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Evidence of increased intestinal absorption of cholesterol after the replacement of dietary saturated with unsaturated fats. Findings from the RISSCI-1 study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2022

A. Koutsos ,
R. Antoni ,
E. Ozen ,
G. Wong ,
L. Sellem ,
H. Ayyad ,
B.A. Fielding ,
M.D. Robertson ,
K.G. Jackson  and
J.A. Lovegrove
...Show all authors
A. Koutsos
Affiliation:
Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Reading, Reading, UK
R. Antoni
Affiliation:
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
E. Ozen
Affiliation:
Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Reading, Reading, UK
G. Wong
Affiliation:
Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Reading, Reading, UK
L. Sellem
Affiliation:
Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Reading, Reading, UK
H. Ayyad
Affiliation:
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
B.A. Fielding
Affiliation:
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
M.D. Robertson
Affiliation:
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
K.G. Jackson
Affiliation:
Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Reading, Reading, UK
J.A. Lovegrove
Affiliation:
Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Reading, Reading, UK
B.A. Griffin
Affiliation:
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Abstract

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This abstract was presented as the Nutrition in the Treatment, Management and Prevention of Disease Theme highlight.

We have previously shown that replacement of dietary saturated fat (SFA) with unsaturated fat (UFA) lowers serum LDL-cholesterol and increases the gene expression of LDL-receptors (LDL-R) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the RISSCI-1 (Reading Imperial Surrey Saturated fat Cholesterol Intervention) study(Reference Ozen, Koutsos and Antoni1). This dietary-induced upregulation of LDL-R gene expression has been reported to occur in response to a reduction in endogenous cholesterol synthesis and intra- cellular free cholesterol. The latter, in part, is regulated by a reciprocal ‘push-pull’ relationship between the endogenous synthesis and intestinal absorption of cholesterol(Reference Alphonse and Jones2). The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effects of exchanging SFA for UFA on markers of intestinal absorption and endogenous synthesis of cholesterol.RISSCI-1 was a non-randomised, sequential dietary intervention study, in which 109 healthy men (age 48, SD 11y, BMI 25.1 kg/m2 SD 3.3) followed two iso-energetic diets; a high SFA (18% total energy (TE)) - lower UFA (15% TE) diet, followed by a lower SFA (10% TE) - high UFA (24% TE) diet, for 4 weeks each. Plasma non- cholesterol sterols, standardised for total cholesterol and expressed as ratios of non-cholesterol sterol to total cholesterol, were used as validated biomarkers of intestinal cholesterol absorption (β- sitosterol, cholestanol, campesterol), and endogenous cholesterol synthesis (lathosterol, desmosterol)(Reference Mashnafi, Plat and Mensink3). Non-cholesterol sterols were measured in plasma samples collected at the end of each diet, using GC-MS and epicoprostanol (5b-cholestan-3a-ol) as an internal standard. Data was analysed by a linear mixed model, with age, BMI, baseline visit, diets (high SFA, low SFA), and study centre included as fixed effects, and participants as a random effect (R version 4.1.2). Replacement of dietary SFA with UFA produced increases of between 15 to 35% in all three plasma biomarkers of intestinal cholesterol absorption (high vs lower SFA diet). Mean cholesterol-standardised ratios (95% CI) were as follows: β-sitosterol 0.95 (0.94 −1.01) vs 1.31 (1.27–1.34); cholestanol 1.25 (1.22–1.28) vs 1.44 (1.41–1.47); campesterol 0.91 (0.87–0.94) vs 1.14 (1.11–1.18) all p < 0.0001. Plasma desmosterol increased (0.61 (0.59–0.63) vs 0.66 (0.65–0.68)) p < 0.0001, while plasma lathosterol showed no significant change. In conclusion, the consistent increase in biomarkers of intestinal cholesterol absorption is in accord with the replacement of dietary SFA with UFA reducing the endogenous synthesis of cholesterol. However, since there was no evidence of a consistent dietary effect on the biomarkers of endogenous cholesterol synthesis, this fails to support a reciprocal relationship between cholesterol synthesis and absorption. Further insight into these effects will be gained through the stable isotope trace-labelling of dietary saturated fat in a follow-up study (RISSCI-2).

Acknowledgments

Non-cholesterol sterols were measured at the Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NHS Foundation Trust Laboratories. The RISSCI-1 study was supported by the Biotechnology & Biological Sciences Research Council, Grant No. BB/P010245/1.

References

Ozen, E, Koutsos, A, Antoni, R, et al. (2021) Proc Nutr Soc 80, 205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alphonse, PAS & Jones, PJH (2016) Lipids 51, 519–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mashnafi, S, Plat, J, Mensink, RP, et al. (2019) Nutrients 11, 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar