¹ Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum [hereafter HE] i. Contents, in Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People, ed. and trans. B. Colgrave and R. A. B. Mynors (Oxford, 1969), pp. 8–9. Bede uses Scotti when referring to both the Irish in Ireland and the ‘Irish in Britain’, that is, the Scots of Dál Riata. See Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. Colgrave and Mynors, p. 16 n. 1.

² De excidio Britonum, xiv; Gildas: the Ruin of Britain and other Works, Hist. from the Sources: Arthurian Period Sources 7, ed. M. Winterbottom (London, 1978), p. 93.

³ HE i. 12; ‘We call them races from over the waters, not because they dwelt outside Britain but because they were separated from the Britons by two wide and long arms of the sea, one of which enters the land from the east, the other from the west, although they do not meet. Half way along the eastern branch is the city of Giudi, while above the western branch, that is on its right bank, is the town of Alcluith (Dumbarton), a name which in their language means “Clyde Rock” because it stands near the river of that name.’ Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 40–1.

⁴ HE i. 1; ‘There is a very wide arm of the sea which originally divided the Britons from the Picts. It runs far into the land from the west. Here there is to this day a very strongly fortified British town called Alcluith (Dumbarton). The Irish whom we have mentioned settled to the north of this arm of the sea and made their home there.’ Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 20–1.

⁵ The Gododdin: the Oldest Scottish Poem (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 6.

⁶ HE Preface, iii. 17; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 3 and 264–5.

⁷ Limitations of space prevent a detailed historiography here.

⁸ For example, W. Camden, Britannia, sive Florentissimorum regnorum, Angliae, Scotiae, Hiberniae, et insularum adjacentium ex intima antiquitate chorographica descriptio (London, 1586), Lothian, 6; Camden’s Britannia Newly Translated into English, with Large Additions and Improvements, trans. E. Gibson (London, 1722), II, col. 1190 (but see II, col. 1285, where Gibson identifies Guidi [sic] with Kirkintilloch); T. Pennant, A Tour in Scotland and Voyage to the Hebrides, 1772, ed. A. Simmons (Edinburgh, 1998), pp. 555 and 578; Skene, W. F., Celtic Scotland: a History of Ancient Alban, 2nd edn, 3 vols (Edinburgh, 1886–90)Google Scholar, I, 71 n. 10 and II, 258 n. 57; Rhys, J., Celtic Britain, 3rd edn (London, 1904), p. 152 Google Scholar.

⁹ P. Hunter Blair, ‘The Origins of Northumbria’, AAe (4th ser.) 25 (1947), 1–51, at 28 (Cramond or Inveresk); repr. in Anglo-Saxon Northumbria, ed. M. Lapidge and P. Hunter Blair (London, 1984); Richmond, I. A. and Crawford, O. G. S., ‘The British Section of the Ravenna Cosmography’, Archaeologia 93 (1949), 1–50 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 34 (Inveresk); Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, p. 40 n. 3 (Inveresk); Barrow, G. W. S., The Kingdom of the Scots: Government, Church and Society from the Eleventh to the Fourteenth Century, 2nd edn (Edinburgh, 2003), p. 55 Google Scholar (Inveresk); Alcock, L., ‘Forteviot: a Pictish and Scottish Royal Church and Palace’, in The Early Church in Western Britain and Ireland: Studies Presented to C. A. Ralegh Radford, ed. Pearce, S. M. (Oxford, 1982), pp. 211–39, at 213Google Scholar (Cramond or Inveresk).

¹⁰ A. Graham, ‘Giudi’, Antiquity 33 (129) (1959), 63–5; Jackson, K. H., ‘On the Northern British Section in Nennius’, in Celt and Saxon: Studies in the Early British Border, ed. Chadwick, N. K. (Cambridge, 1963), pp. 20–62, at 36–7Google Scholar; Jackson, K. H., ‘Varia: I. Bede’s Urbs Giudi: Stirling or Cramond?’, CMCS 2 (Winter 1981), 1–7 Google Scholar; Ordnance Survey, Map of Britain in the Dark Ages, 2nd edn (Southampton, 1974)Google Scholar; Thomas, C., ‘The Evidence from North Britain’, in Christianity in Britain, 300– 700: Papers Presented to the Conference on Christianity in Roman and Sub-Roman Britain, 17–20 April 1967, eds , M. W. Barley and Hanson, R. P. C. (Leicester, 1968), pp. 93–121 Google Scholar, at 107 and 109; Foster, I. Ll, ‘Presidential Address: Wales and North Britain’, Archaeologia Cambrensis 118 (1969), 1–16 Google Scholar, at 7; Hope-Taylor, B. K., Yeavering: an Anglo - British Centre of Early Northumbria (London, 1977), p. 287 Google Scholar; Alcock, L., ‘Early Historic Fortifications in Scotland’, in Hillfort Studies: Essays for A. H. A. Hogg, ed. Guilbert, G. (Leicester, 1981), pp. 150–80, at 175–6Google Scholar; Campbell, J., ‘Bede’s Words for Places’, in his Essays in Anglo-Saxon History (London, 1986), pp. 99–119 Google Scholar, at 100 (first published in Names, Words and Graves: Early Medieval Settlement, ed. P. H. Sawyer (Leeds, 1979), pp. 34–54); P. Blair, Hunter, An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England, 3rd edn (Cambridge, 2003), p. 41 Google Scholar n. 1; Breeze, , ‘Some Celtic Place-names of Scotland: Ptolemy’s Verubium Promontorium, Bede’s Urbs Giudi, Mendick, Minto, and Panlathy’, Scottish Lang. 23 (2004), 57–67 Google Scholar, at 61.

¹¹ Rutherford, A., ‘“Giudi” Revisited’, BBCS 26 (1976), 440–4Google Scholar; Fraser, J. E., ‘Bede, the Firth of Forth, and the Location of Urbs Iudeu ’, Scottish Hist. Rev. 87 (2008), 1–25 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; A. Durham, ‘North from the Forth’, Roman Era Names blog, 8 July 2017, available at https://www.romaneranames.uk/essays/forth.pdf.

¹² This is most evident in the publications of Leslie Alcock: ‘Forteviot’, p. 213; ‘The activities of potentates in Celtic Britain, AD 500–800: a Positivist Approach’, in Power and Politics in Early Medieval Britain and Ireland, ed. S. T. Driscoll and M. R. Nieke (Edinburgh, 1988), pp. 22–39, at 32; Alcock, L., Bede, Eddius, and the Forts of the North Britons (Jarrow, 1988), p. 4 Google Scholar.

¹³ Perry, D. R., Castle Park, Dunbar: Two Thousand Years on a Fortified Headland (Edinburgh, 2000), pp. 7 and 317Google Scholar.

¹⁴ Jackson, ‘Bede’s Urbs Giudi ’, p. 3 n. 7.

¹⁵ Bede: the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, trans. J. McClure and R. Collins (Oxford, 1999), p. 365.

¹⁶ Wallace-Hadrill, J. M., Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People: a Historical Commentary (Oxford, 1988), p. 17 Google Scholar.

¹⁷ P. Miller, ‘Suggestions Respecting the Site of Bede’s Ancient City, Giudi’, Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scotland 19 (1884–85), 54–62, at 54 and 56; P. Miller, ‘Additional Notes Respecting the Identification of the Site of Bede’s Guidi’, Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scotland 29 (1893–94), 55–8, at 58.

¹⁸ Fraser, ‘Location of Urbs Iudeu’, pp. 9, 12, 15–21 and 24.

¹⁹ This disregards the spurious identification of urbs Giudi with Bell Hills, near Limekilns, which has received no support. See Meiklejohn, G. C., Guidi: a City of the Horestii (London, 1926)Google Scholar.

²⁰ Fraser, ‘Location of Urbs Iudeu’, p. 17. In reality, Queensferry marks the point where the Forth Estuary opens out into the Firth of Forth. Fraser, in common with other commentators on urbs Giudi, uses firth and estuary synonymously. This contrasts with their geographical definitions, which are employed here. A firth (derived from Old Norse fjǫrðr ‘fjord’) is an arm of the sea, comprising undiluted sea water. An estuary is a semi-enclosed body of water with an unrestricted connection to the open sea and experiences tidal fluctuations, giving its waters a graduation of salt water, from fresh water at its head to salt water at its mouth. A river is a body of fresh water that flows in one direction, towards the head of its estuary, and does not experience tidal fluctuations. The normal tidal limit of the Forth is at Old Mills Farm, Kildean, 1.2 miles (2 km) north-east of, and upstream from, Stirling Castle. According to these definitions, the River Forth flows as far as Kildean, the Forth Estuary stretches from Kildean to Queensferry and the Firth of Forth extends seawards from Queensferry.

²¹ Fraser, ‘Location of Urbs Iudeu’, pp. 16–17.

²² R. Morris and G. J. Barclay, ‘The Fixed Defences of the Forth in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1779–1815’, Tayside and Fife Archaeol. Jnl 23 (2017), 109–33, at 119.

²³ Ibid. pp. 119–21; Barclay, G. J. and Morris, R., The Fortification of the Firth of Forth, 1880–1977: ‘the Most Powerful Naval Fortress in the British Empire’ (Edinburgh, 2019), pp. 85–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar and infra.

²⁴ Clancy, T. O., ‘The Kingdoms of the North: Poetry, Places, Politics’, in Beyond the Gododdin: Dark Age Scotland in Medieval Wales, ed. Woolf, A. (St Andrews, 2013), pp. 153–75Google Scholar, at 154 (‘convincing’); A. G. James, The Brittonic Language in the Old North: a Guide to the Place-Name Evidence, 3 vols. ([n. p.], 2020), II: Guide to the Elements, p. 166 (‘contentious’), available at http://spns.org.uk/bliton.

²⁵ T. M. Charles-Edwards, Wales and the Britons, 350–1064 (Oxford, 2013), p. 7 n. 30.

²⁶ For example, Anderson, A. O., Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, AD 500 to 1286 (London, 1908), p. 4 Google Scholar n. 3; The Ecclesiastical History of the English People and other Selections from the Writings of the Venerable Bede, ed. J. Campbell (New York, 1968), p. 21; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, trans. Colgrave and Mynors, p. 41; Ecclesiastical History, trans. McClure and Collins, p. 22; Bede: Ecclesiastical History of the English People, trans. L. Sherley-Price, rev. R. E. Latham (Harmondsworth, 2003), p. 58; Beda: Storia degli Inglesi (Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum), I: Libri I–II, ed. M. Lapidge, trans. P. Chiesa (Milano, 2008), p. 59 (città). French translations use ville: Bède le Vénérable: Histoire ecclésiastique du peuple anglais, trans. P. Delaveau (Paris, 1995), p. 79; Bède le Vénérable: Histoire ecclésiastique du peuple anglais, I: Conquête et Conversion, ed. and trans. O. Szerwiniack, F. Bourgne, J. Elfassi, M. Lescuyer and A. Molinier (Paris, 1999) I, 24; Bède le Vénérable: Histoire ecclésiastique du peuple anglais (Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum), I (Livres I–II), eds. A. Crépin and M. Lapidge, trans. P. Monat and P. Robin (Paris, 2005), p. 151.

²⁷ Campbell, ‘Bede’s Words for Places’, pp. 99–108.

²⁸ Graham, ‘Giudi’; Jackson, ‘Northern British Section’, pp. 35–8; Jackson, ‘Bede’s Urbs Giudi’; Rutherford, ‘“Giudi” Revisited’; Fraser, ‘Location of Urbs Iudeu’; Charles-Edwards, Wales and the Britons, pp. 7–8.

²⁹ Fraser, ‘Location of Urbs Iudeu’, p. 2.

³⁰ Editions, etc.: The History of the Primitive Church of England, from its Origin to the Year 731, Written in Latin by the Venerable Bede, trans. W. Hurst (London, 1814), p. 533 n. B; Historiae Ecclesiasticae Gentis Anglorum, in Monumenta Historica Britannica, or Materials for the History of Britain from the Earliest Period, I: Extending to the Norman Conquest, ed. H. Petrie with J. Sharpe (London, 1848), pp. 103–289, at 117 n. d; Venerabilis Bedæ Opera Omnia: Historia Ecclesiastica Gens Anglorum, ed. J.-P. Migne, PL 95 (1851), 38 n. l; Venerabilis Baedae Opera Historica, 2 vols, ed. C. Plummer (Oxford, 1896) II, 24 and 468; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of England: a Revised Translation with Introduction, Life, and Notes, trans. A. M. Sellar (London, 1907), pp. 23–4 n. 3; Baedae Opera Historica, trans. J. E. King (London, 1930) I, 56 n. 1; Bede: The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, Books I and II, trans. M. Maclagan (Oxford, 1949), p. 59 n. 4; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, p. 40 n. 3; Wallace-Hadrill, Historical Commentary, pp. 17 and 210; Bede: Ecclesiastical History, ed. McClure and Collins, p. 365; Histoire ecclésiastique du peuple anglais, ed. Szerwiniack et al., I, 215 n. 104; Bede: Ecclesiastical History, trans. Sherley-Price, p. 58 n. 1; Histoire ecclésiastique, ed. Crépin et al., I, 151 n. 4; Histoire ecclésiastique, trans. Delaveau, p. 379 n. 57; Beda: Storia degli Inglesi, ed. Lapidge, p. 306.

Studies: Miller, ‘Suggestions Respecting the Site of Bede’s Ancient City, Giudi’; ‘Additional Notes Respecting the Identification of the Site of Bede’s Guidi’; Meiklejohn, Guidi; Graham, ‘Giudi’; Jackson, ‘Northern British Section’, pp. 35–8; Rutherford, ‘“Giudi” Revisited’; Jackson, ‘Bede’s Urbs Giudi’; Fraser, ‘Location of Urbs Iudeu’; Charles-Edwards, Wales and the Britons, pp. 7–8.

³¹ §62; ed. and trans. D. N. Dumville, ‘The Textual History of the Welsh-Latin Historia Brittonum’ (unpublished PhD thesis, Univ. of Edinburgh, 3 vols, 1975) I, 248–9, available at https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/8972; see also Nennius: British History and the Welsh Annals, Hist. from the Sources: Arthurian Period Sources 8, ed. and trans. J. Morris (London, 1980), 38 and 79, §64. On the identification: Rhys, Celtic Britain, p. 304; Anderson, Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, pp. 24–5 n. 5; Blair, P. Hunter, ‘The Bernicians and their Northern Frontier’, in Studies in Early British History, ed. Chadwick, N. K. (Cambridge, 1954), pp. 137–72, at 164–5Google Scholar; Jackson, ‘Northern British Section’, pp. 36–7; ‘Bede’s Urbs Giudi’, p. 6; Colgrave and Mynors, Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, p. 40 n. 3; Morris, J., The Age of Arthur: a History of the British Isles from 350 to 650 (London, 1973), p. 582 Google Scholar n. 302.4; Dumville, ‘The Welsh-Latin Historia Brittonum’, I, 248 n. 3; D. Whitelock, ed., English Historical Documents, I: c. 500–1042, 2nd edn (London, 1979), pp. 10 and 643 n. 1; Alcock, L., Bede, Eddius, and the Forts of the North Britons, p. 3 Google Scholar; Breeze, ‘Some Celtic Place-names of Scotland’, pp. 58–61; A. Breeze, ‘Some Scottish Names, including Vacomagi, Boresti, Iudanbyrig, Aberlessic and Dubuice’, Scottish Lang. 26 (2007), 79–95, at 87; Fraser, ‘Location of Urbs Iudeu’, pp. 11–12; Charles-Edwards, Wales and the Britons, pp. 7–8 and 395; P. Dunshea, ‘The Road to Winwæd? Penda’s Wars Against Oswiu of Bernicia, c. 642 to c. 655’, ASE 44 (2015), 1–16, at 9; S. Taylor with T. O. Clancy, P. McNiven and E. Williamson, The Place-Names of Clackmannanshire (Donington, 2020), p. 57; M. Wood, In Search of the Dark Ages: a History of Anglo-Saxon England (London, 2023), pp. 89–90.

³² Jackson, ‘Northern British Section’, pp. 37–8; Charles-Edwards, Wales and the Britons, pp. 395–6.

³³ British Library MS Harley 3859. On Manau, see Watson, W. J., The History of the Celtic Place-Names of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1926), pp. 103–4, 128 and 130–1Google Scholar; Jackson, The Gododdin, pp. 71–4; Taylor et al., The Place-Names of Clackmannanshire, pp. 54–60.

³⁴ Fraser, ‘Location of Urbs Iudeu’, pp. 22–5; Taylor et al., Place-Names of Clackmannanshire, p. 57.

³⁵ For example, Breeze, ‘Some Celtic Place-names of Scotland’, pp. 59–60; Taylor et al., Place-Names of Clackmannanshire, p. 57. This issue requires more detailed analysis but lies beyond the scope of this paper.

³⁶ Although this leaves the closeness in form between Iudeu and Merin Iodeo, the Brittonic name for the Firth of Forth, unresolved. On Iodeo, see Canu Aneirin, ed. I. Williams (Caerdydd, 1938), pp. 48 line 1209, and 338; The Gododdin of Aneirin: Text and Context from Dark-Age Northern Britain ed. and trans. J. T. Koch, (Cardiff, 1997), pp. lxviii, 132, 141 and 169; S. Taylor with G. Márkus, The Place-Names of Fife, I: West Fife between Leven and Forth (Donington, 2006), pp. 39 and 41; James, The Brittonic Language in the Old North, II, 167, available at https://spns.org.uk/resources/bliton.

³⁷ Jackson, The Gododdin, p. 72 n. 1; L. Alcock, Arthur’s Britain: History and Archaeology, AD 367–634 (Harmondsworth, 1971), pp. 338–40, reprinted in Alcock, L., Economy, Society and Warfare among the Britons and Saxons (Cardiff, 1987), pp. 303–4Google Scholar; Morris, J., The Age of Arthur: a History of the British Isles from 350 to 650 (London, 1973), p. 582 Google Scholar n. 302.4; Jackson, ‘Bede’s Urbs Giudi’, p. 6; Koch, The Gododdin of Aneirin, pp. xxii, liv, lxv, xcix and cxiv; Breeze, ‘Some Celtic Place-names of Scotland’, pp. 58 and 61; Taylor with Márkus, The Place-Names of Fife I, 41; S. Taylor et al., The Place-Names of Clackmannanshire, p. 57.

³⁸ Jackson, ‘Northern British Section’, p. 37; A. A. M. Duncan, Scotland: the Making of the Kingdom, The Edinburgh Hist. of Scotland 1, rev. edn (Edinburgh, 1978), 61; J. E. Fraser, The Battle of Dunnichen, 685 (Stroud, 2002), pp. 47–8; Charles-Edwards, Wales and the Britons, p. 7.

³⁹ Rhys, Celtic Britain, p. 304 (Carriden); Richmond and Crawford, ‘The British Section of the Ravenna Cosmography’, 34 (Inveresk); Rutherford, ‘“Giudi” Revisited’, pp. 443–4 (Cramond or Inveresk); Wallace-Hadrill, Historical Commentary, p. 17 (‘Possibly Inveresk but also possibly Stirling’); P. H. Sawyer, From Roman Britain to Norman England (London, 1998), p. 31 (Cramond); M. Wood, In Search of the Dark Ages: a History of Anglo-Saxon England (London, 2023), p. 89 (Inveresk); A. Hunt, ‘Bede’s urbs Giudi and the Udd Urfai of Eidyn’, Shadows in the Mist: the Quest for a Historical King Arthur blog, 29 April 2021, available at https://mistshadows.blogspot.com/2021/04/bedes-urbs-giudi-and-udd-urfai-of-eidyn.html?m=1 (Din Eidyn, Edinburgh).

⁴⁰ ASC D-text s.a. 952. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ed. and trans. M. Swanton (London, 1996), p. 112.

⁴¹ Clarkson, T., The Men of the North: the Britons of Southern Scotland (Edinburgh, 2010), p. 142 Google Scholar; see also T. Clarkson, The Picts: a History, rev. edn (Edinburgh, 2010), p. 108; T. Clarkson, The Makers of Scotland: Picts, Romans, Gaels and Vikings (Edinburgh, 2012), p. 106. Contrast Breeze, ‘Some Scottish Names’, pp. 87–9.

⁴² HE iii. 24; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 290–3. Contrast Dunshea, ‘The Road to Winwæd?’, p. 9, where, on the basis of the identification of Iudeu with urbs Giudi, Dunshea states that this battle ‘could have been fought very much further north’.

⁴³ Love, R., ‘The World of Latin Learning’, in The Cambridge Companion to Bede, ed. DeGregorio, S. (Cambridge, 2010), pp. 40–53 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁴⁷ HE ii. 13, in Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 182–5; Shanzer, ‘Bede’s Style’, pp. 333–6.

⁴⁸ Martin, L. T., ‘Bede’s Structural Use of Wordplay as a Way to Truth’, in From Cloister to Classroom: Monastic and Scholastic Approaches to Truth, ed. Elder, E. R. (Kalamazoo, 1986), pp. 27–46 Google Scholar; Major, T., ‘Words, Wit and Wordplay in the Latin Works of the Venerable Bede’, Jnl Med. Latin 22 (2012), 185–219 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁹ Venerabilis Baedae Opera Historica, I, liii.

⁵⁰ D. Rollason, ‘The Cult of Bede’, in The Cambridge Companion to Bede, pp. 193–200, at 195.

⁵¹ Vitae Bedae Venerabilis, Presbyteri et Monachi Girwensis, §3; PL 90 (1850), cols 35–42, at col. 37C.

⁵² De excidio, §3; Gildas: the Ruin of Britain, ed. and trans. Winterbottom, pp. 16–17 and 89–90; see Higham, N. J., ‘Old Light on the Dark Age Landscape: the Description of Britain in the De Excidio Britanniae of Gildas’, Jnl of Hist. Geog. 17.4 (1991), 363–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁵⁶ HE i. 12, in Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 40–1.

⁵⁷ HE i. 12, in Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, trans. Colgrave and Mynors, p. 43.

⁵⁸ Bailey, G. B. and Devereux, D. F., ‘The Eastern Terminus of the Antonine Wall: a Review’, Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scotland 117 (1987), 93–104 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dumville, , ‘The Eastern Terminus of the Antonine Wall: 12th- or 13th-century Evidence’, Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scotland 124 (1994), 293–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Fraser, ‘Location of Urbs Iudeu’, p. 6.

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⁶⁰ Campbell, ‘Bede’s Words for Places’, pp. 113–15.

⁶¹ Bede’s ‘Pictish’ Peanfahel is actually a hybrid of Brittonic penn ‘end’ and Gaelic fal, gen. fail ‘wall’. See Nicolaisen, Scottish Place-Names, pp. 211–12 and 219.

⁶² Fraser, ‘Location of Urbs Iudeu’, pp. 5–6.

⁶³ Skene, Celtic Scotland I, 238.

⁶⁴ p. 2, above.

⁶⁵ Historia Ecclesiasticae Gentis Anglorum libri quinque, auctore sancto & Venerabili Baeda, ed. J. Smith (Cambridge, 1722), p. 50 n. 1; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation: a New Translation, trans. L. Gidley (Oxford, 1870), p. 30 n. 3; Venerabilis Baedae Opera Historica, ed. Plummer, I, 446 and II, 24; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, trans. Sellar, p. 23 n. 3; Baedae Opera Historica, trans. King, I, 56 n. 1.

⁶⁶ Ecclesiastical History, trans. Sherley-Price, pp. 58 n. 1 and 384. As does one French translation: Histoire ecclésiastique, trans. Delaveau, p. 379 n. 57.

⁶⁷ W. F. Skene, The Four Ancient Books of Wales (Edinburgh, 1868) I, 92; P. Miller, ‘Suggestions Respecting the Site of Bede’s Ancient City, Giudi’, Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scotland 19 (1884–1885), 54–62, at 54; G. MacDonald, The Roman Wall in Scotland (Glasgow, 1911), p. 33; I. C. Hannah, The Berwick and Lothian Coasts (London, 1913), p. 312; Hunter Blair, ‘Origins of Northumbria’, p. 28; Fraser, ‘Location of Urbs Iudeu’, pp. 10 and 12.

⁶⁸ Fraser, ‘Location of Urbs Iudeu’, p. 10.

⁶⁹ Ibid. p. 12.

⁷⁰ Fraser, J. E., From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795 (Edinburgh, 2009), p. 186 Google Scholar.

⁷¹ Macpherson, D., Geographical Illustrations of Scottish History, Containing the Names of Places Mentioned in Chronicles, Histories, Records , etc (London, 1796)Google Scholar, col. HAM.

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⁷⁴ Hope-Taylor, Yeavering, pp. 76, fig. 29, and 78–88; T. Gates, and C. O’Brien, ‘Cropmarks at Milfield and New Bewick and the Recognition of Grubenhaüser in Northumberland’, AAe (5th ser.) 16 (1988), 1–9; I. M. Smith, ‘Sprouston, Roxburghshire: an Early Anglian Centre of the Eastern Tweed Basin’, Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scotland 121 (1991), 261–94, at 272–4; Alcock, Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests, pp. 234–8.

⁷⁵ Noble, G., Gondek, M., Campbell, E., Evans, N., Hamilton, D. and Taylor, S., ‘A Powerful Place of Pictland: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on a Power Centre of the 4th to 6th Centuries AD’, MA 63.1 (2019), 56–94 Google Scholar, with the timber enclosure at 67–9.

⁷⁶ On raids on Inchcolm see, for example, Walter Bower, Scotichronicon xiii. 33, 36, xiv. 45 and xv. 38; Scotichronicon by Walter Bower, in Latin and English VII (Books XIII and XIV); ed. and trans. A. B. Scott and D. E. R. Watt with U. Morét and N. F. Shead (Edinburgh, 1996), 109–11, 118–21 and 398–401; Charters of the Abbey of Inchcolm, ed. D. E. Easson and A. Macdonald (Edinburgh, 1938), pp. 39–40.

⁷⁷ Barclay and Morris, Fortification of the Firth of Forth, infra.

⁷⁸ Hunter Blair, ‘Origins of Northumbria’, p. 28. This argument was originally made by Miller, ‘Bede’s Ancient City, Giudi’, p. 57.

⁷⁹ Jackson, ‘Bede’s Urbs Giudi’, p. 3.

⁸⁰ Rhys, Celtic Britain, pp. 304–5; see also F. P. Magoun, ‘Territorial, Place-, and River-names in the Old English Annals, D-Text (MS. Cotton Tiberius B. IV)’, Harvard Stud. and Notes in Philol. and Lit. 20 (1938), 147–80, at 163.

⁸¹ J. E. Lloyd, A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest (London, 1911) I, 190, n.120.

⁸² Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. xxxix–xlvi.

⁸³ P. Hunter Blair, ‘Preface’, The Moore Bede: Cambridge University Library MS Kk. 5. 16, Early Eng. Manuscripts in Facsimile 9 (Copenhagen, 1959), 11–32, at 26–32.

⁸⁴ Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. xxxix–xl.

⁸⁵ HE i. 12 (Alcluith, urbs Giudi), iii. 6 and 16 (Bebbanburgh), iv. 19 and 25 (Coludi urbem), in Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 40, 230, 262, 392 and 420.

⁸⁶ HE i. 1, in Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 14–15.

⁸⁷ C. A. M. Clarke, Literary Landscapes and the Idea of England, 700–1400 (Woodbridge, 2006), pp. 4 and 16–20. The quotations are from p. 17.

⁸⁸ Ibid. pp. 10 and 18; see also J. O’Reilly, ‘Islands and Idols at the Ends of the Earth: Exegesis and Conversion in Bede’s Historia ecclesiastica’, in Bède le Vénérable entre Tradition et Postérité, ed. S. Lebecq, M. Perrin and O. Szerwiniak (Villeneuve d’Ascq, 2005), pp. 119–45.

⁸⁹ HE iii. 3, 4, 16, 17, 22 and 25, iv. 4 and 27–30, v. 1, 9 and 19, in Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 218, 220, 222, 262, 264, 282, 294, 346, 430, 436, 438, 440, 442, 442, 444, 454, 456, 478 and 518.

⁹⁰ HE Pref., i. 3 and 15, ii. 9, iv. 13 and 16, v. 19, 23 and 24, in Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 6, 22, 24, 50, 162, 372, 382, 384, 518, 524, 558 and 560.

⁹¹ Historic Environment Scotland, Canmore database, Canmore ID 39564, available at https://canmore.org.uk; The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland, Argyll: an Inventory of the Monuments, VI: Mid-Argyll and Cowal, Prehistoric and Early Historic Monuments (Edinburgh, 1988), pp. 149–59, no. 248; A. Lane and E. Campbell, Dunadd: an Early Dalriadic Capital (Oxford, 2000).

⁹² R. Lathe and D. Smith, ‘Holocene Relative Sea-level Changes in Western Scotland: the Early Insular Situation of Dun Add (Kintyre) and Dumbarton Rock (Strathclyde)’, The Heroic Age: a Jnl of Early Med. Northwestern Europe 16 (2015), 1–12, available at http://www.heroicage.org/issues/16/lathe-smith.php.

⁹³ Historia Brittonum, lxiii; Nennius, ed. and trans. Morris, pp. 38 and 79. On which see T. Clarkson, ‘The Lindisfarne Campaign’, Senchus: Notes on Early Medieval Scotland blog, available at https://senchus.wordpress.com/2009/04/29/the-lindisfarne-campaign/.

⁹⁴ xxiv; Two Lives of Saint Cuthbert: a Life by an Anonymous Monk of Lindisfarne and Bede’s Prose Life, ed. and trans. B. Colgrave (London, 1940), p. 235; ‘Bede: Life of Cuthbert’, trans. J. F. Webb, in The Age of Bede, ed. D. H. Farmer (Harmondsworth, 1983), pp. 39–102, at 74.

⁹⁵ Life of Cuthbert, ch. 17; trans. Colgrave, Two Lives of Saint Cuthbert, p. 215.

⁹⁶ ‘Life of Cuthbert’, trans. Webb, ‘Life of Cuthbert’, p. 66.

⁹⁷ Life of Cuthbert, ch. 17; trans. Webb, ‘Life of Cuthbert’, p. 66.

⁹⁸ W. F. Skene, ‘On the Early Frisian Settlements in Scotland’, Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scotland 4 (1860–62), 169–81, at 177 n. 1.

⁹⁹ Alcock, ‘Early Historic Fortifications in Scotland’; Alcock, Bede, Eddius, and the Forts of the North Britons; Alcock, Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests, pp. 180–96; Ralston, Hill-Forts of Pictland, pp. 18–22.

¹⁰⁰ Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, ed. R. E. Latham, D. R. Howlett and R. K. Ashdowne (Oxford, 1975–2013) VI: M, 1747.

¹⁰¹ Oxford Latin Dictionary, ed. P. W. Glare, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 2012) II, 1890 and 2054.

¹⁰² The History of the Church of Englande, Compiled by the Venerable Bede, Englishman, trans. T. Stapleton (Antwerp, 1565), fol. 21v; History of the Primitive Church of England, trans. Hurst, p. 33; Baedae Opera Historica, trans. King, I, 55; Ecclesiastical History, trans. Sherley-Price, p. 58; Jackson, ‘Bede’s Urbs Giudi’, 3.

¹⁰³ The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, trans. J. Stevens (London, 1723), p. 36; The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, trans. J. A. Giles (London, 1840), p. 22; The Complete Works of Venerable Bede, in the Original Latin, ed. J. A. Giles (London, 1843) II, 61; Ecclesiastical History, trans. Gidley, p. 30; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, trans. Sellar, p. 23.

¹⁰⁴ Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, trans. Anderson, p. 4 n. 3; Jackson, ‘Bede’s Urbs Giudi ’, pp. 1–2. Jackson describes his translation as ‘deliberately literal’: ‘Bede’s Urbs Giudi ’, p. 1.

¹⁰⁵ Histoire ecclésiastique du peuple anglais, trans. Delaveau, p. 79.

¹⁰⁶ Histoire ecclésiastique du peuple anglais, trans. Monat and Robin, I, 151.

¹⁰⁷ Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, trans. Colgrave and Mynors, p. 41.

¹⁰⁸ Miller, ‘Bede’s Ancient City, Giudi’, 56.

¹⁰⁹ Anderson, Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, p. 4 n. 3.

¹¹⁰ Hunter Blair, ‘Origins of Northumbria’, p. 28.

¹¹¹ Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. Colgrave and Mynors, p. 40 n. 3, citing Richmond and Crawford, ‘The British Section of the Ravenna Cosmography’, p. 34.

¹¹² Jackson, ‘Bede’s Urbs Giudi ’, p. 3.

¹¹³ Hunter Blair, ‘Origins of Northumbria’, 28.

¹¹⁴ Hunter Blair, ‘The Bernicians and their Northern Frontier’, p. 164.

¹¹⁵ Hunter Blair, Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England, p. 41 n. 1.

¹¹⁶ Fisher, E. A., An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon Architecture and Sculpture (London, 1959), p. 41 Google Scholar.

¹¹⁷ Rutherford, ‘“Giudi” Revisited’, p. 441.

¹¹⁸ For example, Barrow, ‘Midlothian’, p. 143; J. Marsden, The Illustrated Bede (London, 1989), p. 37; J. Morris, Arthurian Period Sources, IV: Places and Peoples and Saxon Archaeology (London, 1995), 33; Rollason, D., Northumbria, 500–1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom (Cambridge, 2003), p. 32 Google Scholar; Adams, M., The King in the North: the Life and Times of Oswald of Northumbria (London, 2013), p. 283 Google Scholar.

¹¹⁹ Histoire ecclésiastique du peuple anglais, ed. and trans. Szerwiniack et al., I, 24 (with my translation from the French), with the location at I, 215 n. 104.

¹²⁰ Jackson, ‘Bede’s Urbs Giudi ’, p. 3.

¹²¹ Caesar, De Bello Gallico, i. 24; Caesar, The Gallic War, ed. and trans. H. J. Edwards (London, 1917), pp. 36–7.

¹²² HE i. 17; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. Colgrave and Mynors, p. 54.

¹²³ Hunter Blair, ‘Origins of Northumbria’, p. 28.

¹²⁴ Graham, ‘Giudi’, p. 64.

¹²⁵ Ibid. p. 64.

¹²⁶ Ibid. p. 64. Stirling is near the head of the Forth Estuary, not the Firth of Forth. See note 20, above.

¹²⁷ Jackson, ‘Bede’s Urbs Giudi ’, pp. 4–5.

¹²⁸ Beda: Storia degli Inglesi, trans. Chiesa, p. 59, with my translation from the Italian.

¹²⁹ Beda: Storia degli Inglesi, ed. Lapidge, p. 306.

¹³⁰ Fraser, ‘Location of Urbs Iudeu’, p. 8.

¹³¹ pp. 28–39, below.

¹³² G. H. T. Kimble, Geography in the Middle Ages (London, 1938), p. 173.

¹³³ Graham, ‘Giudi’, p. 64.

¹³⁴ Jackson, ‘Bede’s Urbs Giudi ’, p. 5.

¹³⁵ Ibid. pp. 3 and 5.

¹³⁶ Graham, ‘Giudi’, p. 64.

¹³⁷ Fraser, ‘Location of Urbs Iudeu’, pp. 3–9.

¹³⁸ For example, E. Stair-Kerr, Stirling Castle: its Place in Scottish History, 2nd edn (Stirling, 1928), pp. 3–5; Graham, ‘Giudi’, p. 63; Alcock, ‘Early Historic Fortifications in Scotland’, p. 176; Jackson, ‘Bede’s Urbs Giudi ’, pp. 4–5; R. Fawcett, Stirling Castle (London, 1995), pp. 16–17; Driscoll, S. T., ‘Formalising the Mechanisms of State Power: early Scottish Lordship from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Centuries’, in Scottish Power Centres: from the Early Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century, ed. Foster, S., Macinnes, A. and MacInnes, R. (Glasgow, 1998), pp. 32–58 Google Scholar, at 41; P. A. Yeoman, Stirling Castle: Official Souvenir Guide [with K. Owen, Argyll’s Lodging and Mar’s Wark: Official Souvenir Guide] (Edinburgh, 2011), p. 38; Charles-Edwards, Wales and the Britons, p. 7; G. Lock and I. Ralston, Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland, ref. SC4228, available at: https://hillforts.arch.ox.ac.uk. See also G. Ewart and D. Gallagher, ‘With thy Towers High’: the Archaeology of Stirling Castle and Palace (Edinburgh, 2015), p. 21.

¹³⁹ Fawcett, Stirling Castle, pp. 19–24; Ewart and Gallagher, ‘With thy Towers High’, p. 27.

¹⁴⁰ Fraser, From Caledonia to Pictland, p. 358.

¹⁴¹ Fraser, ‘Location of Urbs Iudeu’.

¹⁴² pp. 18–20, above.

¹⁴³ Jones, P. F., A Concordance to the Historia Ecclesiastica of Bede (Cambridge, MA, 1929), p. 313 Google Scholar. Not all instances of in medio are discussed here.

¹⁴⁴ HE ii. 3; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 144–5.

¹⁴⁵ HE v. 17; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 510–11.

¹⁴⁶ HE ii. 14; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 186–7.

¹⁴⁷ HE v. 16 and 17, quoting Adomnán’s De locis sanctis; Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 510–11.

¹⁴⁸ HE ii. 13; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 184–5.

¹⁴⁹ HE iii. 10; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 244–5.

¹⁵⁰ Life of Cuthbert xviii; Two Lives of Saint Cuthbert, ed. and trans. Colgrave, pp. 218–19.

¹⁵¹ De temporum ratione xxxii; Bedae Venerabilis: Opera VI, Opera Didascalica II, ed. C. W. Jones, CCSL 123B (Turnhout, 1997), 380; Bede: the Reckoning of Time, trans. F. Wallis (Liverpool, 1999), p. 91.

¹⁵² De locis sanctis ii.6; ‘Bedae De locis sanctis’, ed. J. Fraipont, in Itineraria et alia geographica: Itineraria Hierosolymitana. Itineraria Romana. Geographica, ed. P. Geyer, O. Cuntz, A. Francheschini, R. Weber, L. Bieler, J. Fraipont and F. Glorie, CCSL 175 (Turnhout, 1965) I, 244–80, at 258.

¹⁵³ HE i. 18; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 58–9.

¹⁵⁴ Ecclesiastical History, trans. Sherley-Price, p. 237.

¹⁵⁵ HE iv. 19; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 392–3.

¹⁵⁶ Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, trans. Colgrave and Mynors, p. 237.

¹⁵⁷ Ecclesiastical History, trans. Sherley-Price, p. 113.

¹⁵⁸ HE ii. 6, quoting Matthew 10:16; John 10:12; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 154–5.

¹⁵⁹ HE v. 1; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 454–5.

¹⁶⁰ Life of Cuthbert xvii; Two Lives of Saint Cuthbert, ed. and trans. Colgrave, pp. 214–15.

¹⁶¹ ‘Life of Cuthbert’, trans. Webb, p. 66.

¹⁶² Oxford Latin Dictionary II, 1200.

¹⁶³ Life of Cuthbert xxiv; Two Lives of Saint Cuthbert, ed. Colgrave, p. 234.

¹⁶⁴ Two Lives of Saint Cuthbert, trans. Colgrave, p. 235 (‘in the midst of their talk’); ‘Life of Cuthbert’, trans. Webb, p. 74 (‘in the course of conversation’).

¹⁶⁵ Expositio in Canticum Abacuc Prophetae iii. 2; Expositio Bedae presbyteri in Canticvm Prophetae, in Bedae Venerabilis Opera II, Opera Exegetica, ed. J. E. Hudson, CCSL 119B (Turnhout, 1983), 377–409, at 383; Bede: On Tobit and on the Canticle of Habakkuk, trans. S. Connolly (Dublin, 1997), p. 68 and fn. See Ward, B., ‘“In medium duorum animalium”: Bede and Jerome on the Canticle of Habakkuk’, Studia Patristica 25 (1993), 189–93Google Scholar.

¹⁶⁶ HE v. 22; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 490–3.

¹⁶⁷ HE v. 22; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 492–3.

¹⁶⁸ Graham, ‘Giudi’, p. 64.

¹⁶⁹ Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, trans. Colgrave and Mynors, p. 41.

¹⁷⁰ Graham, ‘Giudi’, p. 64.

¹⁷¹ See note 20, above.

¹⁷² Unattributed but cited in Jackson, ‘Bede’s Urbs Giudi ’, p. 5. See also Fraser, ‘Location of Urbs Iudeu’, p. 11.

¹⁷³ HE i. 12; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 40–3.

¹⁷⁴ HE i. 1; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 20–1.

¹⁷⁵ HE i. 12; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 40–1.

¹⁷⁶ Fraser, ‘Location of Urbs Iudeu’, pp. 7–8; Dictionary of Medieval Latin, IV: F–G–H, 1009.

¹⁷⁷ Oxford Latin Dictionary I, 807.

¹⁷⁸ Bower, Scotichronicon v. 37; Scotichronicon by Walter Bower III (Books V and VI), ed. and trans. J. MacQueen, W. MacQueen and D. E. R Watt (Edinburgh, 1995), pp. 110–11. For accounts of other storms in the Firth of Forth, see Bower, Scotichronicon xiii. 33 and xv. 38; Scotichronicon by Walter Bower VII (Books XIII and XIV), ed. and trans. Scott and Watt, pp. 110–11; VIII (Books XV and XVI), ed. and trans. D. E. R. Watt (Aberdeen, 1987), pp. 136–9.

¹⁷⁹ Fraser, ‘Location of Urbs Iudeu’, pp. 1–2. Fraser attributes this to F. T. Wainwright, ‘The Picts and the problem’, The Problem of the Picts, ed. F. T. Wainwright (Edinburgh, 1955), pp. 1–53, at 39–40, although no such claim appears there.

¹⁸⁰ Oxford Latin Dictionary I, 80.

¹⁸¹ Dictionary of Medieval Latin I: A–B, 45.

¹⁸² Rivet, A. L. F. and Smith, C., The Place-Names of Roman Britain (London, 1979), pp. 269–71Google Scholar.

¹⁸³ Bede: On Genesis, trans. C. B. Kendall (Liverpool, 2008), p. 35.

¹⁸⁴ Bede, Ecclesiastical History, ed. McClure and Collins, pp. xiii–xiv; I. Wood, ‘Bede’s Jarrow’, A Place to Believe In: Locating Medieval Landscapes, ed. C. A. Lees and G. R. Overing (University Park, PA, 2006), pp. 67–84, at 68 n. 2.

¹⁸⁵ Bede, De temporum ratione ixxx; Reckoning of Time, trans. Wallis, p. 85.

¹⁸⁶ Merrills, History and Geography, p. 252.

¹⁸⁷ On coastal fauna see HE i. 1; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. Colgrave and Mynors, p. 14; In Genesis i. I, 20–3; Bedae Venerabilis Opera II, Opera exegetica I: Libri Quatuor in Principium Genesis usque ad Nativitatem Isaac et eiectionum Ismahelis Adnotationum, ed. C. W. Jones, CCSL 118A (Turnhout, 1967), 20–2; Bede: On Genesis, trans. Kendall, pp. 85–7. On tides see De natura rerum xlix; Bedae Venerabilis Opera VI, Opera Didascalica I, ed. C. W. Jones, CCSL 123A (Turnhout, 1975), 173–234, at 224–5; Bede: On the Nature of Things and on Times, trans. C. B. Kendall and F. Wallis (Liverpool, 2010), p. 95; De temporum ratione, xxix; Reckoning of Time, trans. Wallis, p. 85; see also T. R. Eckenrode, ‘Venerable Bede’s Theory of Ocean Tides’, The Amer. Benedictine Rev. 25 (1974), 456–74; W. M. Stevens, Bede’s Scientific Achievement (Jarrow, 1985), pp. 11–18.

¹⁸⁸ HE i. 12; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 40–1.

¹⁸⁹ Charles-Edwards, Wales and the Britons, p. 8.

¹⁹⁰ See note 20, above.

¹⁹¹ HE i. 12; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. Colgrave and Mynors, p. 40.

¹⁹² See pages 27–8, above.

¹⁹³ Charles-Edwards, Wales and the Britons, p. 8.

¹⁹⁴ For example, A. Rees, The Cyclopædia; or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature (London, 1819), XXI, s. v. Linlithgowshire (‘an extensive bay’); W. C. Bryant, The Picturesque Souvenir: Letters of a Traveller; or, Notes of Things Seen in Europe and America (New York, 1851), p. 182 (‘the Frith … forms the bay of Edinburgh’); J. S. C. Abbott, The Life of Rear Admiral John Paul Jones (New York, 1874), p. 60 (‘the frith or bay of Edinburgh’, ‘the Bay of Edinburgh’).

¹⁹⁵ Oxford Latin Dictionary II, 1953.

¹⁹⁶ Bede: Ecclesiastical History, trans. Maclagan, pp. 39 and 59; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 21, 41 and 43; Ecclesiastical History, trans. Sherley-Price, p. 47; Histoire ecclésiastique du peuple anglais, trans. Monat and Robin, I, 151.

¹⁹⁷ Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, trans. Colgrave and Mynors, p. 41.

¹⁹⁸ History of the Church of Englande, trans. Stapleton, 15v, 21v and 21r; History of the Primitive Church, trans. Hurst, pp. 33–4; Baedae Opera Historica, trans. King, I, 21, 23 and 57; Bède le Vénérable: Histoire ecclésiastique du peuple anglais, trans. Delaveau, p. 79.

¹⁹⁹ Bede, Ecclesiastical History, trans. Stevens, p. 36; Ecclesiastical History, trans. Giles, p. 22; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, trans. Sellar, p. 24.

²⁰⁰ Bede, Ecclesiastical History, trans. Sherley-Price, pp. 58–9.

²⁰¹ Ibid. p. 255.

²⁰² Bede, History of the Primitive Church, trans. Hurst, pp. 33 and 406.

²⁰³ Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, trans. Sellar, p. 23.

²⁰⁴ Bede, Ecclesiastical History, trans. Stevens, p. 14; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, trans. Sellar, p. 24.

²⁰⁵ Bede, Ecclesiastical History, trans. Stevens, p. 14; History of the Primitive Church, trans. Hurst, p. 12; Ecclesiastical History, trans. Giles, p. 8; Ecclesiastical History, trans. Gidley, pp. 12–13, 30 and 31; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, trans. Sellar, p. 9; Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, trans. Anderson, p. 4 n. 3; J. B. Johnston, Place-Names of Scotland, 3rd edn (London, 1934), p. 182; Bede: Ecclesiastical History, trans. Maclagan, p. 60.

²⁰⁶ Dictionary of Medieval Latin XV: Sal–Sol, 3100.

²⁰⁷ De natura rerum xlii; Bedae Venerabilis Opera VI, Opera Didascalica I, ed. Jones, 226; Bede: On the Nature of Things, trans. Kendall and Wallis, p. 96.

²⁰⁸ HE i. 17; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. Colgrave and Mynors, p. 54.

²⁰⁹ HE i. 33; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 114–15.

²¹⁰ HE i. 15 and 24, ii. 3, 5, 9, 16 and 25; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 50, 72, 142, 148, 162 and 190.

²¹¹ HE i. 25; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. Colgrave and Mynors, p. 72.

²¹² A. Adam, A Compendious Dictionary of the Latin Tongue, 2nd edn (Edinburgh, 1814), pp. 642–3.

²¹³ J. E. Riddle, A Complete Latin-English Dictionary, 4th edn (London, 1844), p. 638.

²¹⁴ P. Heylyn, Cosmography in Four Books, Containing the Chorography and History of the Whole World (London, 1677), p. 23.

²¹⁵ Historiae Ecclesiasticae Gentis Anglorum Libri V a Venerabilis Beda presbytero scripti, ed. A. Whelocus [Whe(e)lock] (Cambridge, 1643).

²¹⁶ T. Cooper, Thesaurus Linguae Romanae & Britannicae (London, 1584), s. v. sinus.

²¹⁷ W. Somner, Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum: voces, phrasesque praecipuas Anglo-Saxonicas (Oxford, 1659), s. v. wic.

²¹⁸ Oxford Latin Dictionary II, 1952.

²¹⁹ Dictionary of Medieval Latin XV: Sal–Sol, 3099.

²²⁰ The Oxford English Dictionary, ed. J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner, 20 vols (Oxford, 1989), XV (Ser–Soosy), 540.

²²¹ Charles-Edwards, Wales and the Britons, p. 8.

²²² Ibid. p. 8.

²²³ Graham, ‘Giudi’, p. 64.

²²⁴ See pp. 18–20, above.

²²⁵ Oxford Latin Dictionary II, 1952.

²²⁶ Ibid. II, 1952–3.

²²⁷ C. T. Lewis and C. Short, A Latin Dictionary (Oxford, 1879), p. 1709.

²²⁸ Riddle, Latin-English Dictionary, p. 638.

²²⁹ Dictionary of Medieval Latin XV: Sal–Sol, 3099–3100.

²³⁰ P. Hunter Blair, ‘Whitby as a Centre of Learning in the Seventh Century’, Learning and Literature in Anglo-Saxon England: Studies Presented to Peter Clemoes on the Occasion of his Sixty-Fifth Birthday, ed. M. Lapidge and H. Gneuss (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 3–32, at 11.

²³¹ HE iii. 2; Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 218–19.

²³² In Lucae evangelium expositio v. 16; Bedae Venerabilis Homeliarum Evangelii II, Bedae Venerabilis Opera II: Opera Exegetica III, ed. D. Hurst, CCSL 120 (Turnhout, 1960), 1–425, at 303; Homelia i. 11, Bedae Venerabilis Opera III, Opera Homiletica, ed. D. Hurst, CCSL 122 (Turnhout, 1955), 1–403, at 74; Bede the Venerable, Homilies on the Gospels, I: Advent to Lent, trans. L. T. Martin and D. Hurst (Kalamazoo, MI, 1991), p. 105.

²³³ C. Hough, ‘Strensall, Streanaeshalch and Stronsay’, JEPNS 35 (2002–2003), 17–24; N. J. Higham, (Re-) Reading Bede: the Historia Ecclesiastica in Context (London, 2006), p. 46; but see P. S. Barnwell, L. A. S. Butler and C. J. Dunn, ‘The Confusion of Conversion: Streanæshalch, Strensall and Whitby’, in M. Carver, ed., The Cross Goes North: Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe, AD 300–1300 (Woodbridge, 2005), pp. 311–26.

²³⁴ HE iii. 25, Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. Colgrave and Mynors, p. 298–9 (‘the bay of the light house’). Hunter Blair, ‘Whitby’, p. 10 (‘bay of light’). Although Hunter Blair criticises Colgrave’s translation ‘bay of the light house’, it is evident that Bede uses farus (from Greek pharos) to mean not only ‘light’ but ‘beacon, lighthouse’ elsewhere (HE i. 11). Sinus fari, therefore, can mean literally ‘bay of the beacon’. I owe this point to Professor Rosalind Love.

²³⁵ Hunter Blair, ‘Whitby’, p. 12.

²³⁶ HE iv. 23, Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. Colgrave and Mynors, p. 410. The metaphorical reference to the radiance of Breguswith’s jewel is consistent with Colgrave’s translation of sinus fari as ‘the bay of the light house’, rather than Hunter Blair’s ‘bay of light’. See note 234, above.

²³⁷ Hunter Blair, ‘Whitby’, pp. 9–12; see also T. Styles, ‘Whitby Revisited: Bede’s Explanation of Streanaeshalch’, Nomina: Jnl Soc. Name Stud. Britain and Ireland 21 (1998), 133–48, at 143–5; Hough, ‘Strensall’, p. 17; Higham, (Re-)Reading Bede, p. 46; M. Ryan, ‘Place-names, Language and the Anglo-Saxon Landscape: an Introduction’, Place-Names, Language and the Anglo-Saxon Landscape, ed. N. J. Higham and M. J. Ryan (Woodbridge, 2011), pp. 1–21, at 4; Major, ‘Words, Wit and Wordplay’, p. 213.

²³⁸ Major, ‘Words, Wit and Wordplay’, pp. 201–2 and n. 83.

²³⁹ De tabernaculo ii. 27.3 [79], iii. 28.12 [102] and 28.39 [116]; Bede: On the Tabernacle, trans. A. G. Holder (Liverpool, 1994), pp. 88 n. 5, 117 n. 2 and 134 n. 7.

²⁴⁰ Kendall, ‘Rhetoric in Early Medieval Latin’, p. 147.

²⁴¹ Lewis and Short, Latin Dictionary, p. 1709.

²⁴² J. Leslie, De Origine, Moribus et Rebus Gestis Scotorum libri decem (Rome, 1578) viii, chap. 103 [1675 ed., p. 308]; The Historie of Scotland, trans. J. Dalrymple, eds E. G. Cody and W. Murison, 2 vols (Edinburgh, 1888–95) II, 96.

²⁴³ Historie of Scotland, ed. Cody, II, 359 n. 60.

²⁴⁴ Fullarton, Topographical Gazetteer of Scotland I, 578.

²⁴⁵ R. Brown, Our Earth and its Story: a Popular Treatise on Physical Geography, 3 vols (London, 1887–9) I, 298.

²⁴⁶ For example, J. G. Kohl, Travels in Scotland, new edn (London, 1849), p. 71; J. G. Kohl, Travels in Scotland (1842), trans. U. C. Smith and J. M. Y. Simpson ([n. p.], 2012), p. 45; J. T. Reid, Art Rambles in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland (London, 1878), p. 17.

²⁴⁷ Breeze, ‘Some Celtic Place-names of Scotland’, pp. 58–61.

²⁴⁸ This requires more detailed analysis than space permits here.

²⁴⁹ See James, Brittonic Language II, 108.

²⁵⁰ K. H. Jackson, ‘Varia: II. Gildas and the Names of the British Princes’, CMCS 3 (Summer 1982), 30–40, at 33.

²⁵¹ James, Brittonic Language II, 108.

²⁵² A. Graham, ‘Archaeological Notes on Some Harbours in Eastern Scotland’, Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scotland 101 (1968–1969), 200–85, at 278.

²⁵³ Graham, ‘Giudi ’, p. 64; Alcock, ‘Early Historic Fortifications in Scotland’, p. 176; Jackson, ‘Bede’s Urbs Giudi’, pp. 2 and 5; Charles-Edwards, Wales and the Britons, p. 8.

²⁵⁴ Early Scottish Charters: Prior to AD 1153, ed. A. C. Lawrie (Glasgow, 1905), pp. 142 and 170.

²⁵⁵ ‘Stirling Shipping’s Last Survivors: How the Tide Turned Against a Thriving Port’, Stirling Jnl and Advertiser, 2 October, 1930, p. 5 [no byline given].

²⁵⁶ Ibid.

²⁵⁷ Stirling Archives, ‘The Last Ship to Dock at Stirling Harbour’, Stirling Council Archives blog, 1 December 2021, available at http://www.stirlingarchives.scot/2021/12/01/the-last-ships-to-dock-at-stirling-harbour/. Not, as Jackson states, the 1930s. Jackson, ‘Bede’s Urbs Giudi ’, p. 5.

²⁵⁸ R. Page, ‘Early Historic (Dark Age) Stirling: Was the Gowan Hill Bede’s Giudi? ’, Forth Naturalist and Historian 26 (2003), 97–104; R. Page, ‘Bede’s urbs Giudi: Stirling and its Context’, Scottish Place-Name News 21 (2006), 8–10, available at https://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SPNNews-21-Autumn-2006.pdf; L. Main, ‘An Early Historic Fort on the Abbey Craig’, Forth Naturalist and Historian 29 (2006), 39–40, at 40.

²⁵⁹ I am most grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their helpful feedback and to Professor Rosalind Love for her patient guidance, particularly on points of Latin grammar. Their valuable comments have helped me to improve this article greatly by both strengthening the case presented here and saving me from several errors. Any remaining errors and idiosyncrasies are, of course, my responsibility alone.