSG Publishing Co. Massachusetts, pp. 44–51.Google Scholar
The SYROCOT (Systematic Review on Congenital Toxoplasmosis) Study Group (2007) Effectiveness of prenatal treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis: a meta-analysis of individual patients’ data. Lancet (London, England) 369, 115–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torgerson, PR and Mastroiacovo, P (2013) The global burden of congenital toxoplasmosis: a systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 91, 501–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valcavi, PP, Natali, A, Soliani, L, Montali, S, Dettori, G and Cheezi, C (1995) Prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in the population of the area of Parma (Italy). European Journal of Epidemiology 11, 333–337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Giessen, J, Deksne, G, Gómez-Morales, MA, Troell, K, Gomes, J, Sotiraki, S, Rozycki, M, Kucsera, I, Djurković-Djaković, O and Robertson, LJ (2021) Surveillance of foodborne parasitic diseases in Europe in a One Health approach. Parasite Epidemiology and Control 13, e00205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vasconcelos-Santos, DV, Azevedo, DOM, Campos, WR, Oréfice, F, Queiroz-Andrade, GM, Carellos, EVM, Romanelli, RMC, Januário, JN, Resende, LM, Martins-Filho, OA, Carneiro, ACAV, Vitor, RWA, Caiaffa, WT and UFMG Congenital Toxoplasmosis Brazilian Group (2009) Congenital toxoplasmosis in southeastern Brazil: results of early ophthalmologic examination of a large cohort of neonates. Ophthalmology 116, 2199–2205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Villena, I, Chemla, C, Quereux, C, Dupouy, D, Leroux, B, Foudrinier, F and Pinon, JM (1998) Prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis transmitted by an immunocompetent woman infected before conception. Prenatal Diagnosis 18, 1079–1081.3.0.CO;2-E>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Villena, I, Ancelle, T, Delmas, C, Garcia, P, Brézin, AP, Thulliez, P, Wallon, M, King, L, Goulet, V and Toxosurv network and National Reference Centre for Toxoplasmosis (2010) Congenital toxoplasmosis in France in 2007: first results from a national surveillance system. Euro Surveillance 15, 19600.Google ScholarPubMed
Wallon, M, Kodjikian, L, Binquet, C, Garweg, J, Fleury, J, Quantin, C and Peyron, F (2004) Long-term ocular prognosis in 327 children with congenital toxoplasmosis. Pediatrics 113, 1567–1572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallon, M, Peyron, F, Cornu, C, Vinault, S, Abrahamowicz, M, Kopp, CB and Binquet, C (2013) Congenital Toxoplasma infection: monthly prenatal screening decreases transmission rate and improves clinical outcome at age 3 years. Clinical Infectious Diseases 56, 1223–1231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walpole, IR, Hodgen, N and Bower, C (1991) Congenital toxoplasmosis: a large survey in Western Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 154, 720–724.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolf, A, Cowen, D and Paige, B (1939) Human toxoplasmosis: occurrence in infants as an encephalomyelitis verification by transmission to animals. Science (New York, N.Y.) 89, 226–227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed