Hostname: page-component-76d6cb85b7-ntvhh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-07-15T15:22:05.798Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Recruitment of the endangered limpet Patella ferruginea in the Chafarinas Islands (SW Mediterranean)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 November 2022

Javier Guallart Open the ORCID record for Javier Guallart [Opens in a new window] ,
José Templado  and
Ángel A. Luque Open the ORCID record for Ángel A. Luque [Opens in a new window]
Javier Guallart
Affiliation:
Laboratorio de Biología Marina, Departamento de Zoología, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
José Templado
Affiliation:
Museo Natural de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2., 28006 Madrid, Spain
Ángel A. Luque*
Affiliation:
Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin, 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
*
Author for correspondence: Ángel A. Luque, E-mail: angel.luque@inv.uam.es
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The recruitment of the endangered limpet Patella ferruginea in the Chafarinas Islands (SW Mediterranean) was studied over a 17-year period (1999‒2015). A total of 8115 recruits <20 mm in maximum diameter were counted in 95 transect censuses sampled during the study period. The presence of recruits began at the end of winter or beginning of spring (March‒April), when they reached a maximum shell diameter (MD) of at least 4 mm, with a peak in abundance occurring in spring. Smaller recruits were found on the lower midlittoral on the fringe of the vermetid gastropod Dendropoma lebeche and the crustose coralline algae Neogoniolithon brassica-florida, which suggests that settlement occurs at this shore level. Recruits reach 12‒27 mm at the end of their first year of life. A regular recruitment was detected for all studied years, with an average of 11.71 recruits m−1 across the study period. However, recruitment exhibited high interannual variability and did not occur evenly along the coastline of the islands. Higher recruitment was observed in 2001, 2011 and 2012, with a maximum density of 69.07 recruits m−1 in one transect in 2012. The density of recruits decreased in summer. No significant correlation was found between the density of recruits and adults. Between 1999‒2010, 29.29% of recruits were ‘phoretic’ on the shell of adults (1.81 recruits per host on average). Recruits climbed on to adults sometime after settlement, thus we suggest that ‘phoresy’ could favour the survival of young limpets instead of being due to selective settlement on adults. To improve and standardize recruitment monitoring in future studies, we propose that recruits are considered as those specimens <20 mm in MD and that recruitment censuses are carried out in spring, with additional censuses after summer to detect juvenile mortality. Additionally, we propose that 1 mm interval size classes are used for growth studies based on size‒frequency analyses.

Keywords

Alboran SeaconservationmonitoringPatellidaePatellogastropodaphoresy

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 102 , Issue 8 , December 2022 , pp. 580 - 595
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

Footnotes

The online version of this article has been updated since original publication. A notice detailing the change has also been published

References

Aparici-Seguer, V, Guallart-Furió, J and Vicent-Rubert, JJ (1995) Patella ferruginea population in Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, Western Mediterranean). In Abstracts 12th International Malacological Congress, Vigo. Vigo, Spain: published on behalf of Unitas Malacologica by the Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, pp. 119–120.Google Scholar
Arroyo, MC, Moreno, D, Barrajón, A, de la Linde, A, Remón, JM, de la Rosa, J, Fernández-Casado, M, Gómez, G, Ruiz-Giráldez, F, Vivas, MS and Fernández, E (2011) Trabajos de seguimiento de la lapa ferruginosa Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791 en Andalucía en el marco de la Estrategia Nacional de Conservación de la especie. Mediterranea, Serie de Estudios Biológicos, Época II, Número Especial. Alicante: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante, pp. 9‒46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhattacharya, CG (1967) A simple method of resolution of a distribution into Gaussian components. Biometrics 23, 115–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boaventura, D, Da Fonseca, CL and Hawkins, SJ (2003) Size matters: competition within populations of the limpet Patella depressa. Journal of Animal Ecology 72, 435–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Booth, DJ and Brosnan, DM (1995) The role of recruitment dynamics in rocky shore and coral reef fish communities. Advances in Ecological Research 26, 309–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boudouresque, CF, Beaubrun, PC, Relini, G, Templado, J, Van Klaveren, MC, Van Klaveren, P, Walmsley, JG and Zotier, R (1996) Critèrs de sélection et liste révisée des espèces en danger et menacées (marines et saumâtres) en Méditerranée. Marseille: GIS Posidonie Publishers.Google Scholar
Boumaza, S and Semroud, R (2001) Inventaire de la population de Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791 des Îles Habibas (Ouest Algérien). Rapports de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée 36, 361.Google Scholar
Bouzaza, Z, Vera, M and Mezali, K (2021) Population genetic structure of the endangered limpet Patella ferruginea (Gastropoda: Patellidae) in the western Mediterranean: new evidence implicating marine barriers’ effects. Molluscan Research 41, 32–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowman, RS and Lewis, JR (1977) Annual fluctuations in the recruitment of Patella vulgata L. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 7, 793–815.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowman, RS and Lewis, JR (1986) Geographical variation in the breeding cycles and recruitment of Patella spp. Hydrobiologia 142, 41–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branch, GM (1975 a) Mechanisms reducing intraspecific competition in Patella spp.: migration, differentiation and territorial behaviour. Journal of Animal Ecology 44, 575–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branch, GM (1975 b) Intraspecific competition in Patella cochlear Born. Journal of Animal Ecology 44, 263–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branch, GM (1981) The biology of limpets: physical factors, energy flow, and ecological interactions. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 19, 235–380.Google Scholar
Caley, MJ, Carr, MH, Hixon, MA, Hughes, TP, Jones, GP and Menge, BA (1996) Recruitment and the local dynamics of open marine populations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 27, 477–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, M and Syms, C (2006) Recruitment. In Allen, LG, Pondella, DJ and Horn, MH (eds), The Ecology of Marine Fishes: California and Adjacent Waters. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 411‒427.Google Scholar
Castejón, D, Nogueira, N and Andrade, CAP (2022) Limpet larvae (Patella aspera Röding, 1798), obtained by gonad dissection and fecundation in vitro, settled and metamorphosed on crustose coralline algae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 101, 991–1002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casu, M, Sanna, D, Cristo, B, Lai, T, Dedola, GL and Curini-Galletti, M (2010) COI sequencing as tool for the taxonomic attribution of Patella spp. (Gastropoda): the case of morphologically undistinguishable juveniles settled on a Patella ferruginea adult. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90, 1449–1454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppa, S, de Lucia, GA, Massaro, G and Magni, P (2012) Density and distribution of Patella ferruginea in a marine protected area (western Sardinia, Italy): constraint analysis for population conservation. Mediterranean Marine Science 13, 108–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cossu, P, Scarpa, F, Dedola, GL, Sanna, D, Lai, T, Cristo, B, Curini-Galletti, M, Panzalis, P, Navone, A, Careddu, G, Congiatu, PP, Mura, L, Fois, N and Casu, M (2017) Surviving at the edge of a fragmented range: patterns of genetic diversity in isolated populations of the endangered giant Mediterranean limpet (Patella ferruginea). Marine Biology 164, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowen, RK and Sponaugle, S (2009) Larval dispersal and marine population connectivity. Annual Review of Marine Science 1, 443–466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delany, J, McGrath, D, O'Riordan, R and Myers, A (2002) Reproduction in the intertidal limpets Patella vulgata and Patella ulyssiponensis. In Myers, A (ed.), New Survey of Clare Island, Volume 3: Marine Intertidal Ecology. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, pp. 91–116.Google Scholar
Delany, J, Myers, AA and McGrath, D (1998) Recruitment, immigration, and population structure of two coexisting limpet species in mid-shore tidepools, on the west coast of Ireland. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 221, 221–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Espinosa, F (2009) Populational status of the endangered mollusc Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791 (Gastropoda, Patellidae) on Algerian islands (SW Mediterranean). Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 32, 19–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Espinosa, F, González, AR, Maestre, MJ, Fa, D, Guerra-García, JM and García Gómez, JC (2008) Responses of the endangered limpet Patella ferruginea to reintroduction under different environmental conditions: survival, growth rates and life-history. Italian Journal of Zoology 75, 371–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Espinosa, F, Maestre, M and García-Gómez, J (2009 a) New record of distribution for the highly endangered limpet Patella ferruginea on the Spanish coasts. Marine Biodiversity Records 2, E105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Espinosa, F, Rivera-Ingraham, GA, Fa, D and García-Gómez, JC (2009 b) Effect of human pressure on population size structures of the endangered ferruginean limpet: toward future management measures. Journal of Coastal Research 25, 857–863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Espinosa, F, Rivera-Ingraham, G and García-Gómez, JC (2011) Influence of habitat structure and nature of substratum on limpet recruitment: conservation implications for endangered species. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 94, 164–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Espinosa, F, Rivera-Ingraham, G, Maestre, M, González, AR, Bazairi, H and García-Gómez, JC (2013) Updated global distribution of the threatened marine limpet Patella ferruginea (Gastropoda: Patellidae): an example of biodiversity loss in the Mediterranean. Oryx 48, 266–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferranti, MP, Guallart, J, Fanciulli, G, Panzalis, PA and Chiantore, M (2022) Advancements towards restoration of the endangered limpet Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791 through controlled reproduction. Aquaculture Research 53, 782–798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferranti, MP, Monteggia, D, Asnaghi, V, Dagnino, A, Gaino, F, Moretto, P, Parodi, V, Tixi, L, Cappanera, V, Valerani, C, Bava, S and Chiantore, M (2019) Distribution of the Mediterranean ribbed limpet Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791 along the Ligurian coast and implications for conservation actions. Mediterranean Marine Science 20, 496–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frenkiel, L (1975) Contribution à l'étude des cycles de reproduction des Patellidae en Algérie. Pubblicazione della Stazione zoologica di Napoli 39, 153–189.Google Scholar
Gaines, SD and Bertness, M (1993) The dynamics of juveniles and variable recruitment in sessile marine species. Nature 360, 579–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gayanilo, FC, Sparre, P and Pauly, D (2005) FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools II (FiSAT II). Revised Version. User's Guide. Rome: FAO. [FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries), No. 8, Revised version.]Google Scholar
González-García, JA, Paredes Ruiz, P, Enrique Mirón, C, Calzado Liarte, P and Bueno del Campo, I (2015) Patella ferruginea. Patrimonio del litoral melillense: biología, ecología y conservación. Sevilla: GEEPP Ediciones.Google Scholar
Gosselin, LA and Qian, P (1997) Juvenile mortality in benthic marine invertebrates. Marine Ecology Progress Series 146, 265–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guallart, J, Acevedo, I and Calvo, M (2012) Estimas de edad y crecimiento de la lapa amenazada Patella ferruginea (Mollusca, Patellidae) en las islas Chafarinas (Mediterráneo occidental). Revista de Investigación Marina 19, 181.Google Scholar
Guallart, J, Acevedo, I and Templado, J (2011) 2011, año excepcional para la lapa ferrugínea en Chafarinas [2011, an exceptional year for the ferruginous limpet in Chafarinas]. Quercus 307, 60–61.Google Scholar
Guallart, J, Calvo, M, Acevedo, I and Templado, J (2013 a) Two-way sex change in the endangered limpet Patella ferruginea (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Invertebrate Reproduction & Development 57, 247–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guallart, J, Calvo, M and Cabezas, P (2006) Biología reproductora de la lapa Patella ferruginea (Mollusca, Patellidae), especie catalogada ‘en peligro de extinción’. In XIV Simposio Ibérico de Estudios de Biología Marina. Barcelona, pp. 61‒62.Google Scholar
Guallart, J, Luque, ÁA, Acevedo, I and Calvo, M (2013 b) Distribución y censo actualizado de la lapa ferrugínea (Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791) en el litoral de Melilla (Mediterráneo suroccidental). Iberus 31, 21–51.Google Scholar
Guallart, J, Peña, JB, Luque, ÁA and Templado, J (2017) Where have all the youngest gone? The post-larval and young stages of the Mediterranean endangered limpet Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791. Mediterranean Marine Science 18, 385–392.Google Scholar
Guallart, J, Peña, J, Pérez-Larruscaín, J, Luque, ÁA and Templado, J (2020) Filling gaps: closing the life cycle of the endangered Mediterranean limpet Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791 (Gastropoda, Patellidae). Mediterranean Marine Science 21, 400–419.Google Scholar
Guallart, J and Templado, J (2016) Distribución, abundancia y selección del hábitat de Patella ferruginea (Mollusca, Gastropoda) en las islas Chafarinas (Mediterráneo suroccidental). Iberus 34, 127–172.Google Scholar
Henriques, P, Delgado, J and Souza, R (2017) Patellid limpets: an overview of the biology and conservation of keystone species of the rocky shores. In Ray, S (ed.), Organismal and Molecular Malacology. London: IntechOpen (Open access books), pp. 73‒95.Google Scholar
Hunt, HL and Scheibling, RE (1997) Role of early post-settlement mortality in recruitment of benthic marine invertebrates. Marine Ecology Progress Series 155, 269–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchinson, N and Williams, GA (2001) Spatio-temporal variation in recruitment on a seasonal, tropical rocky shore: the importance of local vs non-local processes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 215, 57–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, SR, Marshall, D and Fraschetti, S (2009) Settlement and recruitment. In Wahl, M (ed.), Marine Hard Bottom Communities, Ecological Studies 206, 177. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 177‒190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kallouche, MEM, Benaissa, N, Rouane-Hacene, O, Soufi, MEA, Bouderbala, M, Bouras, D and Mouffok, S (2020) The endangered status of Patella ferruginea in a limpet assemblage hotspot (Plane Island: South West Alboran, Mediterranean Sea): local distribution factors and species abundance. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures 9, 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kay, MC (2002) Recruitment in the intertidal limpet Lottia digitalis (Patellogastropoda: Lottiidae) may be driven by settlement cues associated with adult habitat. Marine Biology 141, 467–477.Google Scholar
Keough, MJ and Downes, BJ (1982) Recruitment of marine invertebrates: the role of active larval choices and early mortality. Oecologia 54, 348–352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, JJH, Liggins, L and Aguirre, JD (2021) Social environment mediates habitat shifts in a range-restricted giant limpet. Marine Ecology Progress Series 666, 89–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laborel-Deguen, F and Laborel, J (1990) Nouvelles données sur la Patelle géante Patella ferruginea Gmelin en Méditerranée. II. Ecologie, biologie, reproduction. Haliotis 10, 55–62.Google Scholar
Laborel-Deguen, F and Laborel, J (1991 a) Nouvelles observations sur la population de Patella ferruginea Gmel. de Corse. In Boudouresque, CF, Avon, M and Gravez, V (eds), Les espèces marines à protéger en Méditerranée. Marseille: GIS Posidonie publication, pp. 105‒117.Google Scholar
Laborel-Deguen, F and Laborel, J (1991 b) Statut de Patella ferruginea en Méditerranée. In Boudouresque, CF, Avon, M and Gravez, V (eds), Les espèces marines à protéger en Méditerranée. Marseille: GIS Posidonie publication, pp. 91‒103.Google Scholar
Lindberg, DR (2007) Reproduction, ecology, and evolution of the Indo-Pacific limpet Scutellastra flexuosa. Bulletin of Marine Science 81, 219–234.Google Scholar
López-Márquez, V, Cushman, SA, Templado, J, Wan, HY, Bothwell, HM and Machordom, A (2021) Connectivity patterns of two marine gastropods around the Mediterranean Sea: seascape genetics reveals oceanographic drivers of gene flow. Molecular Ecology 30, 4608–4629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luque, ÁA, Guallart, J, Templado, J and Pola, M (2018) Recopilación y análisis de la información científica disponible sobre Patella ferruginea. Madrid: Sociedad Española de Malacología.Google Scholar
Mandal, S, Tamaki, A, Ohashi, S, Takeuchi, S, Agata, Y, Takahara, Y, Harada, K and Yamada, F (2010) How newly recruited cohorts are formed in the trochid gastropod population (Umbonium moniliferum) on an intertidal sandflat in western Kyushu, Japan. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 389, 18–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGrath, D (1992) Recruitment and growth of the blue-rayed limpet, Helcion pellucidum (L.) in South East Ireland. Journal of Molluscan Studies 58, 425–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meinesz, A and Dominici, JM (2015) Etude de la croissance, de la longévité et du comportement de Patella ferruginea dans la réserve naturelle de Scandola. Mission 2014. Rapport ECOMERS/Université Nice Sophia Antipolis/GIS Posidonie, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, 34 pp.Google Scholar
Moreno, D and Arroyo, MC (2008) Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791. In Barea-Azcón, JM, Ballesteros-Duperón, E and Moreno, D (eds), Libro Rojo de los Invertebrados de Andalucía. Sevilla: Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Andalucía, pp. 308–319.Google Scholar
Nakin, MDV and McQuaid, CD (2016) Effects of marine reserves on the reproductive biology and recruitment rates of commonly and rarely exploited limpets. African Journal of Marine Science 38, 549–561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paracuellos, M, Nevado, JC, Moreno, D, Giménez, A and Alesina, JJ (2003) Conservational status and demographic characteristics of Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791 (Mollusca, Gastropoda) on the Alboran Island (Western Mediterranean). Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 26, 29–37.Google Scholar
Pascal, P-Y (2002) Comparaison inter-annuelle et inter-modale des effectifs et de la structure de la population de Patella ferruginea de l’Île Lavezzu (Corse-du-Sud). Biologos 1, 1–5.Google Scholar
Peña, JB, Guallart, J and Pérez-Larruscaín, J (2013) Estabulación de ejemplares de Patella ferruginea (Mollusca, Patellidae) y su uso para la conservación de esta especie ‘en peligro de extinción’. In Libro de Resúmenes XIV Congreso Nacional Acuicultura. Gijón: Sociedad Española de Acuicultura, pp. 290‒291.Google Scholar
PNUE/PAM-CAR/ASP (2016) Algérie: Île de Rachgoun. In Ramos Esplá, A, Benabdi, M, Sghaier, YR, Forcada Almarcha, A, Valle Pérez, C and Ouerghi, A (eds), Cartographie des habitats marins clés de Méditerranée et initiation de réseaux de surveillance. Tunis: CAR/ASP-Projet MedKeyHabitats, 113 pp + Annexes.Google Scholar
Porcheddu, A and Milella, I (1991) Aperçu sur l'ecologie et sur la distribution de Patella ferruginea (L.) Gmelin, 1791 en mers italiennes. In Boudouresque, CF, Avon, M and Gravez, V (eds), Les espèces marines à protéger en Méditerranée. Marseille: GIS Posidonie publication, Marseille, pp. 119‒128.Google Scholar
Powles, H, Bradford, M, Bradford, R, Doubleday, WSI and Lewings, C (2000) Assessing and protecting endangered marine species. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57, 669–676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ribeiro, PMA (2008) Dispersal and Connectivity of Northeastern Atlantic Patellid Limpets: A Multidisciplinary Approach. PhD thesis, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, 245 pp.Google Scholar
Rivera-Ingraham, GA, Espinosa, F and García-Gómez, JC (2011 a) Conservation status and updated census of Patella ferruginea (Gastropoda, Patellidae) in Ceuta: distribution patterns and new evidence of the effects of environmental parameters on population structure. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 34, 83–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivera-Ingraham, GA, Espinosa, F and García-Gómez, JC (2011 b) Population dynamics and viability analysis for the critically endangered ferruginean limpet. Journal of Shellfish Research 30, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivera-Ingraham, GA, Espinosa, F and García-Gómez, JC (2011 c) Effect of γ-amino butyric acid on limpet populations: towards the future management and conservation of endangered patellid species. Journal of Chemical Ecology 37, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rivera-Ingraham, GA, Espinosa, F and García-Gómez, JC (2015 a) Long-term monitoring of the critically endangered limpet Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791: new ecological insights and first demographic results. Journal of Molluscan Studies 81, 124–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivera-Ingraham, GA, Espinosa, F and Krock, B (2015 b) Presence of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the pedal mucus of the critically endangered species Patella ferruginea. Journal of Chemical Ecology 41, 501–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodríguez, SR, Ojeda, FP and Inestrosa, NC (1993) Settlement of benthic marine invertebrates. Marine Ecology Progress Series 97, 193–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roughgarden, J, Gaines, S and Possingham, H (1988) Recruitment dynamics in complex life cycles. Science (New York, N.Y.) 241, 1460–1466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seabra, MI, Cruz, T, Fernandes, JN, Silva, T and Hawkins, SJ (2019) Recruitment of the limpet Patella ulyssiponensis and its relationship with crustose coralline algae: patterns of juvenile distribution and larval settlement. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, 1787–1796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seabra, MI, Hawkins, SJ, Espírito-Santo, C, Castro, JJ and Cruz, T (2020) Rock-pools as nurseries for co-existing limpets: spatial and temporal patterns of limpet recruitment. Regional Studies in Marine Science 37, 101339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shanks, AL, Walser, A and Shanks, L (2014) Population structure, northern range limit, and recruitment variation in the intertidal limpet Lottia scabra. Marine Biology 161, 1073–1086.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, A, Boaventura, D and Ré, P (2003) Population structure, recruitment and distribution patterns of Patella depressa Pennant, 1777 on the central Portuguese coast. Boletín del Instituto Español de Oceanografía 19, 461–471.Google Scholar
Templado, J, Calvo, M, Garvía, A, Luque, ÁA, Maldonado, M and Moro, L (2004) Guía de Invertebrados y peces marinos protegidos por la legislación nacional e internacional. Madrid: Naturaleza y Parques Nacionales, Serie Técnica, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente.Google Scholar
Templado, J, Guallart, J, Luque, ÁA, Calvo, M and Acevedo, I (2018) New data on Patella ferruginea in Hormigas islets: a clue on the dispersal ability of this endangered limpet. In Libro de Resúmenes, Jornadas sobre la conservación de la lapa ferrugínea (Patella ferruginea). Rodalquilar (Almería, España), 4–6 October 2018. Madrid: Sociedad Española de Malacología, p. 29.Google Scholar
Underwood, AJ, Denley, EJ and Moran, MJ (1983) Experimental analyses of the structure and dynamics of mid-shore rocky intertidal communities in New South Wales. Oecologia 56, 202–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zarrouk, A, Romdhane, MS and Espinosa, F (2016) Usefulness of marine protected areas as tools for preserving the highly endangered limpet, Patella ferruginea, in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology Research 12, 917–931.CrossRefGoogle Scholar