Top Five Bigrams with Target Item on the Left

Appendix B: - Top Five Bigrams with Target Item on the Left

from Chapter 2 - Talking about (Non-)Canonicity

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 December 2025

Edited by

Sven Leuckert and

Teresa Pham

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Sven Leuckert: Affiliation:
Technische Universität Dresden
Teresa Pham: Affiliation:
Universität Vechta

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Type: Chapter
Information: Non-Canonical English Syntax
Concepts, Methods, and Approaches
, pp. 36 - 40

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108863858 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2025
Creative Commons: This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Appendix B: Top Five Bigrams with Target Item on the Left

Table 2.6Top five bigrams with the target item in the left position

The table presents the frequency and range of different linguistic terms across different journals. See long description.

Note. Numbers in brackets give raw frequency and range; items are sorted by frequency; in case two or more items have the same frequency, the one with the higher range is given first (everything being equal, items are listed in alphabetical order).

Table 2.6Long description

The table is divided into 6 columns with the labels Cor, JEngl, J G L, J H L, JoL, and Syn. There are several rows in which the data are filled from left to right. The details are as follows:

For canonical, the data are sequence, 6/2, antonyms, 9/2, verbs, 26/1, subject, 27/4, gender, 60/1, subject, 11/7, antonyms, 5 by 1, oppositions, 8 by 1, transitive, 17 by 1, grammatical, 5 by 1, morphosyntactic, 37 by 2, perfective, 9 by 1, agreement or clause-initial or emphatic or p si or sequences or use, 4 by 1, oppositional, 6 by 2, E O A C C, 17 by 1, transitive, 3 by 2, position, 8 by 4, and, 5 by 2, E O, 6 by 1, complement, 3 by 1, case, 24 by 7, order, 7 by 6, status, 5 by 1, and, 5 by 1, utterance, 3 by 1, agreement, 24 by 3, null-subject or typology, 23 by 6, positions, 3 by 2.
For non-canonical, the data are oppositions, 2 by 1, oppositions, 17 by 3, order, 6 by 1, subjects, 14 by 3, case, 21 by 2, plural, 3 by 1, examples, 5 by 1, word, 2 by 1, subject, 8 by 2, agreement, 9 by 6, agreement, 2 by 2, opposition, 3 by 2, clauses, 2 by 1, marking, 2 by 2, behaviour, 7 by 1, positions, 2 by 2, textual, 3 by 1, marking, 2 by 1, morphosyntactic, 6 by 1, position, 2 by 1, ones, 2 by 1, sentences, 2 by 1, passives, 5 by 4.
For marked, the data are as, 30 by 20, by, 34 by 27, by, 33 by 23, by, 94 by 37, by, 114 by 54, with, 100 by 38, with, 29 by 20, for, 34 by 7, for, 30 by 13, with, 78 by 22, with, 102 by 40, by, 43 by 22, by, 26 by 15, in, 21 by 16, as, 27 by 17, in, 48 by 19, and, 52 by 15, as, 30 by 13, for, 22 by 8, as, 19 by 11, in, 18 by 12, for, 29 by 16, for, 51 by 22, for, 20 by 12, plural, 21 by 1, with, 15 by 7, on, 12 by 8, as, 23 by 6, as, 41 by 30, in, 15 by 9.
For unmarked, the data are forms, 21 by 2, in, 6 by 3, verb, 8 by 2, transitive, 20 by 2, subject, 28 by 1, case, 32 by 8, and, 13 by 3, form, 4 by 2, for, 7 by 4, construction, 11 by 2, nominal, 15 by 3, argument, 10 by 1, form, 9 by 1, speakers, 4 by 2, form, 6 by 4, in, 9 by 6, causative, 14 by 1, and, 7 by 3, marked, 5 by 1, or, 3 by 2, gender or in or order, 4 by 2, for 5 by 4, with, 13 by 2, objects, 7 by 2, ministro, 4 by 1, order, 3 by 2, p-prominent, 5 by 2, form, 12 by 2, option, 6 by 4.
For standard, the data are deviation, 26 by 10, English, 143 by 37, Dutch, 246 by 23, negation, 73 by 3, Polish, 63 by 4, assumptions, 22 by 17, deviations, 16 by 11, deviation, 37 by 14, German, 230 by 24, Finnish, 26 by 1, English, 62 by 11, English, 21 by 7, and, 12 by 5, and, 29 by 13, language, 84 by 17, language, 10 by 9, Arabic, 51 by 13, of, 21 by 1, English, 11 by 8, language, 24 by 12, and, 32 by 6, ModGr, 10 by 1, O T, 39 by 9, error, 14 by 8, reference, 7 by 6, error, 18 by 5, variety, 27 by 9, English, 6 by 4, Russian, 24 by 6, analysis, 13 by 8.
For non-standard, the data are capitalisation, 25 by 1, varieties, 25 by 11, language, 17 by 4, varieties, 8 by 2, English, 4 by 3, varieties, 4 by 2, spellings, 5 by 4, and, 16 by 7, varieties, 11 by 7, European, 2 by 1, use, 4 by 1, assumption, 3 by 2, language, 3 by 3, forms, 13 by 7, features, 9 by 3, Ibero-Romance, 2 by 1, varieties, 3 by 3, dialects, 2 by 2, varieties, 3 by 3, sentences, 9 by 1, gender, 6 by2, uses, 3 by 2, forms, 3 by 2, form, 6 by 4, form, 5 by 5, Polish, 2 by 1, Lucas or in or never, 3 by 1, primarily, 2 by 1.

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